дарья михална / Tur3
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Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɢ ɪɢ
Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɪ ɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ
•ɇ ɱɢɧ ɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦ ɥɨɝɨ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ ɜɢɯɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɏ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ ɦɢɧɢɦ ɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɦ ɫɲɬ ɛɨɦ
Kk Q3
H 14
– ɦɟɫɬɧ ɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɫɢɩ ɰɢɢ ɧ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɦ ɫɫɵ Ȟ – ɤɢɧɟɦ ɬɢɱɟɫɤ ɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ.
•Ɇ ɤɫɢɦ ɥɶɧɵɣ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɦ ɫɲɬ ɛ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ
¾ Ʉɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɢ ɪɢ
•Ʉ ɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɯɪɶ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ «ɪ ɡɦɟɪɨɦ» ɢ «ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɱɧɨ.
•ȼɢɯɪɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧ ɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɧɡɵɜ ɸɬɫɹ «ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɦɢ»
¾ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ «ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ» ɢ «ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ»
ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ «ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ» ɜɢɯɪɟɣ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɦ ɫɲɬ ɛ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɉɪ ɧɞɬɥɹ)
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ȼɢɯɪɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɟ |
ȼɢɯɪɢ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɪ ɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ |
ɡ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɨɛɬɟɤ ɟɦɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ |
ɋɬ ɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤ ɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
•ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɰɢɢ ɝ ɡɨɞɢɧ ɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱ ɣɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɦɢ, ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɦ ɬɟɦ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬ ɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ
• ȼ ɪ ɦɤ ɯ ɫɬ ɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɥɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡ ɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɪ ɧɧɨɝɨ |
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ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ: |
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¾ ɩɨ ɧɫ ɦɛɥɸ |
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¾ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ |
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¾ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪ ɧɫɬɜɭ |
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¾ ɩɨ ɮ ɡɟ |
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ɇ ɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɦ (ɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɟ ɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɦ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ |
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ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɧɫ ɦɛɥɸ (ɩɨ ɪɟ ɥɢɡ ɰɢɹɦ) |
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¾ Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜ ɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɪ ɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɬ ɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ
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fg f g f cgc
Ɉɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (ɩɨ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɭ)
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³a W dW |
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•Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦ ɤɫɢɦ ɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɰɢɣ – ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɬɨɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ
¾ɉɪɢ ɪ ɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɬ ɰɢɨɧ ɪɧɵɯ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ) ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ (T = )
¾ȼ ɧɟɫɬ ɰɢɨɧ ɪɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱ ɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɬ ɰɢɨɧ ɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ
ȼ ɧɟɫɬ ɰɢɨɧ ɪɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱ ɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪ ɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ T ɬ ɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ
Ʉ ɫɤ ɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɉɨɬɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
H
H
H
•ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ ɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɤ ɧ ɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɜɢɯɪɹɦ
•ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɦ
ɜɢɯɪɹɦ (“ɤ ɫɤ ɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ”)
•ɇ ɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ (ɤɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ) ɜɢɯɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɢɩɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ
Ɉɛɥ ɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɇɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɜɢɯɪɢ
Ʉɫɤ ɞ
Ș- ɦ ɫɲɬ ɛ Ʉɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜ
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Ⱦɢɫɫɢɩ ɰɢɹ |
- ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɫɢɩ ɰɢɢ |
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Ƚɟɧɟɪ ɰɢɹ |
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ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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L – ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ |
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ɡ ɞ ɱɢ |
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l ~K |
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l ~ L |
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Ƚɟɧɟɪ ɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ |
ɂɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧ ɹ |
Ⱦɢɫɫɢɩ ɬɢɜɧɵɣ |
ɢɧɬɟɪɜ ɥ |
ɨɛɥ ɫɬɶ |
ɢɧɬɟɪɜ ɥ |
Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ
•Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɢɫ ɧɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪ ɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ
•Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪ ɫɫɦ ɬɪɢɜ ɬɶ ɤ ɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɪ ɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪ ɡɦɟɪ , ɨɬ ɤɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦ ɫɲɬ ɛ
ɞɨ ɤɨɝɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
•ȼɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪ ɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɧ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬ ɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
• Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɥɶɫ ɰɢɢ ɤ ɤ ɫɥɭɱ ɣɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɪ ɫɫɦ ɬɪɢɜ ɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪ ɦɤ ɯ ɫɬ ɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɢɯ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
•ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɯ ɪ ɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪ ɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ ɱɢɫɥ ɦ
•ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɱɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɜɢɯɪɟɣ ɤ ɦɟɥɤɢɦ ɢɝɪ ɟɬ ɮɭɧɞ ɦɟɧɬ ɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɧ ɡɵɜ ɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɤ ɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ