Оглавление

Введение 6

Глава первая 8

Что изучает наука о международных отношениях 8

Глава вторая 29

Место науки о международных отношениях среди других общественных дисциплин 29

Глава третья 50

Интеллектуальные истоки теории международных отношений 50

Глава четвертая 71

Базовые теоретические концепты мировой политики и международных отношений 71

Глава пятая 102

Эволюция понимания мира ведущими отечественными и зарубежными маслителями и теоретическое обоснование ключевых миротворческих проблем в общем контексте международных отношений и внешней политике великих держав 102

Глава шестая 178

Неореализм и его истоки 178

Глава седьмая 203

Постпозитивизм 203

Глава восьмая 229

Роль негосударственных институтов современных международных отношений в интерпретации американских и западноевропейских теоретиков 229

Глава девятая 239

Значение «Security Studies» в теории международных отношений 239

Глава десятая 258

Израильские концепции внешней политики и международной безопасности 258

Глава одиннадцатая 303

Теоретические подходы к оценке дипломатической службы, внешней политики и международных отношений Римской католической церкви 303

Глава двенадцатая 330

Современная российская внешнеполитическая мысль о проблемах национальной и международной безопасности 330

Заключение 382

Сведения об авторах 383

Рекомендуемая литература 384

наследственная монархия не есть государство, которое может быть наследуемо другим государством; лишь право управлять государством может перейти по наследству у другому физическому лицу. Государство приобретает себе правителя, а не этот последний (в качестве владеющего другой страной) приобретает себе данное государство.

1 Morgernthau H. Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. New York: Alfred and Knopf, 1948; Niebur R. Beyond tragedy: essays on the Christian interpretation of history. London: Victor Gollancz, 1938; Thompson K. Beyond national interest: a critical evaluation of Reinold Nieburh’s theory of international politics. // Review of politics. 1955. Vol. XVIII; Wolfers A. Discord and collaboration. Baltimor: John Hopkins University Press, 1962; Aron R. Peace and war. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966.

2 Термин “баланс сил” имеет и другие значения: сложившееся распределение сил; политика государства, направленная на достижение желаемого распределения сил; объективная тенденция развития международной системы.

3 Наиболее цитируемые работы: Morgenthau H.J. Politics among nations. New York: Knopf, 1973; A new foreign policy for the United States. New York: Praeger, 1969.

4 Morgenthau H. J. Politics among nations. Op. cit. P.173.

5 Ibid.

6 См. критику Моргентау более подробно в: Цыганков П.А. Международные отношения. М.: Новая школа, 1996. С.23-25; Malhotra V.K. International relations. Op.cit. P.172-175.

7 Для Моргентау понятия “внешняя политика” и “международная политика” совпадают.

8 Little R. Structuralism and neo-realism. // Light M., Groom A.J. (eds.) International relations: a hand book of current theory. London: Frances Pinter, 1985. P.76.

9 Наиболее значительные работы: Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Readings: Addison-Wesley, 1979; Man, the state and war: a theoretical analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

10 Waltz K. Realist thought and neorealist theory. // Journal of International Relations. 1990. Vol.44. Issue 1. P. 29.

11 Уолтс разделяет “отношение” (relation) и “взаимодействие” (action). Отношение как упорядочивание относится к описанию структуры, а взаимодействие - к элементному уровню анализа.

12 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Op. cit. P.80.

13 Ibid. P.82, 88-99.

14 Ibid. P.67, 69-71

15 Ibid. P.74-77.

16 Ibid. P.79.

17 Авторитетный английский ученый Кен Бус считает такое смешение не совсем удачным, потому что “в конечном счете оно привело к игнорированию того, что уровнями анализа могут выступать и другие системные качества, такие как способность к взаимодействию”. Если следовать Уолтсу, они попадают на элементный уровень анализа. Кен Бус цитируется по: Международные отношения: социологические подходы. Под ред. Цыганкова П.А. М.: Гардарика, 1998. С.143.

18 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Op. cit. P.72, 79-81, 87.

19 См., например: Keohane R., Nye J. Power and interdependence. Boston: Little & Brown, 1977.

20 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Op. cit. P.93-95.

21 Waltz K. Globalization and American power. // The National Interest. Spring 2000. P.55.

22 Ibid. P. 47-50.

23 Waltz K. Structural realism after the cold war. // International Security. 2000. Vol. 25. No.1. P.27; The origins of war in neorealist theory. Op. cit. P.90-91.

24 Waltz K. The origins of war in neorealist theory: arguments on causes of war and peace. // Betts R.K. (ed.) Conflict after the cold war. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994. P.91.

25 Ibid. P.92.

26 Waltz K. Structural realism after the cold war. Op. cit. P.28-29.

27 Ibid. P.32.

28 Waltz K. The emerging structure of international politics. // International Security. Fall 1993. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 50.

29 Ibid. P. 55; Mearsheimer J. Back to the future: instability in Europe after the cold war. // International Security. Summer 1990. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 173-176, 190; Layne Ch. The unipolar illusion: why new great powers will rise. // International Security. Spring 1993. Vol. 17. No. 4. P. 49, 51.

30 Waltz K. Structural realism after the cold war. Op.cit. P.28.

31 Waltz K. The spread of nuclear weapons: more may be better. // Adelphi paper. No.171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981.

32 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Op. cit. P.102.

33 Ibid. P.112-113.

34 Waltz K. Structural realism after the cold war. Op. cit. P.38.

35 Waltz K. Realist thought and neorealist theory. // Journal of International Relations. 1990. Vol.44. Issue 1. P.31.

36 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Op.cit. P.104-107.

37 Waltz K. Man, the state and war. Op.cit. P.16-79.

38 Ibid. P.27.

39 Rothgeb J.M. Defining power: influence and force in the contemporary international system. New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1993. P.24-25.

40 Нужно учесть, что русское понятие “нация” не совпадает с английским “nation”. Нация понимается как исторически сложившаяся культурно-языковая, экономическая, территориальная, государственно-политическая общность людей. Английский термин nation, о котором в данном случае и идет речь, трактуется более широко и делает акцент на самоидентификации народа в отношении культуры, языка, территории, и т.д. (imaginable community)

41 Кеннеди П. Вступая в XXI век. М.: Весь мир, 1997. С.65, 71-79.

42Там же. С.161.

43 Там же. С.149.

44 Holsti K.J. Change in the international system: essays on the theory and practice of international relations. Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1991. P.55.

45 Singer M., Wildavsky A. The real world order: zones of peace, zones of turmoil. Chatham: Chatham House, 1993.

46 Snow D.M. Uncivil wars: international security and the new internal conflicts. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996.

47 Gompert D.C. Right makes might: freedom and power in the information age. McNair Paper 59. Washington: National Defense University, 1998. P.5-7.

48 Ibid. P.14.

49 Snow D.M. Uncivil wars. Op. cit. P.6-7.

50 Gilpin R. War and change in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P.10-11.

51 Walt S.M. The origins of alliances. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987. P.21, 25.

52 Jervis R. Cooperation under the security dilemma. // World Politics. January 1978. Vol. 30. No. 2 . P.187-194, 199-206; Glaser Ch.L., Kaufmann Ch. What is the offensive-defensive balance and can we measure it? // International Security. Spring 1998. Vol.22. Issue 4. P.44-85.

53 Doran C.F. War and power dynamics: economic underpinnings. // International Studies Quarterly. 1983. Vol.27. P.428.

54 Gilpin R. War and change in world politics. Op.cit. P.3, 10, 13.

55 Wohlworth W.C. The stability of an unipolar world. // International Security. Summer 1999. Vol.24.

Issue 1.

56 Sullivan M.P. Power in contemporary international politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990. P.91-94.

57 Keohane R., Nye J. Power and interdependence: world politics in transition. Boston: Little and Brown, 1977.

58 Sullivan M.P. Power in contemporary international politics. Op.cit. P.91-94.

59 См., например: Singer J.D. The level-of-analysis problem in international relation // Knorr K., Verba S. (eds.) The international system: theoretical essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961; Singer J.D., Bremer S., Stuckey J. Capability, distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820-1965. // Russet B.M. (ed.) Peace, war and numbers. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1972.

60 См.: Katz M. Collapsed empires. // Crocker Ch, Hampson F., Aall P. (eds.) Managing global chaos: sources of and responses to international conflict. Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1997. P.25-28, 33; Snyder J. Myths and empire. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

61 См.: Singer D., Small M. The wages of war, 1816-1965: a statistical handbook. New York: Wiley, 1972; Kemp G. Military technology and conflict. // Crocker Ch, Hampson F., Aall P. (eds.) Op. cit.; Brown S. The causes and prevention of war. Op.cit.; Gaddis J.L. The long peace: inquiries into the history of the cold war. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987; Jonansen R.C. Swords into plowshares: can fewer arms yield more security? // Kegley Ch.W. (ed.) Controversies in international relations theory. Op. cit.

62 См.: Posen B.R. The security dilemma and ethnic conflict. // Survival. Spring 1993. Vol.35. No.1; Snyder, J. Nationalism and the crisis of the post-soviet state. // Survival. Spring 1993. Vol.35. No.1; van Evera S. Hypotheses on nationalism and war. // International Security. Spring 1994. Vol.18. No.4; Gurr T. Minorities, nationalists, and ethnopolitical conflict. Op. cit.; Weiner M. Security, stability,, and international migration. // International Security. Winter 1992. Vol.17. No.3; Little D. Religious militancy. // Crocker Ch.A., Hampson F.O. (eds.) Op. cit.

63 См.: Arend A. C., Beck R. J. International law and the use of force: beyond the UN Charter paradigm. New York: Routledge, 1993.

64 См.: Asmus R.D., Kugler R.L., Larrabee F.S. Building a new NATO. // The new shape of world politics: contenging paradigms in international relations. New York: Foreign Affairs, 1997; Simon J. NATO enlargement and Central Europe: a study in civil-military relations. Washington: National Defense University, 1996; Goldgeier J. Not whether but when: the U.S. decision to enlarge NATO. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1999; Россия, НАТО и новая архитектура безопасности в Европе. Нижний Новгород: ННГУ, 1998.

65 Bissel R. The resource dimension of international conflict. // Crocker Ch.A., Hampson F.O. (eds.) Op.cit. P.144-153; Lynne-Jones S., Miller S. (eds.) Global danger. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995.

66 Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. The biology of peace and war. New York: Viking, 1979.

67 Кестлер А., цит. по: Рыбкин Е.И. Критика буржуазных учений о причинах и роли войн в истории. М.: Наука, 1979. С.147.

68 См.: Freud S. Civilization and its discontents. New York: Norton, 1962; An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Norton, 1959; Фрейд З. По ту сторону принципа наслаждения. СПб.: Алетейя, 1998; Фрейд З. Основные психологические теории в психоанализе. СПб.: Алетейя, 1998.

69 См.: Ланкур-Лаферриер. Личность и политика. // Райгородский Д.Я. Психология и психоанализ власти. Т.2; Gottlieb R.S. Masculine identity and the desire for war: a study in the sickness of power. // Wartenberg T.E. (ed.) Rethinking power. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992; Rieber R.W. (ed.) The psychology of war and peace: the image of enemy. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

70 Stein J. Image, identity, and conflict resolution. // Crocker Ch.A., Hampson F.O. (eds.) Op. cit. P.94-95. See also: Hogg M, Abrams D. (eds.) Group motivation: social psychological perspectives. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993; Hogg M. The social psychology of group cohesiveness: from attraction to social identity. New York: New York University Press, 1992.

71 Pruitt D., Rubin J. Social conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986. P.112-119.

72 Bell D. The coming of post-industrial society. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

73 Fukuyama F. The end of history // The National Interest, Summer 1989; см. также: Fukuyama F. The end of history and the last man. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1992.

74 Wiarda H. Introduction to comparative politics: concepts and process. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993, pp. 148-149; Peterson P. The rise and fall of special interest politics // Presidential Studies Quarterly, Winter 1990-91, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 539-555.

75 Wiarda H. Op. cit., pp. 152-155; Trends toward corporatist intermediation. Ed. by Schmitter P., Lehmbruch S. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979; Politics in Europe: structures and processes in some postindustrial democracies. Ed. by Heisler M. New York: McKay, 1974; Berger S. Organizing interests in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

76 Crozier M. The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964; Art R. Bureaucratic politics and American foreign policy: a critique // Political Sciences, December 1973, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 467-490; Bureaucratic politics and national security: theory and practice. Ed. by Kozak D., Keagle J. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1988; Welch D. Bureaucratic politics paradigms // International Security, Fall 1992, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 112-146.

77 Crozier M., Huntington S., Watanuki J. The crisis of democracy: report on the governability of democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975, pp. 160-161.

78 Wiarda H. Op. cit., pp. 85-100; Halliday F. International society as homogenity: Burke, Marx, Fukuyama // Millennium, 1992, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 435-461; Wallerstein I. The world-system after the Cold War // Journal of Peace Research, 1993, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-6; Schlesinger J. Quest for a post-Cold War foreign policy // Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992/93, pp. 17-28.

79 Fukuyama F. The end of history and the last man, pp. 287-340.

80 Elshtain J.B. Public man, private woman: women in social and political thought. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981; Sylvester C. Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era..Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

81 Habermas J. The philosophical discourses of modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987.

82 Derrida J. Of grammatology. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 1976; Foucault M. Power/knowledge: selected interviews and writings 1972-1977. Brighton: Harvester, 1980.

83 См., например: Bull H. The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.

84 Keohane R.O. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984; Osgood C.E. An alternative to war and surrender. Urbana: Illinois Press, 1962; Rosecrance R. The rise of the trading state, commerce and conquest in the modern world. New York: Basic Books, 1986.

85 Дж. Розенау также выделил три школы - государство-центричную; полицентризм и глобализм (Rosenau J.N. Order and disorder in the study of world politics // Globalism versus realism: international relations’ third debate. Ed. by Maghroori R., Ramberg B. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1982, pp. 1-7). Основанием для этой классификации явилось то, что каждая из парадигм считала основной единицей анализа. Первая школа считала государство главным субъектом международной деятельности; вторая подчеркивала, что, вдобавок к национальному государству, супранациональные институты, неправительственные организации, ТНК, международные группы давления и пр. также участвуют в формировании мировой политики; глобалисты же считали , что структура системы международных отношений, которая в основном формируется экономическими факторами, определяет характер и направление развития мирового развития (в том числе и указанных выше субъектов политики).

86 Malhotra V.K., Sergounin A.A. Theories and approaches to international relations, pp. 256-282.

87 Анализ критических взгядов см.: Waever O. The rise and fall of the inter-paradigm debate // Ed. by Smith S., Booth K, Zalewski M. International theory: positivism and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 149-154.

88 Viotti P.R., Kauppi M.V. International relations theory. Realism, pluralism, globalism. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.

89 Holsti K.J. The dividing discipline - hegemony and diversity in international theory. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985.

90 Neufeld M.A. The restructuring of international relations theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 47; Banks M. The inter-paradigm debate // International relations: a handbook of current theory. Ed. by Light M., Groom A.J.R. London: Pinter Publishers, 1993, p. 20.

91 Lapid Y. The third debate: on the prospects of international theory in a post-positivist era // International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1989, p. 237; Neufeld M.A. The restructuring of international relations theory, pp. 49-50.

92 Waever O. The rise and fall of the inter-paradigm debate, p. 155.

93 Kratochwill F., Ruggie J.G. International organization: a state of the art of an art of the state // International Organization, Vol. 40, No. 4, 1986, pp. 753-775.

94 Waever O. The rise and fall of the inter-paradigm debate, p. 163.

95 Brown C. International relations theory. New normative approaches. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992, pp. 206-207; Rorty R. Method, social science and social hope // Consequences of pragmatism. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1982, p. 205.

96 Derrida J. Op.cit.; Descombes V. Modern French philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; Norris C. The contest of faculties: philosophy and theory after deconstruction. London: Methuen, 1985; Virilio P. Speed and politics. New York: Semiotexte, 1986.

97 Nietzsche F. Beyond good and evil, translated by R.J. Hollingdale. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971; Nietzsche F. Thus spake Zarathustra, translated by R.J. Hollingdale Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.

98 Foucault M. Nietzsche, genealogy, history // Interpreting politics. Ed. by Gibbons M. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press, 1987, pp. 221-240.

99 См., например: Todorov T. Mikhail Bakhtin: the dialogic principle. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984; Bakhtin and cultural theory. Ed. by Kirschkop R., Shepherd D. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989; Harvey D. The condition of postmodernity: an enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989; Venturi R., Scott-Brown D., Izenour S. Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1972.

100 Бусыгина И.М. Постмодернизм в Москве // Полис, 1995, № 6, с. 5-9.

101

102 Heller A., Feher F. The postmodern political condition. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988, p. 138.

103 Jameson F. Postmodernism, or the cultural logic of late capitalism// Left Review, July/August 1984, no. 146.

104 Детальный анализ этого вопроса содержится в: Brown C. Critical theory and postmodernism in international relations // Contemporary international relations: a guide to theory. Ed. by Groom A.J.R., Light M. London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1994, p. 56.

105 Wendt A. Constructing international politics // International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Summer 1995), pp. 71-72.

106 Brown C. Critical theory and postmodernism in international relations, p. 58.

107 Neufeld M. The restructuring of international relations theory, p. 58.

108 Wendt A. Constructing international politics, p. 71.

109 Linklater A. The achievements of critical theory // International theory: positivism and beyond. Ed. by Smith S., Booth K, Zalewski M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 279.

110 Ibid., pp. 283, 284, 287-289.

111 Brown C. International relations theory, p. 196; Brown C. Critical theory and postmodernism in international relations, p. 59.

112 Hoffman M.J. Normative international theory: approaches and issues // Contemporary international relations: a guide to theory, p. 29.

113 Habermas J. Knowledge and human interest. London: Heinemann, 1972; см. также его же: The philosophical discourses of modernity.

114 Foucault M. Power/knowledge.

115 Lipschutz R. Reconstructing world politics: the emergence of global civil society // Millennium, 1992, vol. 21, no. 3, p. 407; см. также: Tilly C. War making and state making as organized crime // Evans P.B., Rueschemeyer D., Skocpol T. (eds.). Bringing the state back in. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 175.

116 Цит. по: Waever O. Identities. Copenhagen: Centre for Peace & Conflict Research, 1992, p. 12 (Working Papers, 1992, no. 8).

117 Walker R.B.J. Security, sovereignty, and the challenge of world politics // Alternatives, 1990, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 3-28.

118 Lipschutz R. Op. cit., pp. 408-409.

119 Camilleri J.A., Falk J. The end of sovereignty? The politics of a shrinking and fragmented world. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992, p. 242.

120 Rorty R. Method, social science and social hope, p. 210.

121 Ibid., p. 207.

122 Camilleri J.A., Falk J. Op. cit., pp. 220, 241.

123 Bull H. The anarchical society: a study of order in world politics, pp. 254-276.

124 Rosenau J. Turbulence in world politics: a theory of change and continuity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990; Rosenau J. Citizenship without moorings: individual responses to a turbulent world. Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, August 23, 1992, pp. 9-13.

125 Marc A. Pour en finir avec l'Etat. Nice, 1992, p. 21.

126 Lipschutz R. Op. cit., pp. 392-393.

127 Ibid., pp. 398-399.

128 Ibid., p. 419.

129 Grosby S. Territoriality : the transcendental, primordial feature of modern societies // Nations and nationalism. Vol. 1, part 2, July 1995.

130 Globalization and territorial identities. Ed. by Mlinar Z. Avebury, England, 1992, p. 62.

131 Camilleri J. Rethinking sovereignty // Contending sovereignties. Redefining political community. Ed. by Walker R.B.J., Mendlovitz S.H.. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990, p. 35.

132 Globalization and territorial identities, p. 25.

133 Ibid., p. 46.

134 DiMuccio R.B.A., Rosenau J.N. Turbulence and sovereignty in world politics : explaining the relocation of legitimacy in the 1990s and beyond // Globalization and territorial identities, p. 160.

135 Global modernities. Ed. by Featherstone M., Lash S., Robertson R. London: SAGE Publications, 1995, p. 29.

136 Anderson J., Goodman J. Regions, states and the European Union : modernist reaction or postmodern adaptation? // Review of international political economy. Autumn 1995, p. 601.

137 Duchacek I. Comparative federalism : an agenda for additional research // Constitutional design and power-sharing in the post-modern epoch. Ed. by Elazar D.J. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Center for Jewish Community Studies, 1995, pp. 26-27.

138 Gotlieb G. Nation against state. A new approach to ethnic conflicts and the decline of sovereignty. New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993.

139 Hurrell A. Explaining the resurgence of regionalism in world politics // Review of International Studies, vol. 21, no. 4, October 1995.

140 Giddens A. The consequences of modernity. Polity Press, 1990, pp. 70-77.

141 Globalization and territorial identities, p. 26.

142 Anderson J., Goodman J. Op. cit., p. 624.

143 Моммэн А. Федерализм, конфедерализм и национальные государства. Тезисы лекции, прочитанной в Нижегородском университете. Май 1993 г.

144 Smart B. Postmodernity: key idea. London: Routledge, 1993.

145 Camilleri J. Op. cit. p. 39.

146 Der Derian J. On diplomacy: a genealogy of Western estrangement. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987; International/intertextual relations: postmodern readings of world politics; Speaking the language of exile, dissidence in international studies. Ed. by Ashley R., Walker R. // International Studies Quarterly, 1990, vol. 34, no. 3 (special issue).

147 International/intertextual, p. 259; см. также: Ashley R. The geopolitics of geopolitical space // Alternatives, October 1987, vol. 12.

148 International/intertextual, p. 163.

149 Goerz G. Contexts of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 4.

150 Der Derian J. On diplomacy, pp. 199-200.

151 George J. Discourses of global politics: a critical (re)introduction to international relations. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, pp. 205-207; Campbell D. Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.

152 George J. Discourses of global politics, p. 208.

153 Walker R.B.J. One world, many worlds: struggles for a just world peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988; Falk R. The Western state system. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Center of International Studies, 1992.

154 Der Derian J. On diplomacy, pp. 70, 79; Waever O. Territory, authority and identity: the late 20th century emergence of neo-medieval political structures in Europe. Paper for the 1st Conference of European Peace Research Association, Florence, November 8-10, 1991.

155 McGowan J. Postmodernism and its critics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991, pp. 14-21.

156 Simai M. The future of global governance. Managing risk and change in the international system. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1994, pp. 6,9.

157 Walker R.B.J. Culture, ideology and world order. Boulder: Westview Press, 1984, p. 10.

158 Der Derian J. Antidiplomacy. Spies, terror, speed and war. Cambridge and Oxford: Blackwell, 1992, pp. 4, 5.

159 Stabile C.A. Feminism without guarantees: the misalliances and missed alliances of post-modernist social theory // Rethinking Marxism, vol. 7, no. 1, Spring 1994, p. 49.

160 Buzan B. People, states and fear: an agenda for security studies in the post-cold war era. 2nd edition. Hemel Hempstead: Wheatsheaf, 1991.

161 Waever O. Securitization and desecuritization. Copenhagen: Centre for Peace & Conflict Research, 1993, pp. 5,7 (Working paper no. 5, 1993).

162 Waever O. Securitization and desecuritization, p. 16.

163 Møller B. Common security and non-offensive defense. A neorealist perspective. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992; Wiberg H. New perspectives on non-offensive defence. Copenhagen: Centre for Peace & Conflict Research, 1990 (Working paper no. 22, 1993).

164 Light M., Halliday F. Gender and international relations // Contemporary international relations: a guide to theory, pp. 45-46.

165 Ibid, p. 49.

166 См., например: Rocking the ship of state: towards a feminist peace politics. Ed. by Harris A., King Y. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.

167 Haug F. Morals also have two genders // New Left Review, no. 143, January-February 1984, pp. 65-66.

168 Brown W. Manhood and politics: a feminist reading in political theory. Totowa: Rowman & Littlefield, 1988.

169 Enloe C. Does khaki become you? The militarisation of women's lives. London: Pluto, 1983; Women and the military system. Ed. by Isaksson E. N.Y.: Wheatsheaf, 1988.

170 Rocking the ship of state: towards a feminist peace politics; Women and men's wars. Ed. by Stiehm J. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983.

171 Tickner A. Re-visioning security // International political theory today. Ed. by K. Booth, S. Smith. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, p. 192.

172 Gendered states: feminist (re)visions of international relations theory. Ed. by Peterson S. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992, p. 32.

173 Tickner A. Re-visioning security, p. 191.

174 Ibid., p. 192.

175 Sylvester C. The contributions of feminist theory to international relations, pp. 254-272; Tickner A. Gender in international relations: feminist perspectives on achieving global security. N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1992, pp. 9-12.

176 Campbell D. Writing security: United States foreign policy and the politics of identity, p. 238.

177 Tickner A. Re-visioning security, pp. 192-193.

178 Ibid., p. 193.

179 Ibid., pp. 192-193; Tickner A. Gender in international relations, pp. 127-144; Sylvester C. Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era, pp. 169-207.

180 Harrington M. What exactly is wrong with the liberal state as an agency for change? // Gendered states: feminist (re)visions of international relations theory, ch. 2; Tickner A. Re-visioning security, pp. 190-193.

181 Halliday F. The Cold War and its conclusion: consequences for international relations theory // The post-Cold War order: diagnoses and prognoses/ Ed. by Leaver R., Richardson J.L. Canberra: Allen & Unwin and Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993, p. 28.

182 Linklater A. Liberal democracy, constitutionalism and the New World Order // The post-Cold War order: diagnoses and prognoses, pp. 37-38.

183 Halliday F. International relations and its discontents // International Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, 1995, pp. 744-745.

184 Ibid., pp. 745-746.

185 Trenin, Dmitri. The End of Eurasia. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 2001, 14.

186 Ibid., 16.

187 Manuel Castells. The Power of Identity. Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 303.

188 Manuel Castells. The Power of Identity. Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 342.

189 Manuel Castells. End of Millennium. Blackwell Publishers, 1998, 162.

190 Luc Sindjoun. “Transformation of International Relations - Between Change and Continuity: Introduction” in International Political Science Review. Vol. 22, No.3, 2001, 222.

191 Stephen D.Krasner. “Abiding Sovereignty” in International Political Science Review. Vol. 22, No.3, 2001, 243-244.

192 Stephen D.Krasner. “Abiding Sovereignty” in International Political Science Review. Vol. 22, No.3, 2001, 247-248.

193 Anna Leander. Globalisation and the Eroding State Monopoly of Legitimate Violence. COPRI, 2.

194 James Rosenau. “Governance in the Twenty-First Century” in The New Political Economy of Globalization., Vol. 2., 7-8.

195 Kaldor, Mary. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Oxford: Polity Press, 1999.

196 Holsti, Kalevi. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

197 Этос глобального мира. Москва: "Восточная литература" РАН, 1999. 66.

198 Martin van Creveld, The Rise and Decline of the State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999, vii.

199 New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century. Report on the Emerging Global Security Environment for the First Quarter of the 21st Century. Arlington, VA: US Commission on National Security/21st Century, September 15, 1999, 27.

200 Wolfgang H.Reinicke, "The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks", Foreign Policy, No. 117, Winter 1999-2000, 44-56.

201 R.Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

202 Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

203 Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks (Ed. And trans. Hoare and Smith) London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.

204 Е.Рашковский. Гражданское общество: религиозное измерение проблемы.//МЭМО, №5, 1996, С.122.

205 Там же, С.122.

206 Там же, С.117

207 Там же, С.125.

208 Salamon, Anheier, List et al. Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Non-Profit Sector. Baltimore, MA: Johns Hopkins University, Institute for Policy Studies’ Center for Civil Society Studies, 1999.

209 Chatfield, Charles. “Intergovernmental and Nongovernmental Associations to 1945” . in Jackie Smith et al., Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997.

210 John Keane. «Global Civil Society?» in Helmut Anheier, Marlies Glasius, and Mary Kaldor (Eds.) Global Civil Society 2001. Oxford University Press, 2001, P. 24.

211 James P.Muldoon Jr., Joann Fagot Aviel, et.al (Eds.) Multilateral Diplomacy and the UN Today. Boulder CO.: Westvew Press, 1999, P. 156.

212 Marina Ottaway. “Corporatism Goes Global: International Organizations, Nongovernmental Organization Networks, and Transnational Business” in Global Governance, 7 (2001), P. 265.

213 Chadwick Alger. “The Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System: From Article 71 to a People’s Millennium Assembly” in Global Governance, 8 (2002), P. 93.

214 Ibid., P. 94.

215 Ibidem.

216 Ibidem.

217 Ibid., P. 95.

218 Ibid. , P. 94.

219 Ibid., P. 96.

220 Ibid., P.97-98.

221 Ibid., P.276.

222 Ibid., P. 277.

223 Ibid., P.99.

224 Klein B. Strutegic Studies and World Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. -.pp.8-9.

225 Russett Bruce. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. – 1990; Risse-Kappen Thomas. “ Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policies” //World Politics, Vol. 43. N. 4. July 1991. – PP. 479-512; среди более ранних работ можно отметить: Huntington, Samuel. The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics. N.Y.: Columbia University Press. – 1961; Schilling, Warner, Hammnd Paul and Snyder Glenn. Politics, Strategy and Defense Budgets. N.Y.: Columbia University Press. – 1962.

226 Rummel R. “Libertarianism and International Violence” // Journal of Conflict Resolution. 1983. Vol. 27. N1.- PP. 27-71.

227 См. например добротный анализ проблемы: Кулагин В. «Политические режимы» // Pro et Contra. Том. 8 Т 1. Зима, 2003. – СС. 137-151.

228 Russet B. Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. – 1993.

229 См. подробнее: Шаклеина Т.А. Российская внешнеполитическая мысль: в поисках национальной стратегии. МОНФ, М., 1997, глава III.

230 Шаклеина Т.А. Уаз. Соч. – СС. 25-26.

231 Современные буржуазные теории международных отношений / Под. ред. В.И. Гантмана. М.: Наука, 1976; США: Политическая мысль и история / Под. Ред. Н.Н. Яковлева. М., 1976.

232 Громыко А.А., Ломейко В.Б. Новое мышление в ядерный век. М., 1984; Социально-философские аспекты современных международных отношений / Под. Ред. В.В.Мшвениерадзе. М.: Наука, 1987.

233 Антюхина-Московиченко В.И., Злобин А.А., Хрусталев М.А. Основы теории международных отношений. М: МГИМО, 1980; В поисках равновесия. Экология в системе социальных и политических проиоритетов. М.: Международные отношения, 1992; Колбасов О.С. Экология: политика и право. М: Прогресс, 1983; Международная безопасность и Мировой океан / Под. Ред. Л.А.Иванащенко и Ю.М.Колосова. М.: Наука, 1982; Международный терроризм и ЦРУ. М.: Прогресс, 1982; Поздняков Э.А. Внешнеполитическая деятельность и межгосударственные отношения. М: Наука, 1986; Колобов О.А., Корнилов А.А., Макарычев А.С., Сергунин А.А. Процесс принятия внешнеполитических решений: исторический опыт США, государства Израиль и стран Западной Европы. Н.Новгород, 1992; Лукин В.П. Центры силы. Концепции и реальность. М.: Международные отношения, 1982; Кременюк В.А. Политика США в развивающихся странах. Проблемы конфликтных ситуаций. 1945-1976. М: Международные отношения, 1977; Соситема, структура и процесс развития современных международных отношений / Под. ред. В.И.Гантмана. М: Наука, 1984; Хозин Г.С. Могущество и бессилие. Научно-техническая революция и политика империализма. М: Международные отношения, 1986; Его же. США: космос и политика. М: Наука, 1987.

234 Понятия «национальный интерес» и «национальная безопасность» использовались для характеристики агрессивной империалистической политики Западных государств. Это было проявлением чрезмерно идеологизированного подхода, характерного для большинства исследований того периода: Арбатов Г.А. Идеологическая борьба в современных международных отношениях. М., 1970; Мурадян А.А. Буржуазные теории международной политики. М., 1988.

235 Сергунин А.А. Российская внешнеполитическая мысль: проблемы национальной и международной безопасности. Н.Новгород: НГЛУ, 2003. с. 12.

236 Wolfers Arnold. “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol” в книге: Discord and Collaboration. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. – 1962.

237 Buzan Barry. People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. 2nd edition. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner. 1991. – PP.23-24.

238 Singer David. “ An Assessment of Peace Research” // International Security. Vol.1, N.1. Summer, 1976.- PP. 118-137; Galtung Johan “Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses” // Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 22. N.2. – 1985. – PP.141-158.

239 Rothschild E., What is Security// Daedalus, Number 3, Summer 1995. Pp.60-63

240 Kahn Herman. On Escalation: Metaphor and Scenarios. N.Y.: Praeger. – 1965. – P. 37.

241 Pages Erik. “The Evolution of Deterrence Theory: A review of the Literature” // International Studies Notes. Vol. 16, N.2. Spring, 1991. – PP. 60-65.

242 Косолаповым Н.А. «Анализ внешней политики: основные направления исследований» // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. - № 2. – 1999. – с. 79.

243 Там же. С.80.

244 Корни этого подхода уходят к работам А.Бастиана, Ф.Ницше, О.Шпенглера и др.

245 Воскресенский А.Д. «Многофакторное равновесие в международных отношениях» // Свободная мысль – XXI. № 4, 2000. С. 13.

246 Steinbruner John. “Beyond Rational Deterrence: The Struggle for New Conceptions” // World Politics. Vo. 28. N.2. January, 1976. - P. 224.

247 Paarlberg Rob. “Forgetting About The Unthinkable” // Foreign Policy. N. 10. Spring, 1973. – PP. 132-140.

248 Rothschild E., Op. cit. - PP.60-63.

249 См. подробнее: Введение в теорию международных отношений и анализ внешней политики. СС. 92-94.

250 Ullman R. Redefining Security // International Security. Number 1, Volume 8, 1983. P.133

251 Buzan B., People, State and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. Of North Carolina Press, 1983.

252 Мильштейн М.А. К проблеме безопасности в современном мире // США – экономика, политика, идеология. – 1998. - № 1. – СС. 10-17.

253 Алан Руссо. Нетрадиционные угрозы безопасности России и Евразии. Московский Центр Карнеги. Рабочие материалы. № 7, 1999. С.5.

254MayE.Op.Cit.PP. 94-117.

255 Jordan A., Taylor W. Op. Cit. P. 61.

256 Gaddis J. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1982. PP. 61-62.

257 Keohane R., Nye J. Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977.

258Цит. по: Уткин А.И. Американская футурология международных отношений в ХХ веке. М., 1990. С. 63.

259 Haftendorn H. The Security Puzzle: Theory-Building and Discipline-Building in International Security // International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1991). P. 3-17.

260 Rothschild E. Op.cit.

261 Mathews J. Redefining Security // Foreign Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Spring 1989). PP. 162-177.; Ulman R. Redefining Security // International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer 1983). P. 129-153.; Brown N. Climate, Ecology and International Security // Survivval, Vol. 31, No. 6 (November/December 1989). P. 519-532.; Eberstadt N. Population Change and National Security // Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Summer 1991). P. 115-131; Buzan B. New Patterns of Global Security in the 21st Century // International Affairs, Vol. 67. No. 3(July 1991). P. 431-451.

262 Deudney D. The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security // Millennium, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1990). P. 467.

263 Homer-Dixon T. On the Threshold: Environmental Changes of Acute Conflict // International Security, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1991). P. 76-116.

264 Косолапов Н.А. Сила, насилие, безопасность: современная диалектика взаимосвязей. В книге: Богатуров А.Д., Косолапов Н.А., Хрусталев М.А. Очерки теории и политического анализа международных отношений. –М.: НОФМО. 2002. – С.201.

265 Wolfers A. Discord and Collaboration. Essays on International Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. P. 150.

266 The White House. National Security Strategy of the United States. Wash.: GPO, 1987. P. 3-4; The White House. National Security Strategy of the United States. Wash.: GPO, 1988. P. 6-7; The White House. National Security Strategy of the United States. Wash.:GPO, 1990. P. 1-3.

267 US National Security. A Framework for Analysis... P. 6.

268 Lippman W. US Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. Boston, 1943. P. 5.

269 Wolfers A. Op. Cit. P. 6.

270 Barnet R. Roots of War.

271 Ibid.

272 US National Security Policy and Strategy... P. 2.

273 Spanier J. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. Wash.:The CQ Press, 1973. PP. 103-105.

274 U.S. National Security Policy and Strategy... P. 36.

275 Ibid. PP. 326-343.;

276 Defense Planning for the 1990s and the Ghanging International Environment. Fort Lesley J.McNair: NDU Press, 1984. P. 9-11.

277 May E. Op. Cit.P. 104.

278Примечания к главе 1.

US National Security. A Framework for Analysis. Ed. by D.Kaufman, J.McKitrick. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1985. P.4.

279 Knorr K. National Security Studies: Scope and Structure of the Field // F.Trager and P.Kronenberg. National Security and American Society: Theory, Process and Policy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1973. P. 5-6.

280 US National Security Policy and Strategy. Documents and Policy Proposals. Ed. by S.Sarkesian. N.Y.: Greenwood Press, 1988. P. 3.

281 US National Security. A Framework for Analysis... P. 3.

282 NSC 68. The Special Collections. File Presidential Directives on National Security from Truman to Clinton. US National Security Archive., A.Jordan and W.Taylor. American National Security: Policy and Process. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. P. 8-12.

283 May E. National Security in American History // Rethinking Americas Security. Ed. by G.Allison and G.Treverton. N.Y.: W.W.Norton and Co., 1992. PP.110-114., Prisms and Policy: U.S. Security Strategy after the Cold War. Ed. by N.Levin. Santa Monica: RAND, 1994. P. 37-53., J.Steinbruner. Revolution in Foreign Policy // Setting National Priorities : Policy for the Nineties. Ed. by H.Aaron. Wash.: The Brookings Institution, 1990. P. 68-85., S.Sarkesian. The Strategic Landscape, Domestic Imperatives, and National Security // U.S. Domestic and National Security Agendas. Into the Twenty-First Century. Ed. by S.Sarkesian and J. Mead Flahagin. N.Y.: Greenwood Press, 1994.

P.16-17.,

284 Trager F., Simone F. An Introduction to the Study of National Security // National Security and American Society: Theory, Process and Policy. Ed. by Trager F., Kronenberg P. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1973. P. 36.

285 Jordan T., Taylor W. Op. Cit. PP. 8-9.

286 US National Security. A Framework for Analysis... P. 14.

287 См. подробнее: «Мягкие» и «жесткие» вызовы безопасности в приволжском федеральном округе. Аналитический доклад. Нижний Новгород: НГЛУ, 2001. СС.10-12.

288Эволюция понятия "национальная стратегия" показана в работе: Jablonsky D. Why Is Strategy is Difficult?Strategic Studies Institute. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1992. - P. 5-30.

289 Jordan T., Taylor W. Op. Cit. PP

290 The Constitution and National Security... P. 30.

291 Jordan A. Op. Cit. P.15.

292 Foster G. Conceptual Foundation for the Development of Strategy //Grand Strategy and the Decision Making Process. Ed. by Gaston J. Wash.: NDU Press, 1992. P. 55-77.

293 Annual National Security Strategy Report. Public Law 99-433. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986.

294 Snyder Donald. The National Security Strategy: Documenting Strategic Vision. The Search for Strategy: Politics and Strategic Vision. Ed. by Guenter Gary. Westport, Cn.: Greenwood Press. – 1993. – PP. 48-49.

295 US National Security Policy and Strategy... P. 235-257; отечественные американисты подробно рассмотрели эволюцию внешнеполитической доктрины США и роль различных ведомств и подразделений исполнительной власти в разработке национальной стратегии. См. например: Агафонов Г.А. Совет национальной безопасности США. История создания и начальный период деятельности. М.: Наука. – 1977; Колобов О.А., Макарычев А.С., Корнилов А.А., Сергунин А.А, Процесс принятия внешнеполитических решений: исторический опыт США, государства Израиль и стран Западной Европы. – Н.Новгород: Изд-во ННГУ. – 1992; Кокшин А.А., Рогов С.М. Серые кардиналы Белого Дома. – М.: международные отношения. – 1986; Мельников Ю.М. Внешнеполитические доктрины США. – М.: Наука. – 1970.

296СНБ 68 // Проблемы войны м мира. Хрестоматия. Н.Новгород: Изд-во ННГУ, 1995. С. 112.

297 NSSM 32. The Special Collectiopns. PDNS. NSA.

298 PRM 10. Ibid.

299 US National Security Strategy... P. 13-14.

300 Huntington S. US Defense Strategy: The Strategic Innovation of the Reagan Years // American Defense Annual, 1987-1988. Ed. by Kruzel J. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987. P. 23-43.

301 Lay. Op.Cit.

302 National Security Act of 1947. В книге: U.S. National Security Policy and Strategy. Documents and Policy Proposals. Ed. By Sarkesian S. N.Y.: Greenwood Press. – 1988. – PP. 9-15.

303 Draft Report by the National Security Council staff. Measures Required To Achieve U.S. Objectives With Respect to the USSR. March 30, 1949. FRUS, Vol.1, 1949. – 1976. PP. 272-273.

304 Ibid. – P 274.

305 Jordan A., Taylor W. Op.Cit. PP. 32-36.

306 U.S. National Security Strategy for the 1990s. Ed. by Kaufman D., Clark D., Sheedan K. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1991. P. 15-18.

202