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ɍɪ ɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɇ ɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫ
•ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
¾ɋɪɟɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ
(ɱɢɫɥɨ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɚ Kn lf |
L 1 ) |
¾ ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ |
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•ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
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¾ Ʉɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ
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¾ ȼɹɡɤɢɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ |
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ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ
•ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ
¾ Ɉɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ
•ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ
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Ɉɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɭ (ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ )
t T
a t 1 ³ a W dW
2T t T
•Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɣ –
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ
¾ ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ) ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɥɶ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ (T = )
¾ȼ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ
ɇɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ T ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ
¾ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ (URANS) ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ
ɍɪ ɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫ
ȼɵɜɨɞ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɦ. ɜ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɤɭɪɫɭ
•ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ
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¾ Ɉɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ |
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•ɗɬɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵ.
¾Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɧɡɨɪ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ (Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵɯ) ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
WTij Uuicucj
ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɣ
– 6 ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ
T |
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c c |
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c c |
2Kt |
¾ ɋɥɟɞ ^W ij |
^Uuiuj |
Uuiui |
•Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ – ɜɹɡɤɢɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ
ɤɨɧɜɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
•ɉɨɩɵɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
¾ ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
• Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ
(ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ |
WT |
U |
ucuc |
) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ |
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ |
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¾ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɧɡɨɪɨɦ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ WTij ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ.
•ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ
ɥɸɛɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ
ɇɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
•ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ
•Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ «ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ» ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ Ʉɨɥɦɨɝɨɪɨɜɚ
…
¾Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ – ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ
•Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ «ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ» ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ
¾ɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɢɞɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫ
•ɇɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ «ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ»
Ƚɢɩɨɬɟɡ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤ
•Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤ (1877) ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ (ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɭɸ)
ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ
•Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ
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¾Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɧɡɨɪɨɦ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɧɡɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ
¾ɧɚɥɨɝ ɪɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ
•Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ
¾ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ 6 ɞɨ 1.
•ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ
¾ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ
ȼɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɨɜɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧ ɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ
• ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ QT ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɟ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ |
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ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ |
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¾ɇɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
•ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ
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• ȼ ɧɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ |
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¾ȼ ɧɟɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ
¾ȼ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɦ ɝɚɡɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ…
• Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ |
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¾ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɟɡɸɦɟ
•ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɇɚɜɶɟ-ɋɬɨɤɫɚ ɩɨ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɭ
•ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɜɫɹ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
•Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ – ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
•ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ (ɧɟɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ) ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
•ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ
– ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ɋɟɣɧɨɥɶɞɫɚ ɢ
ɬɟɧɡɨɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ