Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях.

1. The method permits high-strength concrete to be used economically.

2. The purpose is to reduce shrinkage cracking.

3. The buildings have to be given additional bracing.

4. The concrete to be used is lightweight.

5. All concrete below the neutral axis is considered to be in tension and cracked, and therefore ineffective.

6. It is impossible to build modern houses without the knowledge of new techniques.

7. A factor to consider is the space between the roof structure and the ceiling.

8. Non-loadbearing internal walls should possess the necessary strength and stability to support their own weight.

9. To avoid stresses in the panels due to temperature differences, rigid connections are provided at the centre of each panel.

10. To apply the prestress the tendons are anchored to the concrete.

11. The precast concrete edge beam helps to support the floor slab.

12. Prestressing allows the load applied to be balanced.

Упражнение 2. Переведите существительные с суффиксом –ion. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

accommodation	connection	incorporation	projection
application	deflection	interconnection	relation
circulation	erection	location	selection
completion	expansion	operation	tension

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на функцию слова it.

1. Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above and long screws connect it to the floor panel below.

2. It is a standardised two-storey building.

3. Shrinkage is the permanent contraction of concrete caused by loss of water after it hardens.

4. Even if it is decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it also supports part of the wall.

5. It is difficult to concrete a thin wall because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

6. In most cases deep foundations are utilized only where it is not possible to have shallow foundations.

7. It is characteristic of steel-framed buildings that the floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only.

8. Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

Boulton house, cambridge, england

This is a residential building containing bedrooms for students. The building structure consists of eighteen precast concrete H-frames around the perimeter and nine interior cast-in-place concrete columns, all supporting a heavy 9in (225mm) deep concrete slab at each floor level. The building foundations are piled, all precast columns being positioned in 2ft (600mm) deep pockets in 3ft (900mrn) deep ground beams sitting on the piles. There are precast concrete infill panels between but set behind the H-frames, and these panels overlap on the columns each side. Infill panels are also used at right angles to the H-frames, having the same height as the spandrel of the H-frames.

All infill panels on the east and west sides as well as corner panels and the large wall panels on the north and south sides are 5in (125mm) thick and incorporate ¾ in (19mm) of insulation.

The ground floor is set back from the perimeter and enclosed by a cavity brick wall. Inside, the ground floor has a suspended ceiling 10 in (250mm) below the slab soffit, the void containing services which then pass upwards through holes in the floor slabs.

Internal columns are mostly at about 11ft (3.35m) centres; they are omitted at one place where the slab has to span about 22ft (6.71 m). Each floor slab carries the loads at that level, including the partition walls between bedrooms which are 8in (150mm) heavy block plastered on both sides. Horizontal forces are taken by frame action.

The total period of construction amounted to 14 months. Precast elements were made in wooden forms using white aggregates and white cement. The spandrel of the H-frame has its top sloped back towards the building so that rainwater can be led back behind the columns instead of running down the face.

Notes:

H-frame n. Н-образная рама\каркас

infill panel панель стенового заполнения