
Summary Linkers
.docWRITING A SUMMARY
Summary writing cannot be done without thought and reworking. A successful summary shows a thorough understanding of the piece that is summarized, as well as exhibiting sound language skills such as accuracy and range of vocabulary and grammar.
The following steps will help you in writing summaries.
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Read through the text to be summarized at least twice.
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Isolate the information required for the summary.
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Check that the points you have decided on are the ones required by the question.
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Put the points in the correct order. (There may be a natural sequence, e.g. in a narrative, or you may have to decide on an order to emphasize the points you consider most important.)
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Check the number of words.
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If the text is too long, you must shorten it, by removing less important information, by combining sentences to reduce the number of words, or by using one word instead of a lengthy phrase. If the text is too short, you must lengthen it, by expanding some of the information already given or adding to it, and by elaborating some of the phrases.
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Check your amended draft for length, content and grammatical accuracy.
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Write out the correct and final version.
9. When writing your summary, avoid using exact words from the text. Always try to paraphrase the information, using synonymous phrases and different structures.
10. Don’t be tempted to include your own opinion in the summary, even though you may disagree or agree strongly with what is being said.
Make your summary easy to comprehend by using the following sequence words and linking devices:
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You should start your summary with:
The article/text under the headline … published in … deals with/is devoted to/is about
You can use the following linking phrases in the body of the summary:
Attention is drawn to the fact that…
In the opinion of the author it is…
The author points out…
The author goes on to say…
The article discusses…
The author of the article takes a critical view of…
The author makes it clear that…
The author expresses the view that…
In the author’s opinion/view…
You can use the following phrases to finish your summary:
In conclusion the author suggests that…
The author comes to the conclusion that…
The author draws the following conclusion that…
The basic approach of the author is…
The following linkers will also help you to structure (signpost) your ideas when writing summaries, reproductions, essays etc.
Linking Words=Connectives
Function |
Language |
Adding information= ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ |
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Describing similarities= СХОДСТВО |
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Contrasting (describing differences)= ПРОТИВОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ |
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Concession= УСТУПКА |
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Introducing examples= ПРИМЕРЫ |
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Expressing effect= РЕЗУЛЬТАТ |
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Expressing cause= ПРИЧИНА |
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Introducing the main topic= ГЛАВНАЯ ИДЕЯ |
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Mentioning minor related topics and ideas= ЧТО КАСАЕТСЯ |
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Introducing the first item in a list |
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Introducing the second and following items |
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Introducing the last item= НАКОНЕЦ, В КОНЦЕ КОНЦОВ |
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Reporting in your words what someone has said or written= СЛОВА АВТОРА |
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Summarizing= КРАТКОЕ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЕ СКАЗАННОГО=ПОДВОДЯ ИТОГ, СУММИРУЯ, РУЗЮМИРУЯ
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Drawing conclusions= В ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ |
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Expressing personal opinions= ЛИЧНОЕ МНЕНИЕ |
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Time phrases used to sequence events=OЧЕРЕДНОСТЬ СОБЫТИЙ |
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