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помнишь, как мы выгоняли его из дому? 11. Я горжусь тем, что смог оказать тебе хорошую услугу. 12. Полы нужно натереть, ковры пропылесосить, а окна помыть. 13. Теперь я жалею, что мы жили на широкую ногу и сорили деньгами. 14. Мне очень не нравится, что вы вмешиваетесь в мои дела. 15. Я позволил ему не присутствовать на собрании (excused). 16. Он предложил связаться с менеджером и забронировать номер-люкс заранее. 17. Подозреваемый отрицал своё участие в уличном ограблении. 18. Мне надоело быть старым и мудрым, и я не выношу, когда ко мне относятся как к инвалиду. 19. Стены в кухне необходимо покрасить, а потолок побелить.

Gerund versus Infinitive

The basic difference in their meaning is that the gerund is more general, whereas the infinitive is more specific and more bound to some particular occasion: Kate began singing when a child. – Kate went over to the grand piano and began to sing; I like diving but I don’t like to dive today; I hate doing my expenses, but I like to get them in on time (like to usually refers to habitual preferences).

The action of the infinitive often refers to the subject of the sentence, whereas the action of the gerund may refer to some other doer: Mary doesn’t like to trifle with serious things. – Mary doesn’t like trifling with serious things.

Some verbs take to-infinitive or gerund without a change in meaning:

1.begin, start, continue, intend, bother, can’t bear : She began to rub/rubbing at the spot with all her might. However we don’t normally have two –ing forms together: The days are beginning to get shorter (but not: *The days are beginning getting shorter);

NB: In spoken English, a gerund is more frequent after bother, can’t stand, like, love, hate, start, and to-infinitive is more frequent after begin, can’t bear, continue, intend, prefer;

2.the verbs advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend, require when followed by an object or in passive forms take a to-infinitive. They take a gerund when there is no object following them: He is not permitted to leave the ward; The receptionist allows smoking in the waiting room.

The gerund is not used: 1) with the verbs to understand and to see (in the meaning ‘to understand’): She began to understand how they had duped him; 2) when the subject denotes a lifeless object: The click began to strike.

Verbs (or verbs + adjectives) taking to-infinitive or gerund with a change in meaning:

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Ex.43. I. Put the following verbs into the correct columns.

apologize, arrange, approve, avoid, consider, decline, delay, demand, discourage, dream, enjoy, expect, finish, help, hope, imagine, end up, enquire, insist, intend, invite, learn, would like, look forward, manage, mind, miss, object, plan, pretend, prevent, refuse, remind, seem, succeed, suggest

II. Open the brackets using either the gerund or the infinitive.

1.The BBC suggested (televise) the coronation, but the Prime Minister said no.

2.If you delay (pay) your rent any longer, you’ll be evicted. 3. Phil still hopes

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(include) in the university basketball team. 4. My tutor has always encouraged me (have) confidence in myself. 5. The nicest thing about Rick is that he doesn’t mind (criticize). 6. In Edwardian England, women used (carry) fans made of ostrich plumes. 7. He claims (see) the accident. 8. She demanded (speak) to the manager who refused (give) her a six percent pay rise. 9. The teachers of this primary school encourage (develop) individual interests. 10. Would you ever consider (get) married to someone twice your age? 11. So far, the police have failed (catch) this criminal, and they would be very happy (receive) any information that could lead to his arrest. 12. (Be) honest, there is little chance of the scheme (approve). 13. I don’t see why we should postpone (talk) it out. 14. He expects (call) on the Browns at 5 o’clock. 15. It’s not easy to learn (play) the trumpet. 16. Don’t hesitate (call) us if you need help or a good piece of advice. 17. There has been a gas leak in central London. The police advise everybody (stay) clear of the area. You are recommended not (travel) by tube as the service has been suspended. We’d recommend (take) the bus, but only if your journey is essential. The police require any members of the public with any information relating to this incident (come forward). 18. Whenever we met, she avoided (look) at me. 19. City life is too hectic for me. I really miss (live) in the country. 20. A quarter of workers admit (take) time off when they are not ill.

III. Write your own sentences using the verbs from the table above.

Ex.44. Complete the sentences using an infinitive or gerund.

I. afraid, anxious, ashamed, interested

Complete the conversation. Put in a to-infinitive or a preposition + ingform.

Laura: I'm ashamed … (admit) it, but airplanes terrify me. I get really anxious … (fly). I'm afraid ... (buy) a plane ticket. I can't stand being on a plane. I'm afraid … (get) killed. I feel ashamed … (be) so silly.

go on a course that helps you. I'm anxious… (book) a place on it very soon.

II. used to do and be used to doing

Put in a to-infinitive or to + ing-form.

1. When I was a child, I used (dream) of being a flight attendant. 2. I'm terribly nervous. I'm not used (speak) to a large audience. 3. It took us ages to get used (live) in a block of flats. 4. Lots of trains used (stop) here, but not many do now. 5. Didn't Nick use (work) on a building site? 6. There didn't use (be) so many soap operas on television. 7. I'll have an orange juice,

please. I'm not used (drink) alcohol. 8. David doesn't seem to mind being in hospital. I suppose he's got used (be) there. 9. When Laura was at college, she used (have) a picture of Elvis Presley on her bedroom wall.

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III. a) This is an advertisement for the book “Winning in Business”. Open the brackets using either the gerund or the infinitive.

Are you fed up with (be) a failure in your job? Wouldn't you rather (succeed)? Do you want (earn) more money? Are you anxious (get) ahead? Do you believe in (make) the most of your talents? Do you sometimes dream about (reach) the top? If the answer is yes, read on. Just imagine yourself (run) a big successful company. And now you can do something about it instead of (dream). It'll happen if you want it (happen). Make it a reality by (order) your copy of the best-selling 'Winning in Business'. It has a ten-point plan for you (follow). Do it and you're certain (be) a success. You'll know what (do) in business. You can make other people (respect) you and persuade them (do) what you want. Experts recommend (b u y) this marvellous book. You'd better (order) your copy today.

b) Write a similar advert for any book that gives advice on how to become a successful entrepreneur.

Ex.45. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given.

Model: It’s very kind of you to give me a lift. appreciate → I appreciate you giving me a lift.

1. Parking is not permitted here. (park → You are …) 2. Winning the football pools meant we could buy a car. (enabled → Winning the …) 3. Does using the hotel sauna cost extra? (pay → Do you have …) 4. It is compulsory for all students to leave a cash deposit. (required → All students …) 5. Calling Jim is pointless, because his phone is out of order. (use → It’s no …) 6. It was resolved that the matter would be brought up at the next meeting. (bring → They resolved …) 7. The police were told that the use of unnecessary force was forbidden. (not → The police were instructed …) 8. There is a risk that he will miss the plane if he waits. (risks → He …) 9. I believed you were the murderer because of this clue. (led → This clue …). 10. Joe doesn’t like it when his wife puts on airs and starts pushing him around. (resents → Joe …).

Ex.46. I. In each sentence underline the appropriate verb form.

1. What does he mean doing/to do with all that money? 2. I’m sorry hearing/to hear he has been injured. 3. I’ll never forget sailing/to have sailed through that storm in the Atlantic. 4. Did you see that lovely old car go/going past a moment ago? 5. The doors began to creak/creaking. 6. If I take the new job, it will mean to be working/working a lot harder! 7. I remember him to have borrowed/borrowing the scissors, but not to have returned/returning them. 8. I know the suitcase is heavy but try to carry/carrying it, please. 9. He claims having met/to have met lots of famous people and having seen/to have seen

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many strange things in his life. 10. Even if they didn’t believe him, nobody would risk to say/saying so.

II. Complete the letter.

Dear Ms Walters,

Thank you for your application for the diploma in tourism but I regret … (inform) you that this course is now full. Should you wish to take the course elsewhere, I would advise you … (apply) to Central College. They started … (run) a course in tourism a year ago and I would recommend you … (consider) … (enroll) on that course rather than … (wait) another year to do a course here. If you would prefer … (wait) for this course, then I would encourage you … (try) … (find) some work related to tourism so that you can start … (acquire) some relevant experience.

Ex.47. Choose the correct verb from the box and put it in the appropriate form.

1. He was promoted in 1990 and went on … a company director. 2. Being a criminal means … most of your life in prison. 3. Has she ever … taking a year off work? 4. They … to have received complimentary tickets! 5. I hardly … ask how much it costs! 6. I didn’t like the accommodation at first, but I … to love it eventually. 7. We are all … our holiday in Australia. It’s going to be such an adventure. 8. Jim and I … to meet at 7.00 but he didn’t turn up. 9. I can’t wait for Saturday! I’m really … to see you! 10. What do you … doing after this course has finished? 11. The band went on … even after the lights had gone out. 12. The traffic was so bad that I was afraid … the road. But it got easier. 13. I can’t … getting up at 5.30 tomorrow morning! I’ll catch a later train. 14. Why is the baby crying? – I think he wants … 15. I’m going to try very hard … out of trouble. 16. Although it was hard at first, she … to enjoy working for the airline.

Ex.48. Think of appropriate verbs to complete the sentences and use them in the correct form.

1. Passing the kitchen, he stopped… 2. To help me to sleep, I tried … 3. This place looks familiar, I remember … 4. My course mates couldn’t help laughing when they saw I’d forgotten … 5. The kids were shouting and screaming, but he went on … 6. Remember … your answers before handing in your exam paper. 7. After working with her for so long, I came … her patience and efficiency. 8. The handle came off when I tried … 9. You could see the neuropathologist today but as you haven’t got an appointment it would mean … 10. Before the interview, I was required … 11. Kristina has been training so hard recently that she deserves … 12. He kept ….. while we were talking.

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Ex.49. Complete the dialogues so that they make sense and act them out.

1.- Hurry up! We’re going to be late!

-Did you remember …

2.– I hate these cash machines! I just can’t make them work! - Let’s see. Try …

3.- How are you getting on with your new boss?

- Please, don’t ask me! I regret …

4.- I feel horrible. I have headaches every day. - I think you should stop …

5.– Hello, dear! What’s up?

- Here’s the money I owe you. I meant …

Ex.50. Complete the questions using an appropriate non-finite form (either gerund or infinitive). Interview your friends and relatives about their working experience and report back to your class.

1.Does your employer allow staff … from home?

2.Does your boss ever remind you … time off work?

3.Does your boss insist on … graduates from the best universities?

4.Have you ever been made … guilty for taking a holiday?

5.Would you ever get a colleague … a white lie for you?

6.Do you remember … the top manager of your company for the first time?

7.Should employers encourage staff … a healthy lifestyle?

Ex.51. Make up sentences using the following combinations:

Encourage me/study, remind me/wear, avoid/answer, enjoy/do the puzzle, warn me/not go, allow me/pay in cash, offer/lend, keep/take photos, hope/recover, consider/change, remember award a medal, regret/not take advantage of, mean/bring up, go on/break the law, be used to/approach, be sorry/not to congratulate, forget/arrest, beg me/give one more chance.

Ex.52. a) Write a short story on the topic “What kind of person am I?”. Describe your personality, habits, preferences, etc. Use gerunds and infinitives.

Models: I always forget to …….. . I’ll always remember ……-ing …… . I’ve never tried …-ing in order to ….. . I used to …… when I was a kid but I stopped …… when I grew up. I’ll always regret …-ing …… because I bet there’s no point in … .

b) Write a description of your university teacher(s) using gerunds and infinitives (look at the prompts given below).

Mr. X. is so inspiring as he always encourages his students ... He doesn’t object (to) … but he strongly disapproves (of )… During the examination period he makes us … and as a rule insists (on)… Most of his former students have succeeded (in)… and now can afford …

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Ex.53. Translate into English.

1. Местные власти не поощряют создание мелких предприятий. 2. Мне стыдно, что я снова просрочил все платежи. 3. С сожалением вынужден сообщить, что ваша квалификация не соответствует нашим требованиям. 4. Подготовка к соревнованиям подразумевает длительные тренировки.

5.Ему было стыдно пользоваться шпаргалкой, но другого выхода не было.

6.Александр продолжал спорить с преподавателем, хотя серьёзных доводов у него не было. 7. Прости, я не хотела тебя расстраивать, но не могу больше скрывать от тебя это неприятное происшествие. 8. Я помню, что уже задавала ему этот вопрос, но не помню, что он мне ответил. 9. Докладчик остановился, чтобы перевести дух, и продолжил выступление. 10. Вначале Алла пыталась разделять интересы своего мужа. Она не раз сопровождала его на охоту, рыбалку, она даже согласилась брать уроки верховой езды.

Revision

Ex.54. I. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Add the missing prepositions.

I think I’ll never forget (go) for an interview for the first time. Everything went wrong then. I hadn’t remembered (set) the alarm clock before (go) to bed and overslept. So, I didn’t have time (wash) my hair or (press) my clothes as I was going to be terribly late. I rushed out of the house without …even (stop) (look) at myself in the mirror. As it turned out later I forgot (remove) one of the curlers from my hair, which made me (look) utterly ridiculous. I tried so hard (look) cool and confident, but I couldn’t as I kept (think) that there might be a fire in my flat. The thing is I didn’t remember (turn) off the gas and thought that I had forgotten (do) it. When I walked into the office apologizing … … (be) late, the employer went on (talk) on the phone without (pay) any attention to me. Obviously he meant (teach) me a lesson. I was so ashamed (be) late and felt so embarrassed that I was afraid (sit) down and carried … … (stand). At last my would-be employer stopped (talk) and invited me (sit) down. He asked me several questions and was particularly interested if I knew that (work) for their firm would mean (look) my best to keep up the corporate image. At that moment I bitterly regretted (get) up so late and (dress) in a hurry. Of course I didn’t manage (get) the job. The interviewer said the usual phrase: “I regret (tell) you that your qualifications do not reach the required standard.” I remember (be) terribly discouraged and (think) that next time I would try (set) two alarm clocks in case something goes wrong with one of them.

II. Write a letter to a friend about any frustrating/ frightening/ thrilling experience you have had. Use words followed by gerunds or infinitives.

Ex.55. Complete the sentences using a pair of verbs. Use the past simple for the first verb and a passive form (either infinitive or gerund) for the second.

Model: He … an award for bravery. → He deserved to be given an award for bravery.

1. The tin-opener … for left-handed people. 2. He … any money for giving his advice to the company. 3. Sheila … to make tea for everyone at the meeting. 4. Many reliable methods of storing information … when computers appeared. 5. I narrowly … by the bus as it came round the corner. 6. The parents … with their children. 7. The window … in a number of places.

Ex.56. Complete the sentences in the dialogue using infinitives and gerunds.

Helen has been called to the office of her boss, Andrea.

A: Take a seat, Helen. Would you like (have) some coffee? H: Er, no, thank you.

A: I asked (see) you (talk) about your work. I think there are a few things that we need (discuss).

H: Oh, is there some problem? I do love (work) here and I seem (get) better at (do) the job.

A: You’re right, Helen, but sometimes you are rather slow (learn). In a hotel of this reputation, we cannot afford (make) mistakes and I’m sorry (say) that you have made rather a lot. There are some things you are brilliant at, like (welcome) the guests, (talk) to them and (give) them any help they require.

H: That’s true. I was rather shy when I first started (work) here but now I’m much better at (communicate) with the guests. They have often said to me that it is nice (see) such a friendly face at the reception.

A: That’s good. It’s true (say) that you have learned (deal) with people. But you do not pay enough attention to (ensure) that the administrative part of your job is carried out efficiently.

H: (Keep) the record is not my favourite part of the job, I must admit.

A: But it’s essential (do) that properly. It’s no use (be) nice to all the guests if you are creating problems for them by (fail) (carry out) your job efficiently. I know there is a lot of work (do) at the reception, but last week you made three mistakes with the billing. That’s not good enough.

H: Yes, I’m sorry about that, but sometimes the bills are very complicated (work out). A: I know, but we can’t make mistakes and that’s that. And what about you (accept) that booking for the penthouse suite at the weekend when we were using it for a conference? It was very careless of you (do) that. I had to do a lot of (apologize) (calm down) those guests. They were furious.

H: Yes, it was terrible. I do try (get) everything right but I can’t help (make) mistakes sometimes. I just don’t know what (do) about it.

A: Well, I do. You’ve got a month (prove) to me that you can do the job properly, and if you can’t, you’ll have (start) (look) for another job.