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Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials

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Appendix 13–Description of Sawtooth-modulation Response

847

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Fig. A.13.15

References to Appendix 13

1.Details about the data analysis without Fourier transformation for sawtooth-type temperature-modulated DSC are given in: Hu W, Wunderlich B (2001) Data Analysis Without Fourier Transformation for Sawtooth-type Temperature-modulated DSC. J Thermal Anal Calorim 66: 677–697.

2.A collection of Fourier series for different curves can be seen, for example in: Lide DR, ed (2002/3) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

3.The TMDSC with Fourier analysis of the melting pentacontane and the calculations using saw-tooth analysis methods are given in the publication: Wunderlich B, Boller A, Okazaki I, Ishikiriyama K, Chen W, Pyda W, Pak J, Moon, I, Androsch R (1999) Temperaturemodulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Reversible and Irreversible First-order Transitions. Thermochim Acta 330: 21–38.

848 Appendix 14

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An Introduction to Group Theory,

Definitions of Configurations and Conformations, and a Summary of Rational and Irrational Numbers

The four title topics are represented in the Figs. A.14.1–4, shown below:

Fig. A.14.1

Fig. A.14.2

Appendix 14–Group Theory, Configuration, Conformation, Numbers 849

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Fig. A.14.3

Fig. A.14.4

850 Appendix 15

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Summary of Birefringence and Polarizing Microscopy

The title topic is represented in the Figs. A.15.1 and A.15.2, shown below:

Fig. A.15.1

Fig. A.15.2

Appendix 16

851

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Summary of X-ray Diffraction and Interference Effects

X-ray diffraction and, analogously, the diffraction of other electromagnetic waves, as detailed in Fig. 1.51 is summarized in Fig. A.16.1. A detailed drawing of the constructive and destructive interference is outlined in Fig. 1.54. A variety of typical diffraction patterns are depicted in Figs. 5.69–72, 5.81, 5.82, 6.4, 6.33, 6.63, 6.103, 7.36, and 7.51. Correspondent constructions can be applied to waves of small particles of matter, such as electrons and neutrons. An electron-diffraction pattern is reproduced in Fig. 5.74. Even sound and water waves follow the same principles of diffraction and interference.

Fig. A.16.1

852 Appendix 17

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Optical Analog of Electron Double Diffraction to Produce Moiré Patterns

To produce an optical analog of the electron double diffraction pattern one can draw two line lattices, as shown in Figs. A.17.1 and A.17.2. Next, Fig. A.17.3 shows the

Fig. A.17.1

Fig. A.17.2

Appendix 17–Optical Analog Moiré Patterns

853

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Fig. A.17.3

Moiré pattern which is produced by superposition of Figs. A.17.1 and A.17.2. The Moiré lines are related to the spacings of the basis lines and their angle of rotation. Adding a “defect,” as is illustrated in Fig. A.17.4 to the lower layer, the pattern of Fig. 5.93 results, based on the distortion of the line lattice caused by the edge dislocation. An analogous interpretation is possible for the double layer of foldedchain crystals of polyethylene lamellae, shown in Fig. 5.94.

Fig. A.17.4

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Substance Index

The entries of the Substance Index leading to the chemical structure are underlined, figures are marked in italics, and table entries are written in bold numerals. (Note that the references to the ATHAS Data Bank on pp. 780–798 contains information on glass transition temperatures, heat-capacity changes at the glass transition, equilibrium melting temperatures, heat of fusion, information on availability of heat capacity and integral thermodynamic functions and parameters with corresponding references to the literature on pp.799–800. These entries are not listed separately in the index.)

A

abbreviation of polymer names 17 ABS rubber, see: poly(acrylonitrile-co-

1,4-butadiene-co-styrene) acetanilide, TMA of 408, 408 acetone, reaction with p-phenyl-

hydrazine analyzed by DTA 351–354, 353

acetylene, thermochemical data 323 acrylic ester, reaction type 212 acrylonitrile, reaction type 212 acryloyloxybenzoic acid 175

ADP, see: adenosine phosphate adenosine phosphate, (mono-, di-, and

triphosphate) 218, 219 aldehydes, reaction type 212 aluminum 111

bulk modulus 405 melting parameters 538 oxide, see: sapphire thermochemical data 323

TMDSC 365–367, 366, 367 ammonia, melting parameters 542 amyl alcohol, fingerprinting by DTA

350, 350 ammonium cyanate 6

ammonium picrate, TGA and DTA 443, 443

AMP, see: adenosine phosphate anthracene, heat of fusion 339

melting parameters 542 argon, class of molecule 8

melting parameters 538 atactic polymers 24

ATP, see: adenosine phosphate azobisisobutyronitrile 208 p-azoxybenzene 170

B

ball-and-chain polymer 26, 26

barium, chloride, fingerprinting by DTA 351, 352

TMA of 408, 408 melting parameters 538

zincate, pyrosynthesis by DTA 354,

354

benzene, jump-motion within the crystal 556, 557

melting parameters 542 benzoic acid, heat of fusion 339

expansivity 295 beryllium, bonding 3

N,N'-bis(4-n-octyloxybenzal)-1,4- phenylenediamine 798

glass transition 559, 560

heat capacity 171, 172, 172, 559 mesogen 563

transition entropies 560, 561, 560 TMDSC of LC isotropization 559

boron, bonding 3

856 Substance Index

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nitride 25-temperature 111 ultimate strength 534

bromine, atomization, heat of 324 melting parameters 542

buckminsterfullerene, see: fullerene 1,3-butadiene polymerization, reaction

type 212 butane 793

heat capacity of solid 327 isomers, rotational 39 melting parameters 543

2-butanol 848

butene, reaction type 212 p-butyl-p-methoxyazoxybenzene meso-

phase transitions 547, 548

C

cadmium, melting parameters 538 calcium, thermochemical data 323

melting parameters 538 carbonate, crystal structure, as

proposed by Huygens in 1690 166

thermochemical data 323 oxalate monohydrate, decomposi-

tion, by TGA and DTA 444–446, 444–446

kinetics 445, 446, 445, 446 oxide, thermochemical data 323 sulfate dihydrate, crystal growth and

morphology 256, 257 camphor, melting parameters 540 carbon, see also the three allotropes:

diamond, graphite, and fullerene

atomization, heat of 324 bond energy 324 bonding 3

coordination number 472 dioxide, class of molecule 8

melting parameters 542 thermochemical data 323 disulfide, melting parameters 542

fiber, formation 234, 235 ultimate strength 534

monoxide, melting parameters 539 thermochemical data 323

tetrafluoride, melting parameters

539

thermodynamic functions of 325–327

carbonyl sulfide, melting parameters

542 cellulose 235

graft 235

native, crystal morphology 507,

507

rayon, crystal morphology 508, 509 triacetate, letter abbreviation 17

cerebroside 170

cesium, atomic diameter 3

bromide, melting parameters 541 chloride, coordination number 472

melting parameters 541 fluoride, melting parameters 541 iodide, melting parameters 541 melting parameters 538

chain end, naming 16, 16 chalcogenide, twoand three-

dimensional Debye functions for the description of the heat capacity 116

chirality 848

chlorine, atomization, heat of 324 melting parameters 542 thermochemical data 323

chloroform, see: trichloromethane-chloronaphthalene, diluent for

polyethylene 715 chromel-alumel, thermocouple emf 288 chromium, melting parameters 538-chymotrypsinogen, heat capacity and

-temperature 127, 127, 128

cobalt, melting parameters 538 copper, thermochemical data 323

constantan, thermocouple emf 288 melting parameters 538

oxide, thermochemical data 323 sulfate, thermochemical data 323

cyanogen, melting parameters 542 cyclododecane, ring motion 557, 558 cyclohexane, class of molecule 8

melting parameters 540 cyclopentane, transition temperatures

340

cyclopropane, jump-motion within crystal 556, 556

cyclotetraeicosane, jump motion within crystal 557, 558, 557, 558

Substance Index

857

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D

DDA-12, see: poly(oxy-2,2'- dimethylazoxybenzene- 4,4'-dioxydodecanoyl)

decane 794

heat capacity of solid 327 melting parameters 543

thermodynamic functions, plot of H, TS, G 329

DHMS-7,9, liquid crystalline copolyester 567,

TMDSC traces 568 diamond 25, 172

bulk modulus 405 class of molecule 8 expansivity 295

frequency spectrum 115

heat capacity of 325, 325, 326-temperature 111, 115 thermochemical data 323

dichlorodipyridylcobalt(II), TMA of 408, 408

dichloroethane, steric hindrance 35 cis-1,2-dimethyl cyclohexane, melting

parameters 540 dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid 170 dioxane, melting parameters 542 diphenyl, melting parameters 542 divinyl benzene 698

dodecane 794

heat capacity of solid 327 melting parameters 543

dotriacontane 795

E

eicosane 795

elements, Debye temperatures and heat capacities 114, 115

epoxide 25

curing 402, 403

glass transition, change with crosslink density 700

ester, reaction rate and mechanism 200,

200, 201 interchange 229, 230, 230

ethanol, bulk modulus 405 class of molecule 8 thermochemical data 323

ethane, heat of formation 322, 322

isomers, rotational 38 melting parameters 542, 543

thermochemistry of combustion 322, 322

ethyl alcohol, see: ethanol

ethyl benzoate, diluent for polyethylene 715

ethylene, melting parameters 542 reaction type 212

F

fluorine 4, 5

atomization, heat of 324 bonding 3

fullerene 3, 172, 483, 484, 793 crystals with solvent 484

heat capacity of 325, 325, 326 thermal analysis and NMR

172–174, 173 thermodynamic functions, plot of H,

TS, G 326, 326 TMDSC (C70) 402, 402

furan, jump-motion 556

G

gallium, melting temperature 340 gases, bulk modulus 405

glucose, heat capacity and glass transition analysis 142

gold, density 5

melting parameters 538 graphite 25, 172

atomization, heat of 324 bond energy 324 frequency spectrum 115

-temperature 111, 115 heat capacity of 325, 325, 326 thermochemical data 323 thermochemistry of combustion

322, 322

gutta percha, see: 1,4-poly(2-methyl butadiene), trans

gypsum, see: calcium sulfate dihydrate

H

helium, atomic diameter 3 class of molecule 8 use in calorimetry 312