- •Ю.А. Липка-Ким
- •Предисловие
- •What is Finance?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.
- •2. Work with the following groups of words. Define their part of speech and translate. Point out prefixes and suffixes. Memorize the words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •3. Translate the following nouns and write their plural form.
- •4. Translate these sentences. Define the tense form of the predicate. Compile special questions to the underlined words.
- •5. Write degrees of comparisons of the following adjectives using the words much, less, the most, the least. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •6. Explain these words and word combinations in English:
- •7. Answer the questions on the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.
- •2. Transform the following sentences into negative and translate them
- •3. Transform the following sentences into special questions and translate them
- •4. Guess what word is meant
- •5. Explain the meaning of the following words:
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Develop the following ideas. Make use of the words from the text.
- •Words and word combinations you may need
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.
- •11. Most often goods are classified as consumer goods (basic, durable, non-durable, luxury) and industrial goods. Give examples of each class.
- •12. Answer these questions:
- •13. Translate into English.
- •14. Translate into Russian.
- •15. Comment on the statements.
- •16. Find evidence in the text to support these statements.
- •Eight Steps to Getting Your Finances in Order
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription and train the pronunciation of the following words. Memorize them.
- •6. Guess what is meant.
- •7. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word. Translate the sentences.
- •8. Translate into English.
- •9. Answer the questions.
- •Overview of Techniques and Sectors of the Financial Industry
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words, translate and read them correctly.
- •2. Practice the reading of the following groups of words
- •3. Define the tense form of the predicate and translate the sentences. Transform them into negative.
- •13. Translate into English
- •14. Compile a dialogue on the text. Use conversational phrases.
- •Corporate Finance
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Train the pronunciation of the words.
- •2. Guess what is meant! (the words are from the text)
- •3. Put disjunctive questions to the following sentences and special questions to the underlined words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Complete the dialogue and translate it into English.
- •Public Finance
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Train the pronunciation of the words.
- •2. Read and translate the sentences. Define the tense form of the predicates. Form general questions to them and give short negative answers.
- •3. Recollect grammar theory on modal verbs and do the tasks.
- •4. Translate the following adjectives from the text into Russian and transform them into adverbs. Give their Russian equivalents. Compile 5 sentences in English with some of them.
- •5. Recollect grammar theory on degrees of comparison of adjectives and do the tasks.
- •6. A) Make these words negative adding negative prefixes in-, im-, il-, ir-, un- (efficient – inefficient). Translate them into Russian.
- •7. A) Find in the text all words ending in –tion/-ion. Make corresponding verbs from these nouns and translate them into Russian.
- •8. Study grammar theory on conditionals and do the tasks.
- •10. Study grammar theory on Complex Subject and do the tasks.
- •12. A) Learn the information below to get a handle on some economic terms used in the text.
- •13. Answer the questions on the text.
- •Interpretations of Management
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.
- •2. Work with the following groups of words. Define their part of speech and translate. Point out prefixes and suffixes. Memorize the words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •3. Translate the following nouns and write their plural form.
- •4. Translate these sentences. Define the tense form of the predicate. Make up disjunctive questions and special questions to the underlined words.
- •5. Answer the questions on the text.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box
- •What is a Manager?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words, then translate the sentences into Russian.
- •4. Write degrees of comparisons of the following adjectives. Use them in the sentences of your own, make use of different comparative constructions.
- •5. Make the following sentences negative and transform them into general questions.
- •6. Read and translate the following sentences. Make them active.
- •7. Read the text “What is a Manager” again and answer the questions on it.
- •The Concept of Management and the Mission of a Manager
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.
- •7. Read the text “The Concept of Management and the Mission of a Manager” again and complete the sentences.
- •8. Express your opinion on the following.
- •1. Answer the questions on the text.
- •3. Work with the following groups of words. Define their part of speech and translate. Point out prefixes and suffixes. Memorize the words and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •4. Translate the following nouns and write their plural form. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Translate these sentences. Put them in the Singular, making necessary changes. Compile special questions to the underlined words.
- •6. Translate these sentences into English.
- •7. Sum up the text and discuss with your partner the necessity of talent management and the difficulty to find it. Talent Management
- •Management as a Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Answer the questions on the text.
- •2. Explain these words and word combinations in English:
- •The Four Functions of Management
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Write the transcription of the words and train their pronunciation.
- •2. Form derivatives of the following words and translate them into Russian. Memorize the words and use one from each group in a sentence of your own.
- •3. Complete the table.
- •4. Translate the following words and word combinations.
- •5. Fill in prepositions or particle to where necessary and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •6. Read the text again and answer the questions on it.
- •7. The word motivation (syn.: incentive, motive) has the following equivalents in Russian: стимулирующий фактор, мотив, стимул (то, что побуждает человека к действию).
- •9. Fill in the table with major functions of management given in the box.
- •10. Make up a dialogue discussing the functions of management and their significance.
- •Forms of Business Organization
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Answer the questions on the text.
- •2. Read and translate the following sentences. Make them active, adding a subject if necessary.
- •3. Read and translate. Make the following sentences passive.
- •4. Fill in the appropriate words given below. Translate.
- •5. Translate the following text into English.
- •Partnership
- •Vocabulary
- •1 . Answer the questions on the text:
- •2. Guess what is meant by the following:
- •3. Find in the text sentences containing the following Participles and translate them into Russian in writing.
- •4. Translate the phrases into English and compose sentences with them.
- •5. Fill in with the appropriate words given below. Translate.
- •6. Translate the following text into English.
- •Corporation
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Answer the questions on the text:
- •2. Guess what is meant by the following:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define the tense form of the predicate and compose special questions.
- •4. Translate the following sentences; define the meaning of the modal verbs. Make the sentences active or passive, if possible.
- •6. Translate the following text into English:
- •Board of Directors What is the Purpose of a Board of Directors?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Answer the questions on the text.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Sum up the text and discuss with your partner the main differences between general partnership and the llc, the most popular type of a company in the usa. Limited Liability Company (llc)
- •Helpful Vocabulary
- •4. Write a short essay on:
- •Directors and Managers
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Find the answers to the following questions in the text:
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations into Russian; use them in the sentences of your own:
- •5. Choose the right form and translate the sentences:
- •6. Have a look at the chart showing some qualities making a good manager. Say which of these qualities seem most important to you; which of these qualities can be taught; where they can be taught.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the following words:
- •8. Sum up what the text says about:
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Scan the text to find the answers to the following questions:
- •2. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •3. Finish the following sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Text a: Employment Agencies
- •Text в: "....They Live by the Appointment Book."
- •1. Find in texts a and в equivalents for the following words and phrases:
- •2. Match the idioms in column a with definitions in column b.
- •3. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences by words and word combinations from the vocabulary.
- •4. Complete the sentences given below, choose the right word.
- •5. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
- •7. Which statement is a good example of the meaning of the italicized word?
- •8. Translate the following sentences.
- •9. Fill in the right word from the word-column.
- •10. Translate the following sentences.
- •11. You came to an employment agency and have to answer their questionnaire.
- •Questionnaire
- •12. What should you do to find a job? Find the logical sequence of the steps you should take.
- •13. Read and translate the dialogue. Learn it by heart. Looking for a job
- •Vocabulary
- •Библиографический список
- •Оглавление
- •Липка-Ким Юлия Александровна
10. Study grammar theory on Complex Subject and do the tasks.
a) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject construction.
The purview of public finance is considered to be threefold.
Government is sure to allocate resources efficiently.
Conditions for private market efficiency appeared to have been violated.
This collective organization is unlikely to pay for its expenditure.
Public provision via government seems to be subjected to government failure.
The expectation of the government is likely to come true.
Efficiency losses caused by distortion of economic activity turned out to be heavy.
Government budgeting is thought to be complicated.
Government is expected to pay for spending by borrowing.
Government is reported to have smoothed tax burden over time.
b) Translate the sentences into English paying attention to Complex Subject.
Предполагается, что правительство со временем выровняет налоговую нагрузку.
Слышали, что акционеры обсуждали предстоящие (forthcoming) выборы.
Известно, что некоторые политики корыстные люди.
Сообщили, что проявление неэффективности рыночного механизма произошло из-за неумелого размещения товаров и услуг.
Говорят, что накопление дефицита на протяжении продолжительного периода составляет общий государственный долг.
Полагается, что государственные финансы тесно связаны с вопросами распределения дохода и социального равенства.
Программы государственного сектора обязательно максимально увеличат общественную пользу.
Рынки частных заказов, по-видимому, эффективно распределили товары и услуги среди потребителей.
Сообщают, что спроектирована новая система налогообложения.
Вчера избиратели случайно встретили политика, за которого отдали свои голоса.
с) Compose your own sentences with Complex Subject. Don’t forget to use the words from vocabulary list. Mind the words for Complex Subject construction:
to know, to see, to hear, to report, to think, to suppose, to expect, to say, to believe, to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen, sure, likely, unlikely.
11. Study the meaning of the prefix re-. From the words below form the new ones adding re-. Translate them into Russian and compose your own sentences with these verbs and the vocabulary from the text.
Allocate, distribute, view, create, pay, write, finance, read, examine, consider, elect, produce.
12. A) Learn the information below to get a handle on some economic terms used in the text.
Economy of scale means a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.
Economy of scope means a proportionate saving gained by producing two or more distinct goods, when the cost of doing so is less than that of producing each separately.
Social equity implies fair access to livelihood, education, and resources; full participation in the political and cultural life of the community; and self-determination in meeting fundamental needs. As Martin Luther King observed, "where there is injustice for one, there is injustice for all." Social equity is the cornerstone of society, which cannot be maintained for a few at the expense of the many. Increased equity results in decreased spending on prisons, security enforcement, welfare, and social services. It also creates new potential markets.
Social equality is a social state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in a certain respect.
Public sector, sometimes referred to as state sector, is a part of the state that deals with either the production, delivery and allocation of goods and services by and for the government or its citizens, whether national, regional or local/municipal.
Government failure is a situation where government intervention in the economy to correct a market failure creates inefficiency and leads to a misallocation of scarce resources.
Market failure occurs when the work of the price mechanism is imperfect and results in an inefficient or unfair allocation of resources from the perspective of society. Examples include, the education and defense markets. This is a case in which prices are unable to adequately adjust to reflect changes in supply or demand. Market failures may occur due to unexpected disruptive events such as wars or natural disasters, or due to economic barriers such as trade restrictions or monopolies.
Income distribution means the distribution of wages earned across a company, industry, or country. Income distribution reveals what percentage of individuals are at various wage levels, information that can reveal more about overall wage patterns (общая структура заработной платы) than average income can.
Non-rival consumption occurs when the consumption of a good does not stop others from using the good e.g. air.
Public goods are items which can be jointly consumed by many consumers simultaneously without any loss in quantity or quality of provision e.g. a lighthouse. Public goods are therefore goods that would not be provided in a pure free-market system (система свободного предпринимательства). This is because they display two particular characteristics: 1. Non-rivalry - consumption by one person does not reduce the amount available for others. 2. Non-excludability (неисключаемость) - once the good is provided it is impossible to stop people consuming it even if they haven't paid. An example of this is defense. It is impossible to charge people for defense as they consume it as the whole country is being defended at once. Also one person being defended does not stop others being defended.
Externalities means a consequence of an industrial or commercial activity which affects other parties without this being reflected in market prices, such as the pollination (опыление) of surrounding crops by bees kept for honey. These are spillover effects (сопутствующие эффекты) of production or consumption for which no payment is made. Externalities can be positive or negative. For example all fax users gain as new users become connected (positive); and smoke from factory chimneys (negative).
Network effect (also called network externality or demand-side economies of scale) is the effect that one user of a good or service has on the value of that product to other people. When network effect is present, the value of a product or service is dependent on the number of others using it.
Public choice theory in economics means the use of modern economic tools to study problems that traditionally are in the province of political science. Public choice seeks to understand and predict the behavior of politicians and bureaucrats in the polity by using analytical techniques developed from economics, based on the postulate of rational choice. In other words, public choice is an application of neoclassical economic tools (self interest and utility maximization) to explain political behavior. Public choice theory is about the analysis of governmental behavior, and the behavior of individuals who interact with government.
The theory came about when economists looked at some apparent contradictions in human behavior. Think about it in this way - what do governments exist for? You might argue that they are there to act in the public interest. Acting in the public interest might be defined as a case where decision making is based on a principle where the maximum benefit is gained by the largest number of people. Any decision will involve some sort of cost, so there will be some people that will be affected adversely by those decisions. If those people are in the minority and the benefits to the majority outweigh those costs, a decision might then be regarded as acting in the public interest. In public choice, individuals, interest groups, bureaucrats, and politicians are assumed to seek their own self interest as in the market place. Decisions made depend on the costs and benefits of an action taken whereby each group attempts to maximize their own net benefits. Benefits can take the form of monetary or non-monetary rewards and can include ideologies, goals, and cultural values.
b) Translate the sentences into English paying attention to economic terms.
Неконкурентные товары должны быть доступны каждому независимо от возможности отдельного лица оплатить их потребление.
По мере роста некоторые компании изменяют производственные технологии и методы внутренней организации для того, чтобы реализовать преимущества крупного производства. Эти изменения и создают эффект экономии обусловленной ростом масштаба производства.
Идеалом социальной справедливости является такая система общественных институтов, которая постоянно обеспечивает справедливое распределение социально-политических прав и материальных благ.
Социальное равенство — общественное устройство, при котором все члены общества обладают одинаковым статусом в определенной области.
Изменения в области предоставления компаниями услуг имеют сильное влияние на государственный сектор.
Несовершенство (дефект) рынка — широко распространенный в западной экономической литературе термин, которому пока нет четкого определения. Дефект рыночного регулирования — это ситуация, когда рыночная конкуренция не ведет к экономической эффективности, вопреки тому, что следовало бы ожидать. Несовершенство рынка часто выдвигается в качестве оправдания разного рода вмешательств государства в течение экономических процессов: с точки зрения творцов экономической политики, если ресурсы распределяются неэффективно, то государство может “подправить” распределение, приблизить его к оптимуму.
В настоящее время бизнес сам предъявляет спрос на услуги государства, так как он в первую очередь заинтересован в преодолении рисков и неопределенности, обусловленных слабостью или неэффективностью государственного регулирования.
Личное (персональное) распределение доходов представляет собой их распределение между отдельными экономическими ячейками, которыми являются частные лица, семьи, домашние хозяйства.
Общественные блага - блага, к которым имеют доступ все индивиды. К общественным благам относятся: оборона, бесплатное образование, общедоступное посещение парков, музеев и т.п. В противоположность частным благам общественные блага: они неконкурентны - потребление такого блага одним человеком не сокращает количество блага, доступное другим; и носят неисключающий характер, что не позволяет исключить кого-либо из пользования этими благами. Эти характеристики не позволяют назначать плату за общественные блага, вследствие чего частный сектор оказывается не заинтересованным в финансировании их производства. Различают общенациональные и местные (локальные) общественные блага.
Сетевой эффект возникает тогда, когда выгода от товара повышается благодаря применению аналогичного товара другими людьми. Например, выгода от телефонной службы, телекса, телефакса или электронной почты проявляется, прежде всего, в случае, если ими пользуется в коммуникационных целях как можно большее количество людей. Чем шире круг абонентов, тем выше выгода отдельного потребителя услуг системной технологии, так как с их ростом увеличивается и количество возможных коммуникационных связей. Так, телефон сам по себе не приносит владельцу никакой пользы, если другие лица его не имеют.
Факторы внешнего порядка практически не подвластны контролю со стороны товаропроизводителей, но обязательно учитываются при формировании цены на выпускаемую продукцию.
Теория общественного выбора - раздел экономической науки, изучающий закономерности выбора путей деятельности правительства в области экономики и то, каким образом осуществляется этот выбор под давлением демократической системы.
Теория общественного выбора опирается на базовую идею о том, что человек в любой области своей деятельности стремится максимизировать результат в своих собственных интересах.