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Mapping of the Solovetsky Islands in XVI XVII centuries

© Bykova Marina, postgraduate student of the PSU after M.V. Lomonosov. Priority research topics: study of development of geographical knowledge of the White Sea (including the Solovetsky Islands) based on the analysis of cartographic and manuscript sources (Pomor sailing directions) in XVI XIX centuries. Contact phone: +7-950-660-52-16. E-mail: rina88b@mail.ru.

Abstract

The history of the geographic descriptions of Solovki closely related with the history of research of the Arctic Region by Russian and foreign seaman. The analysis of 34 ancient maps of the White Sea in XVI XVII centuries led to the following conclusions. At first we meet the Solovetsky Islands in the map of Muscovy dated by 1537 year, compiled by A. Widom according to the boyar I.V. Lyatsky data. Most of maps of XVI XVII centuries were made by Western Europe, British and Dutch cartographers. Both own observations of authors and maps of their predecessors and the Russian cartographic sources were used in compilation. But most of them didn’t survive. Most cartographers of XVI XVII centuries like S. Herberstein, C. Munster, W. Borro, P. Bertius, G. Gerritsen, W. Blau, J. Tiriton, etc. denote Solovki in their studies. Solovetsky Islands are marked on 25 of the 34 reviewed maps of XVI XVII centuries. Solovki on maps of XVI XVII centuries have different toponyms: «Soloffki», «Solofki», «Solowka Insvla», «Solofka», «Soloffky», «Solffky», «Soulofki», «Solafka», «Senloski». Islands of the group of Solovetsky archipelago are marked only on a few maps. Anser («Angra» 1614 H. Gerritsen, «Anger» 1612 I. Massa, 1635 J. Blau, 1660 F. de Wit), Zayatsky («Satska» 1612 I. Massa, 1635 J. Blau), Muksalma («Muksama» 1635 J. Blau). Most of maps of XVI XVII centuries give an incorrect location of Solovki in the White Sea basin.

Key words: old maps of Solovki, the initial stage of mapping, the history of research.

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». URL: http://museum.solovki.info ( : 12.02.2011).

2.. 1546 . // . XV –

XVI / . . – .: , 1974.

3.. «Septentrionaliv regionum Svetia, Gothia, Norvegia, Dania et terrarum adiacetium recens exactaque descriptio». 1570. « ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

4.«Gemeine Beschreibung aller Mittnachtigen Landern als Schweden, Gothen, Norvegien, Dennmarck, u». 1598. « ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

5.. «The Arctic and Scandinavia». 1598. « ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

6.1614 . // 1614 ,

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7.. «World & Continents». 1660. « ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

8.. «Svecia, Dania, et Norvegia, Regna Europae Septentrionalia». 1635. -

« ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

9.. «Svecia, et Norwegia». 1607. « ». URL: http://www.kolamap.ru ( : 12.02.2011).

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: 8-911-550-27-85. E-mail: n.shangina@gmail.com.

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: 8-902-190- 85-50. E-mail: pfeklistov @yandex.ru.

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Stock of seeds in soil of fir groves bilberry

©Shangina Nadezhda, postgraduate student of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Contact phone: +7-911-550-27-85. E-mail: n.shangina@gmail.com.

©Feklistov Pavel, the doctor of agricultural sciences, the professor Chairs of ecology and protection of wood of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Contact phone: +7-902-190-85-50. E- mail: pfeklistov@yandex.ru.

Abstract

In article results of research of a stock of seeds of various tree species in soil and a laying of fir groves bilberry are resulted. The interrelation between quantity of seeds in soil and quantity young generation of trees is considered. The obtained data is analysed by means of methods of mathematical modeling. It is possible to recommend results to use in the practical purposes.

Key words: natural renewal, stock of seeds, mineral horizon, wood laying, young generation of trees, a fir grove.

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