Grammar review: Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)

	Present	Past	Future	Future-in-the- Past
Simple	A letters is written every day.	The letter was written yesterday.	The letter will be written tomorrow.	(He said that) the letter would be written the next day.
Continuous (progressive)	The letter is being written now.	The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday.
Perfect	The letter has already been written.	The letter had been written by 5 o’clock yesterday.	The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow.	(He said that) the letter would have been written by 5 o’clock the next day.

При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставиться перед подлежащим.

Was the doctor sent for? (Послали за доктором?)

Why has the doctor been sent for? (Почему послали за доктором?)

Если вспомогательных глаголов несколько (в сложных формах напр. Future Perfect Passive), то перед подлежащим ставиться первый вспомогательный глагол:

Will the letter have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow? (Будет ли письмо написано завтра к 5 часам?)

В отрицательной форме отрицание следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом. The letter was not written yesterday. (Письмо не было написано вчера.)

The doctor has not been sent for. (За доктором не послали.)

Exercise 6: Underline the passive constructions in the following sentences. Try to transfer the sentences into active voice.

(Подчеркните пассивные конструкции в предложениях. Попробуйте трансформировать предложения в активный залог):

1. The first Russian university was modeled after German system of education.

2. Each faculty is headed by a dean.

3. The academic year in the higher schools is divided into two terms.

4. At present a new system of education is introduced at the university - a distance education system

5. The area of professional education is covered by special training course in conventional and digital prepress.

6. The University development is achieved with the help of some foreign equipment producers.

7. The researches are oriented on the development of the publishing market problems.

8. The best flat contest is held at the university’s hostels twice a year.

Exercise 7: Translate into English

(Переведите на английский)

Мой друг - студент. Он очень занят. Его рабочий день начинается рано утром. Он встает в шесть утра, делает зарядку, умывается, одевается и завтракает. После завтрака он едет в университет. Ему требуется час, чтобы добраться до университета. Сначала он едет на трамвае, потом на метро и затем на автобусе. Обычно у него четыре пары в день. Мой друг хорошо говорит по-английски и ещё изучает немецкий. Он хороший студент.

Exercise 8: Put the words in the correct order to make the questions and answer them (Составьте вопросы и ответьте на них): 1.	people how learn do new words?
2.	Ivan Fedorov was who?
о	will you what subjects at the study university?
4.	the is who rector the university of?
5.	was your subject favourite what at school?
6.	degree programmes of full-time the Bachelor's last university study do for 4 years?
7.	named Moscow State University of Printing Arts when was Ivan Fedorov after?
8.	faculty what do study you at?

9. graduates from school a secondary do for entrance to a higher institution education apply?

10. do postgraduate you higher know education what about?

Exercise 9: Read the dialogue and try to act it out

(Прочитайте и инсценируйте диалог):

Group Leader: - Hello,

My name is Tom Smith, I’m glad to welcome you at our university. You have got the information about the time table and library facilities and I’m going to tell you about all kinds of different clubs and societies you can join here. The first and the most popular are ports clubs and teams. You can join our football team, play tennis, volley-ball, or even try

о go to the swimming pool.

Student 1: - Is everybody accepted or is it necessary to be at a certain level? Do I need to be very good at sport to join the club?

Group Leader: - You don’t need to be a great athlete to have fun, do you? If you have never been familiar with sport, it’s a good chance to try. We welcome everyone. We also have some theatrical and musical clubs. And if you enjoy dancing, there are also several clubs.

Student 2: - Is there a computer game club or computer centre?

Group Leader: - Oh, yes. There is a computer centre in the central building of the university. And you can play computer games there or use the computers for study. But when you play, please, don’t forget to put on the headphones, because some students may be studying there at the moment.

Student 3: - How can I find that computer centre?

Group Leader: - It’s easy. It’s on the ground floor just next to the library. By the way, our Literature Society has their meetings in that library, and it could be of some interest for you. So, have you got any questions?

Exercise 10: Make the dialogues or discuss in groups the following topics

(Составьте диалоги или обсудите в группах следующие темы):

1. The system of higher education in Russia.

2. The history of Moscow State University of Printing Arts named after Ivan Fedorov.

3. The structure of academic year.

4. Different types of getting higher education.

5. Higher education in different countries.

Recommendations: watch the film “Educating Rita”.

It is a 1983 film, based upon Willy Russell’s play of the same title directed by Lewis Gilbert and

stars Julie Walters, Michael Caine, and Maureen Lipman.

Texts for extra reading to the topic:

Education System in Russia

Russia has long-standing traditions in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-education systems in the world. Education is split into a compulsory Basic Education, and ongoing Higher Education.

Compulsory Basic Education

Basic general education lasts for nine years. Graduates of this level may continue their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education. They may also enter an initial vocational school or non-university level higher education institutions. Initial vocational schools which offer one-and-a-half to two years' purely professional education and a professional college which offer joint professional and secondary general education for three to four years and skilled workers' training at different levels. Secondary general education on the basis of basic general education continues for two years and ends when students are 17-18. Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for entrance to a higher education institution. Secondary education leads to the award of the Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education.

Higher Education

Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-State) accredited higher education institutions. There are two levels of higher education:

• Basic higher education (4 years) leading to the Bachelor’s Degree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to the B.Sc. degree in the US or Western Europe

• Postgraduate higher education (5-6 years or more). After two years, students are entitled to receive a Master’s Degree. This is equivalent to the M.Sc, and M.A. in the US or Western Europe. After a Master's degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: Candidate’s of science degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.) and Doctor of science degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to Professor).

The Bachelor's degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study. The programmes are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social- economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams. Having obtained the Bachelor's degree, students may apply to enter the Master's programme. The Bachelor's degree is awarded in all fields except Medicine after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In Medicine, the first stage lasts for six years.

Holders of the Bachelor’s degree are admitted to enter the Master's degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The Master's degree is awarded after successful completion of two years' full-time study. Students must carry out a year of research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations.

Access to the Candidate’s of science (Aspirantura) level again is very competitive. Candidates must hold a Specialist Diploma or a Master's degree. Studies last for 3 years. The Aspirantura prepares for research and professorial activities. Students must learn teaching methods, and pass qualifying exams. They carry out independent research, prepare and defend a dissertation in public. They are then awarded the scientific degree of Candidate’s of science. The Doctor of science programme is specific and its duration is not fixed. It follows the Candidate’s of science degree and is awarded after preparation and public defence of a dissertation.