MODULE 5

LET US NEVER FEAR TO NEGOTIATE

LESSON 1. THE UNITED NATIONS

WAS SET UP TO SAVE

US FROM HELL

PART 1. THE CONCERT OF NATIONS

1.Work in pairs. What do you know about the United Nations Organisation? What was the aim of the establishment of the UN? What is the UNESCO? What do you know about the UNICEF?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

The United Nations Organization (UNO or UN) was established to maintain international peace and to foster international cooperation in the resolution of economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems. The UN was founded on 24 October 1945, when the major powers ratified a charter that had been drawn up earlier in the year in San Francisco. There were 51 founder members, including the USA, which thus abandoned the isolationist stance it had taken to the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations. The headquarters of the UN are in New York. The organization's main deliberative body is the General Assembly, which meets for three months every year. Each member state has one equal vote in the Assembly, which can only adopt recommendations: as a body of independent, sovereign states it cannot impose its will upon members. The Security Council bears the chief responsibility for maintaining international peace. Its decisions, except on procedure, must be agreed by nine members, including all the permanent members (the so-called veto privilege). In the event of a breach of international peace the Council may commit military forces to an attempt to re-establish peace. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the UN established in 1945 to promote international cooperation in education, science and culture. It collects and distributes information, provides operational assistance to developing countries, and sponsors research. Objecting to administrative inefficiency and political bias, the USA withdrew

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in 1984 and several other Western countries also followed the suit. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a UN body established in 1950 to provide international protection for refugees. It seeks permanent solutions to their problems through voluntary repatriation, resettlement in other countries, or integration into the country of present residence. The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is a UN body established in 1946 to carry out postwar relief work in Europe. It is now chiefly concerned with providing health care, education and improved nutrition to developing countries.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Maintain international peace; foster international cooperation; resolution of economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; major powers ratified a charter; the charter was drawn up earlier in the year; founder members;

abandon the isolationist stance; UN’s predecessor, the League of Nations; UN

headquarters; main deliberative body; General Assembly; one equal vote in the Assembly; adopt recommendations; body of sovereign states; impose will upon members; Security Council; bear the chief

responsibility; permanent members; veto privilege; breach of

international peace; commit military forces; attempt to re-establish peace; UNESCO; UN specialized agency; promote international cooperation; collect and distribute information; provide operational assistance; developing countries; sponsor research; administrative inefficiency; political bias; follow the suit; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; provide international protection for refugees;

permanent solutions; voluntary repatriation; resettlement in other countries; integration into the country of present residence; UNICEF; postwar relief work in Europe; chiefly concerned; providing improved nutrition to developing countries.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the United Nations Organization to your partner.

UNITED NATIONS – 1

The date and aims of the UN establishment:

The UN founder members:

The UN headquarters location:

The UN main deliberative body and its operation:

The Security Council and its operation:

What is UNESCO and what are its functions?

What is UNICEF and what are its functions?

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5.Listen to the text about the purposes and principles of the United Nations and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The UN and its members act in accordance with the following __________ (13). The organization is based on sovereign equality of all its members. All UN __________ (14), to ensure the __________ (15) and benefits resulting from membership, fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the UN __________ (16). All members settle their __________ (17) disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace, security and __________ (18) are not endangered. The member-states refrain in their international __________ (19) from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or

__________ (20) independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the UN purposes. The members also refrain from giving __________ (21) to any state against which the UN is taking preventive or __________ (22) actions.

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Undertake to take collective measures; prevention and removal of threats to the peace; suppress acts of aggression; by peaceful means; bring about the adjustment or settlement of international disputes; in conformity with the principles of justice; international law; develop friendly relations among nations; principle of equal rights; self-determination of people; strengthen universal peace; international co-operation; problems of humanitarian character; promote and encourage respect; human rights and fundamental freedoms; without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; sovereign equality; rights and benefits resulting from membership; fulfill in good faith; obligations assumed; settle international disputes by peaceful means; endanger peace, security and justice; refrain from the threat or use of force; territorial integrity; political independence; inconsistent with the UN purposes; preventive or enforcement actions.

7.Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the verbs from the box. You may have to change the form of the word.

accuse, allege, assume, base, develop, establish, hang, improve, include, object, specialise

1.The Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution gives an accused person the right to a public trial.

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2.An accused person also has the right to be tried in the locality where the ___________

offence was committed.

3.The accused cannot be made to wait indefinitely with a criminal charge __________ over his head.

4.The decisions of the Security Council, except on procedure, must be agreed by nine members, _____________ all the permanent members.

5.UNESCO is a ____________ agency of the UN ____________ in 1945 to promote international cooperation in education, science and culture.

6.UNESCO collects and distributes information, provides operational assistance to

___________ countries, and sponsors research.

7.___________ to administrative inefficiency and political bias, the USA withdrew in 1984.

8.UNICEF is now chiefly concerned with providing health care, education and

___________ nutrition to developing countries.

9.One of the purposes of the United Nations is to develop friendly relations among nations

__________ on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.

10.All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations ___________ by them in accordance with the present Charter.

8.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then continue talking to your partner on the United Nations Organization.

OOH ɛɭɥɚ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɢɪɭ ɬɚ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. OOH ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ 24 ɠɨɜɬɧɹ 1945 ɪɨɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɪɚɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ, ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɋɚɧɎɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɪɨɤɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨʀ ɪɿɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ʀʀ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ. Ⱥɛɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɚ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɿɡ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ, ɜɫɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɭɦɥɿɧɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɈɈɇ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɤɢ ɦɢɪɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɳɨɛ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɦɢɪ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɶɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɍ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɭɫɿ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɢ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɱɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ.

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ɐɿɥɿ ɈɈɇ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ:

-ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɢɪɭ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɿ ɡ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ

ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɣ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɪɨɡ ɦɢɪɭ ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɿɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɿʀ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɦɢɪɭ;

-ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɢɪɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɣ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɨɤ;

-ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɞɪɭɠɧɿɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɚɠɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɪɿɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɿɜ, ɬɚ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɭ;

-ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ;

-ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɫɩɪɢɹɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɚɝɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜ

ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɪɚɫɢ, ɫɬɚɬɿ, ɦɨɜɢ ɱɢ ɪɟɥɿɝɿʀ.

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ, ɹɤɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ, ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɪɚɞɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɤɪɚʀɧɚ-ɱɥɟɧ ɦɚɽ ɜ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟʀ ɪɿɜɧɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ. Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ: ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ, ɳɨ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɈɈɇ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ ɣ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɜɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɥɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ. Ȳʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚ ɜɢɧɹɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɿ ɞɟɜ’ɹɬɶɦɚ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟɬɨ. ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɡɛɢɪɚɽ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɭɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɧɚɞɚɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɣ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɿɸɽ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɢɥɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɭ ɭɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɿɫɬɶ, ɋɒȺ ɜɢɣɲɥɢ ɡ ɘɇȿɋɄɈ ɭ 1984 ɪɨɰɿ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɱɨɝɨ ɳɟ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɤɪɚʀɧ Ɂɚɯɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɥɢ ʀɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ. ɘɇȱɋȿɎ ɡɚɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ.

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UKRAINIAN – ENGLISH

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PART 2. THE UNITED NATIONS NEEDS UNITED

NOTIONS

1.Work in pairs. What do you know about the membership in the United Nations Organisation? What are the powers of the General Assembly?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the UN Charter. A member of the UN, against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council, may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly. A UN member-country, which has persistently violated the principles, contained in the UN Charter, may be expelled from the UN by the General Assembly. The United Nations place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs. The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the UN Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the Charter. The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments. The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security. The General Assembly may initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of promoting international co-operation in the political field. The UN expenses are borne by the UN members as apportioned by the General Assembly. Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions are made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. A UN member, which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization, has no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years.

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3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Peace-loving states; accept the UN Charter obligations; preventive or enforcement actions; suspend from the exercise of the rights; persistently violate the principles; expel from the UN; place no

restrictions on the eligibility; participate in any capacity; under

conditions of equality; principal and subsidiary organs; matters

within the scope of the UN Charter; general principles of co-

operation; maintenance of international peace and security; disarmament; regulation of armaments; endanger international peace; initiate studies; promote international co-operation; expenses are borne by

the UN members; as apportioned by the General Assembly; two-thirds majority; be in arrears in the payment; financial contributions; amount of its arrears; exceed the amount of the contributions due.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the United Nations Organization to your partner.

UNITED NATIONS – 3

5.Listen to the text on the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The General Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in such special __________ (1) as occasion may require. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the __________ (2) Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the ________ (3) of international peace and security. The Security __________ (4) is so organized as to be able to function continuously. Each member of the __________ (5) Council for this purpose is represented at all times at the seat of the United __________ (6) Organization. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of __________ (7) peace and security, have, first of all, to seek a __________ (8) by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement. In order to __________ (9) an aggravation of the __________ (10), the Security Council may call upon the parties concerned to

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comply with such provisional __________ (11) as it considers necessary or desirable. The Security Council may decide what measures, not involving the __________ (12) of armed force, are to be employed to give effect to its __________ (13). In order to enable the United Nations to take urgent __________ (14) measures, members shall hold immediately available national air force contingents for combined international __________ (15) action. Plans for the application of __________ (16) force are made by the Security Council with the __________ (17) of the Military Staff __________ (18). The Security Council encourages the development of

__________ (19) settlement of local disputes through regional arrangements on the initiative of the __________ (20) concerned.

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Regular annual sessions; special sessions; ensure prompt and effective

action; confer on the Security Council primary responsibility; function

continuously; seat of the Organization; parties to a dispute; endanger the

international peace and security; seek a solution; negotiation; enquiry;

mediation; conciliation; arbitration; judicial settlement; prevent an

aggravation of the situation; comply with provisional measures; think to be necessary or desirable; use of armed force; give effect to decisions; take urgent military measures; immediately available; air force contingents; combined international enforcement action; Military Staff Committee; encourage the pacific settlement; local

disputes; regional arrangements; on the initiative; states concerned.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then provide information on the United Nations Organization to your partner.

UNITED NATIONS – 4

What is the difference between the UN ‘regular annual sessions’ and ‘special sessions’?

What is done to ensure UN prompt and effective actions?

How is the Security Council organized?

What means can be used to resolve a dispute between its parties?

What is the role of the Security Council in the dispute resolution?

What is done to enable

the UN urgent military measures?

How are local disputes resolved?

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8.Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the verbs from the box. You may have to change the form of the word.

develop, encourage, explain, give, maintain, promote, provide, seek, solve, suspend

1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of ____________ international co-operation in the political

field.

2. One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve

international co-operation in promoting and ___________

respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

3. All Members shall refrain from ___________ assistance

to any state against which the United Nations is taking

preventive or enforcement action.

4. The parties were in charge of __________ a solution by negotiation.

5.The Security Council bears the chief responsibility for _____________ international peace.

6.The United Nations is concerned about ____________ friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.

7.The representative of that Member-country had some difficulty in ___________ the situation.

8.The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is now chiefly concerned with ___________ health care, education and improved nutrition to developing countries.

9.One of the purposes of the United Nations is to achieve international co-operation in

___________ international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character.

10.The General Assembly suggested ____________ that Member-state from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership.

9. Work in pairs. Use the texts in exercises 2, 5 and 8 to fill in the blanks below.

Ⱥ. The General Assembly may call the attention __________________________________.

B.Membership in the United Nations is _________________________________________.

C.A Member of the United Nations, which has ___________________________________.

D.Decisions of the General Assembly on ________________________________________.

E.The General Assembly may consider _________________________________________.

F.The expenses of the Organization ___________________________________________.

G.The General Assembly shall meet ___________________________________________.

H.The Security Council shall be so organized ____________________________________.

I.The Security Council shall encourage _________________________________________.

J.Plans for the application of armed force _______________________________________.

K.Each Member of the Security Council ________________________________________.

L.In order to prevent an aggravation ___________________________________________.

10. At home write an article on the powers of the General Assembly and the Security Council. In which way are they similar and in which different? Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: ‘Article’ in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

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11. Translate into English

ɑɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɈɈɇ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɦɢɪɨɥɸɛɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɿɥɟʀɜ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɈɈɇ ɤɪɚʀɧɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢ ɹɤɨʀ Ɋɚɞɚ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɜɿ ɞɿʀ. Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɢɬɢ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɈɈɇ ɤɪɚʀɧɭ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɽ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ. ɈɈɇ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɠɿɧɨɤ ɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɚɯ ɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɪɿɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ʀʀ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ. Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɭ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ, ɳɨ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɨɡɡɛɪɨɽɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽ ɭɜɚɝɭ Ɋɚɞɢ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ. Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɿɧɿɰɿɸɽ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ʀʀ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɹɯ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɸ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɽɸ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟʀ ɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɸ ɭ ɞɜɿ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɢ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɿɡ ɬɢɯ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɸɬɶ. ɑɥɟɧ ɈɈɇ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɛɨɪɝɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɜɧɟɫɤɿɜ, ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɭ ɜ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟʀ, ɹɤɳɨ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɡɚɛɨɪɝɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɜɧɟɫɤɿɜ, ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɪɨɤɢ.

Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɡɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɟɫɿɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɚɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɫɿɹɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɯ ɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɈɈɇ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ Ɋɚɞɭ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɭ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ɋɚɞɚ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɳɨɛ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɨ. Ɂ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɫɿ ɱɥɟɧɢ Ɋɚɞɢ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɹ ɜ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɈɈɇ. ɍɱɚɫɧɢɤ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɤɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɝɪɨɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɣ ɛɟɡɩɟɰɿ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɲɭɤɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɪɛɿɬɪɚɠɭ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ Ɋɚɞɚ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɡɚɤɥɢɤɚɽ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɨɧɚ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɚɠɚɧɢɦɢ. Ɋɚɞɚ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ, ɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɥɿɞ ɜɠɢɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ʀʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ. Ⱥɛɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɢ ɈɈɇ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɱɥɟɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɧɿɣ ɛɨɣɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɢ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɨ-ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɜɢɯ ɞɿɣ. ɉɥɚɧɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ Ɋɚɞɨɸ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɡ ȼɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɦ Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬɨɦ. Ɋɚɞɚ Ȼɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɭɽ ɦɢɪɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɨɤ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɨɜɥɟɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɨɸ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ.

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LESSON 2. TO BE WELL OFF – ASSOCIATE WITH THOSE WHO ARE WELL OFF

PART 1. JOIN THE CLUB

1.Work in pairs. Read the passage below and answer the following questions: What do you know about the European Union Parliament? How often is it elected? How many MPs are there in the EU Parliament? What are the main roles of the EU Parliament?

Decision-making at the European Union level involves various European institutions, in particular, the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union. In general, it is the European Commission that proposes new legislation, but it is the Council and Parliament that pass the laws.

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: VOICE OF THE PEOPLE

The European Parliament (EP) is elected by the citizens of the European Union (EU) to represent their interests. Its origins go back to the 1950s and the founding treaties, and since 1979 its members have been directly elected by the people they represent. Elections are held every five years, and every European Union citizen who is registered as a voter is entitled to vote. Parliament thus expresses the democratic will of the Union’s citizens (more than 500 million people), and it represents their interests in discussions with the other European Union institutions. The present parliament has 732 members from all European Union countries. Nearly one third of them are women.

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Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) do not sit in national blocks, but in seven Europe-wide political groups. Between them, they represent all views on European integration, from the strongly pro-federalist to the openly Eurosceptic.

The European Parliament has three main roles.

1.Passing European laws – jointly with the Council in many policy areas. The fact that the European Parliament is directly elected by the citizens helps guarantee the democratic legitimacy of European law.

2.Parliament exercises democratic supervision over the other European Union institutions, and in particular the European Commission. It has the power to approve or reject the nomination of commissioners, and it has the right to censure the Commission as a whole.

3.“The power of the purse”. The Parliament shares with the European Council authority over the European Union budget and can therefore influence European Union spending. At the end of the procedure, it adopts or rejects the budget in its entirety.

2.Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

EP; EU; origins go back to the 1950s; founding treaties; citizen who is registered as a voter; entitled to vote; express the democratic will; EU institutions; MEP; national blocks; European integration; strongly pro-federalist; openly Eurosceptic; pass laws; policy areas; democratic legitimacy law; exercise democratic supervision; European Commission; power to approve; reject the nomination of commissioners; censure the Commission; power of the purse;

authority over the EU budget; influence spending; adopt or reject the budget in its entirety.

3. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the European Parliament to your partner.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – 1

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4.Listen to the text about the EP supervision over other European institutions and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The Parliament exercises democratic supervision over the other European __________ (1). It does so in several ways. When a new Commission takes office, its __________ (2) are nominated by the EU member state __________ (3), but they cannot be appointed without the Parliament’s __________ (4). The Parliament interviews each of them individually, including the prospective Commission President, and then __________ (5) on whether to approve the Commission as a whole. Throughout its term of office, the __________ (6) remains politically accountable to __________ (7), which can pass a ‘motion of censure’ calling for the Commission’s mass resignation. More generally, Parliament exercises __________ (8) by regularly examining reports sent to it by the Commission (the annual general __________ (9), reports on the implementation of the __________ (10), etc). Moreover, MEPs regularly ask the Commission questions which the commissioners are __________ (11) required to answer.

The Parliament also monitors the __________ (12) of the Council: MEPs regularly ask the Council questions, and the President of the Council attends the EP’s plenary __________ (13) and takes part in important __________ (14). Parliament can exercise further __________ (15) control by examining __________ (16) from citizens and setting up __________ (17) of inquiry.

Finally, Parliament provides input to every EU summit (the European Council _______ (18)). At the opening of each __________ (19), the President of Parliament is invited to express Parliament’s __________ (20) and concerns about topical issues and the items on the

__________ (21) Council’s agenda.

5. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Democratic supervision; take office; nominate members; Parliament’s approval; prospective President; term of office; politically accountable to Parliament; a ‘motion of censure’; Commission’s mass resignation; more generally; exercise control; examine reports; annual general report; reports on the implementation of the budget; commissioners; legally required; monitors the work; plenary session; petitions from citizens; set up a committee of inquiry; provide input; EU summit; views and concerns; topical issues; items on the agenda.

6.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then go on telling your partner about the European Parliament.

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT – 2

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7.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-21 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – senses (not sense).

8. Write an article on the main decision-making bodies of the European Union. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other

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9. Translate into English

ɑɥɟɧɢ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ (ȯɉ) ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɚɦɢ, ɡɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɹɤ ɜɢɛɨɪɰɿ, ɹɤɢɯ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ. ɑɥɟɧɢ ȯɉ, ɳɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ – ɜɿɞ ɬɜɟɪɞɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɿɫɬɫɶɤɨʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɜɟɪɬɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɫɤɟɩɬɢɤɿɜ, ɡɚɫɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɦɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ. ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ȯɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɭ ɿ ɹɤ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɹɦɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɦ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ; ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣ ȯɋ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɣ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɯɜɚɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɹɬɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ; ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ȯɋ, ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ȯɋ ɬɚ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɱɢ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɹɸɱɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɭ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ.

ȯɉ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɚ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɹ, ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɡɝɨɞɢ ȯɉ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɿɜɛɟɫɿɞɢ ɡ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦ Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɸ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ. Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɿɞɡɜɿɬɧɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ «ɜɨɬɭɦ ɧɟɞɨɜɿɪɢ» ɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ȯɉ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɜɿɬɿɜ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ (ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɿ ɡɜɿɬɢ, ɡɜɿɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɸ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɬɨɳɨ). ɑɥɟɧɢ ȯɉ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɚɪɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ. ȯɉ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ Ɋɚɞɢ: ɱɥɟɧɢ ȯɉ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ Ɋɚɞɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɦɢ, ɚ Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ Ɋɚɞɢ ɛɟɪɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɥɟɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɟɫɿɹɯ ɿ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɞɟɛɚɬɚɯ. ȯɉ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɩɨɡɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɚɦɿɬɿɜ ȯɋ. ɇɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɚɞɢ Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ ȯɉ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ.

ɋɤɥɚɞ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɠɧɿ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 6 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɿɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ. ɋɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɭɪɹɞɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ — ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ȯɋ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ Ƚɨɥɨɜɢ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɩɨɬɿɦ ɜɿɧ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɇɚɪɟɲɬɿ ɜɢɛɪɚɧɢɣ Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɰɹɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ — ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ȯɋ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽ ɳɟ 19 ɱɥɟɧɿɜ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ɉɨɬɿɦ ȯɉ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɩɿɜɛɟɫɿɞɭ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɚ 20 ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɨɪɭ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɧɢɯ. Ⱦɟɹɤɿ ɱɥɟɧɢ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɣɞɭɬɶ ɭ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɬɢɦɟ Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ, ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɚɪɿɜ. Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɛɟɪɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɟɫɿɹɯ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɞɟ ɜɨɧɚ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɬɚ ɪɨɡ’ɹɫɧɸɽ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ. Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɭɫɧɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ.

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UKRAINIAN – ENGLISH

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PART 2. SEEKING TO LEGISLATE INTELLIGENCE

AND COMMON SENSE INTO PEOPLE

1.Work in pairs. What do you think the difference between the European Community law and European Union law is?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

NOTA BENE: The main EU Treaties (in reverse chronological order) are: Treaty of Lisbon, 2007; Treaty of Nice, 2001; Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997; Treaty on European Union,1992 (Maastricht); Single European Act, 1986 (Luxembourg and the Hague); Merger Treaty, 1965 (Brussels); Treaty of Rome and the Euratom Treaty,1957; Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steal Community, 1951 (Paris).

LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of the EU member states. EU law has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states, and overrides national law in many areas, especially in areas covered by the Four Freedoms. It is classified as supranational law. The development of law of the European Community (EC) has been largely moulded by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963, the ECJ ruled that the EC, through the will of member states expressed in the Treaty of Rome, ‘constitutes a new legal order of international law for the benefit of which the states have limited their sovereign rights albeit within limited fields.’

The Treaty on European Union introduced a ‘three pillar’ structure. The EC, the first pillar, consists of the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It comprises the majority of

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law produced by the EU and concerns the social and economic foundations of the single market. The Treaty on European Union created the second and the third pillars, in particular Common Security and Defence Policy and Cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs.

Subsequently, the Treaty of Amsterdam transferred the areas of illegal immigration, visas, asylum, and judicial co-operation to the European Community. Now Police (Europolice) and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (organized crime, terrorism, racism, xenophobia, trafficking in people, drugs and arms) is the third pillar. Justice and Home Affairs now refers both to the fields that have been transferred to the EC and the third pillar. The EU can enact legislation under the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters – relating to foreign policy and criminal law respectively – although the powers of the Court of Justice are much reduced and direct effect does not apply.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

EU Law; unique legal system; EU law has direct effect; EU law overrides

national law; EU law is supranational law; development of EC law has been moulded by the European Court of Justice; landmark case; Treaty of Rome; Treaty on European Union; ‘three pillar’ structure; European Economic Community; European Coal and Steel Community; (European Atomic Energy Community; social and economic foundations; single market; Common Security and Defence Policy;

Cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs; Treaty of Amsterdam; illegal immigration; asylum; judicial co-operation; Europolice; Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters; organized crime; xenophobia; trafficking in people, drugs and arms; enact legislation; direct effect does not apply.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the three pillars of EU law to your partner.

5.Listen to the text about the sources of EU laws and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

SOURCES OF EU LAW

The primary legislation, or Treaties, are effectively the __________ (1) law of the European Union. They lay down the __________ (2) policies of the EU, establish its institutional structure, legislative procedures, and the __________ (3) of the Union. The various annexes and protocols attached to these Treaties are also considered a source of primary __________ (4). Law made by the EU institutions in __________ (5) the powers conferred on them by the treaties is referred to as __________ (6) legislation. Art. 249 of the EU Treaty specifies that ‘In order to carry out their task and in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, the European __________ (7) acting jointly with the Council, the __________ (8) and the Commission shall make regulations and issue directives, take decisions, make __________ (9) or deliver opinions. A regulation shall have general application. It shall be binding in its entirety and __________ (10) applicable in all

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__________ (11) States. A directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member __________ (12) to which it is addressed, but shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. A __________ (13) shall be binding in its entirety upon those to whom it is addressed. Recommendations and __________ (14) shall have no binding force’. Other forms of ‘soft __________ (15)’ are Notices, Guidelines, Recommendations, and Commitments about the conduct of institutions and Action Plans. These have no __________ (16) force. However, they can have ‘persuasive __________ (17)’. If a recommendation or opinion is ignored, it may later be followed up with a stronger __________ (18) initiative, such as a decision or directive. Another source of law in the EU is the case law or __________ (19) law developed by the EU Courts. Judgements of the European Court of Justice include __________ (20) of the Treaties or EU secondary __________ (21); recognition and development of the general principles of Law; development of doctrines etc.

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text in exercise 5.

Primary legislation; EU constitutional law; lay down the EU basic policies; establish institutional structure; legislative procedures; annexes and protocols attached to the Treaties; source of primary legislation; secondary legislation; provisions of the Treaty; make regulations; issue directives; regulations have general application; regulations are binding in their entirety; regulations are directly applicable; directive is binding; directive leaves to the national authorities the choice of form and methods; decision is binding upon those to whom it is addressed; recommendations and opinions have no binding force; soft law; Notices, Guidelines, Recommendations, and Commitments about the conduct of institutions; Action Plans have no binding force; soft law has ‘persuasive authority’; if soft law is ignored, it may be followed up with a stronger legislative initiative; case law developed by the EU Courts; ECJ interpret EU secondary legislation.

7.Using the text in exercise 5, fill in the table with appropriate types of EU laws. Using the table you have filled in, describe what each type of law is. Can you draw an example of any type of EU laws?

TYPES OF LAW AND THEIR EFFECTS

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8.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-20 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – set up (not setted up).

9.At home write an article on EU Law. Use the text below and other texts in this part of the lesson, as well as any other materials you may come across. See also: ‘Article’ in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

LAW OF THE SINGLE MARKET

Forming part of the substantive law of the EU the Four Freedoms is a common term for a set of Treaty provisions, secondary legislation and court decisions, protecting the ability of goods, services, capital, people and labour to move freely within the internal market of the EU.

Art. 12, EC Treaty prohibits discrimination on the basis of nationality. However, on its own it would not suffice to ensure free movement of factors of productions for the simple reason that not all barriers discriminate. This difficulty has largely been eliminated in EU law through the concept known as "home country control". According to this, a product or a service is allowed to access markets of other Member States if it has lawfully

been made/provided in the home state. Host state rules that present a barrier to this movement will be illegal unless justified by a set of specifically provided rules in the EC Treaty.

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The EU is a customs union. This means that Member States introduced a common customs policy towards other countries. Naturally, allegations can be made against any rule that inconveniences the trader, and this includes a very large number of rules. Therefore, the ECJ decided that only rules relating to product requirements should be illegal, while those relating to selling arrangements will mostly not be.

Broadly defined, the free movement of persons enables citizens of one Member State to travel to others, alone or with their families, to work there (permanently or temporarily), to visit places as tourists or simply to live there. Art. 39, EC Treaty prohibits restrictions on the basis of nationality. This is complimented by Regulation 1612/68 on the rights of workers and the recent Directive 2004/38 on citizenship. This right has been extended by the ECJ to family members that accompany the worker, although they derive their rights from the main holder. Family members from non-EU states also have these rights.

Now comes a call for a new freedom to be enacted – to encompass the world of knowledge. The Fifth Freedom should entail the creation of an open common research area to include a European institute of innovation and technology.

The Single Market law relies on two models of integration. The negative one consists of prohibitions imposed on Member States of discriminatory behaviour and other restrictive practices. The positive one consists in approximation of laws and standards. The so-called 'New Approach' to the Single Market regulation relies on 'minimum' rather than 'exhaustive' harmonization of legislation, obliges Member States to recognize legally produced goods and services from other Member States ('mutual recognition') and gives Host States the ability to defend some of their (otherwise) restrictive laws on the basis of public policy or other narrowly interpreted grounds ('mandatory requirements').

10. Translate into English

ɉɪɚɜɨ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ ɽ ɧɚɞɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ — ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ȯɋ, ɦɚɽ ɩɪɹɦɭ ɞɿɸ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȯɋ ɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɭ. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ȯɋ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɜ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɹɤɚ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɢɧɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɽ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɟ ɫɩɿɜɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȯɋ ɣ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɭ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɢɧɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɜ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ȯɋ, ɹɤɢɣ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɡɚɤɥɚɜ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɸɫɬɢɰɿʀ ɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ. Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɫɶɤɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜ ɩɿɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ȯɋ ɬɚɤɿ ɫɮɟɪɢ, ɹɤ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɚ ɿɦɦɿɝɪɚɰɿɹ, ɜɿɡɢ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɭ ɬɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ. ɋɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɰɿʀ (ȯɜɪɨɩɨɥ) ɬɚ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ (ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɧɿɹ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɹ ɡɛɪɨɽɸ, ɪɚɫɢɡɦ ɬɚ ɤɫɟɧɨɮɨɛɿɹ) ɡɚɤɥɚɥɨ ɬɪɟɬɸ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɢɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȯɋ.

ɍɝɨɞɢ ȯɋ, ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɞɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɰɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ȯɋ, ɣɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɦɟɬɨɸ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɽ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɚɤɬɿɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ȯɋ. ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ, ɞɿɸɱɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɬɚ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɽɸ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɞɭɦɤɢ. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɧɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ, ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜɚɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɟɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɢ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɞɿɣ ɧɟ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ

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ɿɝɧɨɪɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɜɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɿ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢ.

Ⱥɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɭɪɹɞɿɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɞɞɿ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿʀ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɚɞ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɿɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɿ ɡ 13 ɫɭɞɞɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɦɟɧɲɢɯ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɯ (ɜɿɞ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɫɭɞɞɿɜ). Ȳɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨɦɭ ɣ ɧɟɭɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɞɭɦɤɢ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɜ ɫɭɞ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɦɚɽ ɞɜɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ: ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɭ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ-ɱɥɟɧɢ, ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ʀɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɱɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɿ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭ, ɳɨ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɡɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɱɟɪɩɧɨɦɭ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜ.

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LESSON 3. EUROPE AND THE WORLD NEED PEACE

PART 1. AS THE WORLD GETS CIVILIZED,

IT PAYS MORE ATTENTION TO SECURITY

1.Work in pairs. Look through the statements below and guess whether they are true or false.

1.The purpose and rules of the OSCE are clearly formulated in a founding document.

2.Due to the international tensions in Europe in the early 70s it was unlikely that many countries would take part in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe.

3.At the Conference it was decided that all the effort should be focused solely on confidenceand securitybuilding measures.

4.The Helsinki Final Act imposed legally binding obligations on the participating States.

5.It was quite difficult to expect that the Conference would result in the demolition of the Iron Curtain.

2.Work in pairs. Read the text below and see whether your guesses concerning the statements above were correct or wrong. In the latter case give the correct answer.

The structure of every political organization is a reflection of the way it evolved, and for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), this is particularly true. The OSCE has no founding charter determining its membership, purpose and rules. It began, instead, as an improbable gathering that brought together representatives of 35 Eastern, Western and nonaligned countries in Helsinki in 1973, when Europe was in the grip of the Cold War, to talk about co-operation. When the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) concluded two years later, the participants had agreed not only on a number of military confidenceand security-building measures but had decided also that their countries would work together in areas of economic, scientific, technological, environmental, cultural and humanitarian concern. The wide scope of the issues addressed in the Helsinki Final Act was unprecedented. This breakthrough document contained no legally enforceable commitments, yet, as the human rights groups in the East and the peace movement in the West were soon to make apparent, it effectively rendered existing policies of intransigence on both sides of the Iron Curtain obsolete. In a way no one could have foreseen at the time, it initiated a process that led to the end of the

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Cold War and beyond. The short answer to the question “What is the OSCE?” is that it is the continuation of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe that began in Helsinki more than 30 years ago.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Reflection of the way it evolved; founding charter; improbable gathering; bring together; non-aligned countries; in the grip of the Cold War; military confidenceand security-building measures; areas of economic, scientific, technological, environmental, cultural and humanitarian concern; wide scope of issues; unprecedented; breakthrough document; legally enforceable commitments; human rights groups in the East; peace movement in the West; policies of intransigence; Iron Curtain; obsolete; foresee; initiate a process; end of the Cold War and beyond.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the European Parliament to your partner.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE -1

When, where and with whose participation did the OSCE process start?

5. Listen to the text on the OSCE and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

settlement of conflicts. Long-term conflict prevention and advisory __________ (12) of the OSCE have taken up their work in a number of states. To ensure continuous monitoring of OSCE __________ (13) regular meetings are held, at which the human rights __________ (14) in member countries is critically examined and publicly discussed.

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The OSCE has created wide-ranging obligations in the field of __________ (15) rights. Although not legally binding, they are of a very mandatory nature __________ (16). The High Commissioner for National Minorities identifies __________ (17) ethnic tensions at the earliest possible time and helps to contain and reduce them through direct __________ (18) with the affected parties.

The OSCE will continue to serve as a forum for __________ (19), negotiation and cooperation in order to give fresh stimulus to the process of arms __________ (20), disarmament and confidenceand security-building, as well as to the reduction of the risk of __________ (21). The OSCE remains the roof under which the 56 participating states seek to __________ (22) on mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts, on norms for safeguarding __________ (23) rights of minorities, and on the rules governing cooperation between equal __________ (24) states.

6.Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the OSCE from the text.

Successor states of the former Soviet Union; the only forum; pan-European cooperation; end of East-West confrontation; committed to human rights; rule of law; high common values; assume political responsibilities; early-warning

arrangements; long-term conflict prevention; crisis management; peacekeeping measures; peaceful settlement of conflicts; advisory missions; continuous monitoring of OSCE standards; human rights situation; wideranging obligations; legally binding; of a very mandatory nature politically;

High Commissioner for National Minorities; potential ethnic tensions; contain and reduce ethnic tensions; direct consultations; affected parties; forum for negotiation; give fresh stimulus; arms control; disarmament; confidenceand security-building; reduction of

the risk of conflict; OSCE remains the roof; mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts; safeguarding human rights of minorities;

cooperation between equal partner states.

7.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then provide information on the OSCE to your partner.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE -2

What are the OSCE participants?

What are the participating states committed to?

What are the OSCE political responsibilities?

What is OSCE’s role in the field of human rights?

What is the role of the High

Commissioner for National Minorities?

What is OSCE’s role as a forum for dialogue?

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8.For questions 1-22, read the text below and then decide which word best fits each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).

CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL ACT

The Conference on Security and cooperation in Europe, which opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva from 18 September 1973 to 21 July 1975, was concluded at Helsinki on 1 August 1975 by the High Representatives of 35 States. During the __________ (0) and __________ (1) stages of the Conference the participants were addressed by the secretarygeneral of the United Nations as their guest of honor.

__________ (2) by the political will, in the interest of peoples, __________ (3) and

__________ (4) their relations and __________ (5) to contribute in Europe to peace, security, justice and cooperation as well as rapprochement among themselves and with other States of the world, __________ (6), in consequence, __________ (7) full effect to the results of the Conference and __________ (8) among their States and throughout Europe, the benefits

__________ (9) from these results and thus __________ (10), __________ (11) and make

__________ (12) the process of détente.

The High Representatives of the __________ (13) states have solemnly adopted the following:

The States that __________ (14), __________ (15) their common adherence to the principles which are set forth below as well as their common will __________ (16), in the application of these principles, in conformity with the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations;

Declare their determination __________ (17) and __________ (18) into practice, each of them in its relations with all other __________ (19) States, irrespective of their political, economical or social systems, as well as of their size, geographical location or level of economic development, the __________ (20) principles: Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty; __________ (21) from the threat of use of force; Inviolability of frontiers; Territorial integrity of States; Peaceful settlement of disputes; Non-intervention in internal affairs; Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, __________ (22) the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; Equal rights and self-determination of peoples; Cooperation among States; Fulfillment in good faith of obligations under international

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9.Open the brackets putting the verb in the correct non-finite form. There is an example at the beginning (0).

0. A number of participating states insisted on the long-term conflict prevention mission of the OSCE (take up) their work in that region immediately. - taking up

1. The chairman let the journalists (stay) in the hall during the opening and closing stages of the conference.

2. Participating states sought (agree) on the rules (govern) cooperation between equal partner states.

3. (Discuss) the membership, purpose and rules of the organization, the participants of the conference began to draw up the charter.

4. A requirement for (refrain) from the threat of use of force was included in the charter.

5.One of the participants objected to (include) this item into the charter.

6.(Express) their common will (act) in the conformity with the charter, the participating states declared their determination (respect) rights inherent in sovereignty.

7.(Determine) to give full effect to the results of the conference and to assure the benefits (derive) from these results, the representatives of the participating states solemnly adopted the charter.

8.The charter (sign) by all the participants marked entry into a new phase in the process of détente.

9.We expect our partners (adhere) to the principles (set) forth in the charter.

10.(Ensure) continuous monitoring of the (declare) standards regular meetings should be held.

10. Translate into English

ɇɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɈȻɋȯ ɽ 56 ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ, ɤɪɚʀɧɢ-ɫɩɚɞɤɨɽɦɢɰɿ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɋɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɿ ɒɬɚɬɢ ɬɚ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ. ɉɚɪɢɡɶɤɚ ɯɚɪɬɿɹ ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɜɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɈȻɋȯ ɭ ɧɨɜɭ ɮɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨɹɧɧɹ ɦɿɠ ɋɯɨɞɨɦ ɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɈȻɋȯ, ɽ ɜɿɞɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ, ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɿ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿɣ ɽɞɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɜɨɧɢ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɥɢɫɹ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɡɿ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɚɦɢ.

ɈȻɋȯ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɿɸɱɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ, ɹɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɣ ɛɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ. Ⱦɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɚɦ, ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɢɡ, ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɱɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɦɢɪɧɟ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɈȻɋȯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɿ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ, ɧɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɜɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɨ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ.

ɈȻɋȯ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ. ɏɨɱɚ ɜɨɧɢ ɣ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɢɥɢ, ɚɥɟ ɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ. ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɫɚɪ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɲɢɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɿ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɟɬɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɫɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɧɢɠɭɜɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣ ɿɡ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ.

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ɈȻɋȯ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ, ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ, ɚɛɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɜɿɪɢ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɞ ɨɡɛɪɨɽɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɪɨɡɡɛɪɨɽɧɧɹɦ.

ɈȻɋȯ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ, ɩɿɞ ɞɚɯɨɦ ɹɤɨɝɨ 56 ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɣɬɢ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿɜ ɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɿɜ, ɧɨɪɦ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɦɟɧɲɢɧ.

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PART 2. A SAFETY ISLAND

1.Work in pairs. What do you think the decision-making process in the OSCE is? Make suggestions as to what decision-making bodies could be at an international organization like the OSCE, what functions they could perform and how often they could meet.

2.Work in pairs. Read the text below and see whether your guesses concerning the statements above were correct or wrong. In the latter case give the correct answer.

Summits are periodic meetings of Heads of State or Government of the OSCE participating States that set priorities at the highest political level. During periods between summits, decisionmaking and governing power lies with the Ministerial Council, whose members are the Foreign Ministers of the OSCE participating States.

The Ministerial Council, formerly Council of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), meets once a year towards the end of every term of chairmanship. The Ministerial Council meetings help to maintain a link between the political decisions taken at the summits and the day-to-day functioning of the Organization, thus providing a point of reference for its other institutions.

The Permanent Council, one of the main regular decision-making bodies of the Organization, convenes weekly in Vienna to discuss developments in the OSCE area and to make appropriate decisions.

The Forum for Security Cooperation meets weekly in Vienna to discuss and make decisions regarding military aspects of security in the OSCE area, in particular confidenceand securitybuilding measures.

The Economic and Environmental Forum is the main and the highest level annual meeting within the economic and environmental dimension of the OSCE. It focuses every year on a theme proposed by the Chairmanship and agreed upon by the 56 participating States. Its objective is to give political stimulus to the dialogue on economic and environmental issues linked to security and to contribute to the elaboration of specific recommendations and follow-up activities to address these challenges. It also reviews the implementation of the participating States’ commitments in the economic and environmental dimension.

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3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Set priorities; decision-making and governing power; Ministerial Council; whose members are the Foreign Ministers; Ministerial Council; Council of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE); end of term of chairmanship; maintain a link; day-to-day functioning; point of reference; Permanent Council; convene weekly; Forum for Security Cooperation; military aspects of security; confidenceand security-building measures; Economic and Environmental Forum; annual meeting; economic and environmental dimension; focus on a theme; give political stimulus; issues linked to security; elaboration of specific recommendations; follow-up activities; address the challenges; implementation of the participating States’ commitments.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the OSCE to your partner.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE -3

What is the OSCE summit?

What is the OSCE Ministerial Council?

What is the function of the Ministerial

Council meetings?

What is the OSCE Permanent Council?

What is the OSCE Forum for Security

Cooperation?

What is the OSCE Economic and

Environmental Forum?

5. Listen to the text on the OSCE and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

DECISION-MAKING

The 56 __________ (1) States participate as equals in all OSCE

__________ (2) -making bodies. The rules for decision-__________

(3) are codified in the Rules of Procedure __________ (4) by the

Brussels Ministerial __________ (5) in December 2006. The process

is __________ (6) by the __________ (7) -in-Office. Decisions are adopted at __________ (8) of decision-making __________ (9) or, if so determined by consensus, through the __________ (10) of

a silence procedure, in which a __________ (11) is adopted if no objections are __________ (12) within a set deadline, as __________ (13) in Annex 1 of the Rules of __________ (14)

(themselves adopted by such a procedure). __________ (15) are adopted by consensus. The OSCE __________ (16) of consensus is explained in the __________ (17) of Procedure as follows: “__________ (18) shall be understood to mean the absence of any __________ (19) expressed by a participating __________ (20) to the adoption of the __________ (21) in question. Any texts which have been __________ (22) by a decision-making __________ (23) by consensus shall have a __________ (24) binding character for all the participating States or

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reflect the agreed __________ (25) of all the participating States.” __________ (26) may ask for their __________ (27) reservations or interpretative __________ (28) concerning given decisions to be duly registered by the Secretariat and circulated to the __________ (29) States.

6.Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the OSCE from the text.

Participate as equals; decision-making bodies; rules are codified; Rules of Procedure; Brussels Ministerial Council; Chairman-in-Office; determine by consensus; silence procedure; decision is adopted; no objections are made; set deadline; annex; adopt by consensus; absence of any objection; have a politically binding character; participating States; reflect the agreed views; formal reservations; interpretative statements; duly registered; Secretariat; circulate to the participating States.

7.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then provide information on the European Parliament to your partner.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE – 4

What are the rules for OSCE decisionmaking?

What are ‘consensus’ and ‘silence procedure’?

What legal force do the OSCE decisions have?

What happens if the participating States’ representatives have any reservations concerning the adopted decisions?

8.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-20 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – preceded (not precedent).

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9.Write an article on the OSCE. Use the texts in both parts of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: ‘Article’ in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

10.Translate into English

ȼɈȻɋȯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɽ ɫɚɦɿɬ, Ɋɚɞɚ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ, ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ, Ɏɨɪɭɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ Ɏɨɪɭɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿʀ.

ɋɚɦɿɬɢ – ɰɟ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɝɨɥɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɚɛɨ ɭɪɹɞɿɜ ɤɪɚʀɧ – ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɶ ɈȻɋȯ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɢɳɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ ɦɿɠ ɫɚɦɿɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɣ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ Ɋɚɞɭ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ, ɳɨ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹ Ɋɚɞɢ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɿɬɚɯ, ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɢɪɢ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ʀʀ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ. ɍ ȼɿɞɧɿ ɳɨɬɢɠɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɚɞɢ ɬɚ Ɏɨɪɭɦɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ɏɨɪɭɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɡɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɪɨɤɭ ɣ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɸɽ ɬɟɦɢ, ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɟɧɿ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɹɦɢ. Ɇɟɬɚ Ɏɨɪɭɦɭ – ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɣ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɨɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼɿɧ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɹɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿʀ.

56 ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɈȻɋȯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɚ ɜ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ», ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɭ 2006 ɪɨɰɿ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɢɧɧɢɦ Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɸ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹɯ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɭ. Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ», ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɈȻɋȯ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ» ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ: «Ʉɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɶ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɬɟɤɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɭ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɟɧɿ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɢ ɭɫɿɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɶ». ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɿɚɬɿ ɣ ɩɨɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɦɿɠ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɹɦɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɹɜɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɢɣ «ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ», ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɦ, ɹɤɳɨ ɠɨɞɟɧ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ.

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LESSON 4. COLLECTIVE SECURITY

PART 1. THE BEST DEFENSE IS A GOOD OFFENSE

1.Work in pairs. What do you know about NATO? When and why was it founded? What was its function at the beginning and how has it changed?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

After the Second World War the Soviet Union consolidated its position in Eastern Europe by maintaining large military forces and imposing Communist-controlled governments there. To resist further pressure, Britain, Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Brussels in March 1948. The treaty aimed to create a system of common defense against aggression by establishing the Western Union. It was the first multilateral regional arrangement for the security of Western Europe to be established under the UN Charter. Further negotiations in the summer of 1948 between the USA and Canada led to a new treaty based on security guarantees and mutual commitments between Europe and North America. These negotiations culminated in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington in April 1949. While ensuring the adequate defence of the Western Allies, NATO also sought to establish a more stable international relationship and a just and peaceful order in Europe.

In the late 1970s there was some relaxation of tension between East and West, during which time the Soviet Union and the United States signed agreements on strategic arms and the Warsaw Pact started talks on the reduction of conventional forces in Europe. In the late 1970, however, the relations between East and West deteriorated as the Soviet Union began to deploy new intermediate-range missiles targeted at Western Europe.

The Warsaw Pact was finally dissolved in July 1991 and by the end of that same year, following a failed military coup in Moscow, the Soviet Union had broken up. Despite these

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positive changes, the end of the monolithic threat has been followed by the emergence of smaller regional conflicts which have increased the demand for multinational efforts to support the political and diplomatic resolution of disputes, and, where necessary, peacekeeping.

Today the NATO countries are implementing policies designed to achieve a pluralistic democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and a market economy all over the world.

The Alliance embodies the transatlantic link by which the security of North America is permanently tied to the security of Europe. It is the practical expression of effective collective effort among its members in support of their common security interests.

3. Complete the following sentences with the words you have found in Activity 2.

NATO's essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means in accordance with the North Atlantic

________ (1) and the principles of the United Nations

__________ (2). The Alliance has worked since its

inception for the establishment of a _________ (3) and lasting ________ (4) ______ (5) in Europe based on common values of democracy, __________ (6) and the

_____ (7) of law. This central Alliance objective has taken on renewed significance since the end of the Cold War because, for the first time in the post-war history of Europe, the prospect of its achievement has become a reality.

The fundamental principle of the Alliance is a ________ (8) commitment to _______ (9) cooperation among the member states, based on the indivisibility of their________ (10). Solidarity and cohesion within the Alliance ensure that no member country is forced to rely upon its own national efforts alone in dealing with basic security challenges. Without depriving member states of their right and duty to assume their sovereign responsibilities in the field of_________ (11), the Alliance enables them to realize their essential national security objectives through collective ______ (12). In short, the _______ (13) is an association of free

________ (14)-states united in their determination to preserve their security through mutual

_________ (15) and stable relations with other countries.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on NATO to your partner.

NATO – 1

What was the reason for NATO establishment?

Which countries founded the first system of common defense and when?

When and with what purpose was NATO founded?

How did East-West relations develop until 1991?

Why was not NATO dissolved after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?

What is NATO function nowadays?

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5. Listen to the text on NATO’s fundamental security tasks and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) _______ (1) the

structure which enables the goals of the Alliance to be ________ (2). It is an

_________ (3) organization in which member countries retain their full _________ (4) and independence. The Organization provides the _______ (5) in which they consult _______ (6) on any issues they may choose to

raise and take decisions on political and _________ (7)

matters affecting their ________ (8). It provides the structures needed to _________ (9) consultation and cooperation between them, in political, military and economic as well as ________ (10) and other non-military fields.

The resulting ________ (11) of equal security among the members of the Alliance, regardless of differences in their ________ (12) or in their national military _________ (13), contributes to stability in the Euro-Atlantic area. It creates conditions which favour increased

_________ (14) among Alliance members as well as between members of the _______ (15) and other countries.

The means by which the Alliance carries out its security _______ (16) include the maintenance of a ________ (17) military capability to prevent war and to provide for effective

_________ (18); an overall capability to manage _______ (19) affecting the security of its members; and active promotion of _______ (20) with other nations and of a cooperative

_______ (21) to European security, including measures to bring about further progress in the field of arms control and ________ (22).

To achieve its essential _______ (23), as an Alliance of nations committed to the Washington Treaty and the United Nations Charter, the Alliance performs the following

________ (24) security tasks that provide Security, Consultation, ______ (25) and Defence; Crisis Management and Partnership.

The structures created _______ (26) NATO enable member countries to coordinate their

________ (27) in order to fulfill these fundamental tasks. They provide for ________ (28) consultation and cooperation in political, economic and other non-military _______ (29) as well as the formulation of _____ (30) plans for the common defence; the establishment of the

_________ (31) and basic installations and facilities needed to enable military forces to operate; and arrangements for joint training __________ (32) and exercises. Underpinning these activities is a complex ________ (33) and military structure involving administrative, ________ (34) and planning staffs, as well as ________ (35) which have been established by the member countries of the Alliance in order to coordinate work in ________ (36) fields - for example, the

__________ (37) needed to facilitate political consultation and command and control of military forces and the ________ (38) support needed to sustain military forces.

6.Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the NATO’s fundamental principles and security tasks from the text.

Intergovernmental organization; full sovereignty and independence; political and military matters; affect the security; facilitate consultation and cooperation; national military capabilities; stability in the Euro-Atlantic area; Alliance members; sufficient military capability; capability to manage crises; affect the security of the members; promotion of dialogue; cooperative approach to European security; arms control and disarmament; essential purpose; alliance of nations; Washington Treaty; UN Charter; fundamental security tasks; Security; Consultation; Deterrence; Defense; Crisis Management; Partnership; continuous consultation; joint plans for the common defense; establishment of the infrastructure; basic installations and facilities; joint training programs and exercises; administrative, budgetary and planning staffs; specialized fields;

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communications; facilitate political consultation; command and control of military forces; logistics support; sustain military forces.

7.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then provide information on NATO to your partner.

NATO – 2

What do NATO structures provide for the member countries?

What does the sense of equal security mean for the member countries?

What do the means by which NATO carries out its security policies include?

What do the NATO’s fundamental security tasks include?

What do NATO structures enable the member countries to do?

8.Work in pairs. Use the texts in activities 2 and 5 to fill in the blanks below.

A.After the Second World War the Soviet Union

consolidated its position in Eastern Europe by

_______________________________________.

B.In March 1948 Britain, Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed

______________________________.

C.Further negotiations in the summer of 1948 between the USA and Canada led to__________

______________________________.

D. The North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington in April 1949, created

_____________________________________________________________________________.

E.Today the NATO countries are implementing policies designed to achieve ________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

F.NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

G.The means by which the Alliance carries out its security policies include _______________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

H.To achieve its essential purpose, as an Alliance of nations committed to the Washington Treaty and the United Nations Charter, the Alliance performs certain fundamental security tasks that provide ___________________________________________________________________.

I.The structures created within NATO enable member countries to coordinate ______________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

J.They provide for continuous consultation and cooperation in political, economic and other non-military fields as well as ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

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K. Underpinning these activities is a complex civilian and military structure involving administrative, budgetary and planning staffs, as well as________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________.

9.Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There are three examples (0), (00), (000) at the beginning.

0. Generally: any country – join – participation – raise chances

If any East-European country joins NATO, its participation raises chances for the EU membership.

00. In the past: membership – cost – many countries - abstain

If NATO membership had cost too much, many countries would have abstained from joining the Organization.

00. In the future: Ukraine – join - it – simplify

If Ukraine joins NATO, it will simplify the system in the sphere of defence.

1.In the future: Military Committee – meet at higher level – the most senior military officer in each nation’s armed forces – provide direction and advise on military policy and a strategy

_____________________________________________________________________.

2.In the past: each member-state – have representative at NATO headquarters – their partnership – to be equal

______________________________________________________________________.

3.Generally: any country – become a member of NATO – it – give a new impetus to its military-industrial complex

______________________________________________________________________.

4.In the future: any country – join NATO – it –have to give military support to NATO allies in the case of war

______________________________________________________________________.

5.In the past: any state – become a member of NATO – it – feel protected from the outer military aggression and attacks

_______________________________________________________________________.

6.Generally: any political event – become crucial for NATO – it – force Alliance to develop concrete military plans

_______________________________________________________________________.

7.In the future: Ukraine – become a NATO member-state – the membership – strengthen Ukrainian’s territorial integrity

________________________________________________________________________.

8.In the past: NATO – bring about some standardization of allied military terminology – many European countries – adopt US practices

________________________________________________________________________.

9.Generally: local population – vote against joining Alliance – the country’s government – not allows deployment of missiles and radar-tracking systems inside the country

_________________________________________________________________________.

10.In the future: the treaty – to be ratified – its provisions – to be carried out by the Parties in accordance with the respective constitutional process

_________________________________________________________________________.

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10. Translate into English

ɉɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɡɦɿɰɧɢɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɋɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɣ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɬɚ ɧɚɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɬɟɲɧɿɦ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɤɨɦɭɧɿɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɪɹɞɿɜ. ɓɨɛ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨɹɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɬɢɫɤɭ, ɭ ɛɟɪɟɡɧɿ 1948 ɪɨɤɭ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ, Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ, Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ ɬɚ ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ ɭɤɥɚɥɢ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɶɫɶɤɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ, ɦɟɬɨɸ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɝɪɟɫɿʀ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɦ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ, ɚɛɢ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɚɥɢ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɨɹɬɢ ɿɞɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɚ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɚɦ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɛɟɡɩɟɰɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɈɈɇ. ɍɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɋɒȺ ɬɚ Ʉɚɧɚɞɨɸ ɜɥɿɬɤɭ 1948 ɪɨɤɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨ-ɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɧɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɦɿɠ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ ɬɚ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨʀ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. ɋɬɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿʀ, ȱɫɥɚɧɞɿʀ, ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɿʀ. Ⱥɩɨɝɟɽɦ ɰɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɭ ɤɜɿɬɧɿ 1949 ɪɨɤɭ ɭ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɜɚɥɨ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ 12 ɜɢɳɟɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɥɟɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿɞɨɱɢɧɧɢɯɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɧɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɭ (ɇȺɌɈ) ɽ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ ɜɫɿɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɈɈɇ. Ɂ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɡɚɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɿʀ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ. ɇȺɌɈ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɬɿɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɰɿɥɿ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɭ. ɐɟ – ɦɿɠɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɜ ɹɤɿɣ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɿɬɟɬ ɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɮɨɪɭɦ, ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ-ɭɱɚɫɧɢɰɿ ɪɚɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɸ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿɣ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ, ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɿɣ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ, ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɹɤɢɦ ɚɥɶɹɧɫ ɜɬɿɥɸɽ ɜ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɿɪɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɯ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ; ɩɨɜɧɭ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɚɬɢ ɤɪɢɡɢ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ; ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɹɧɧɹ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɞ ɨɡɛɪɨɽɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɡɛɪɨɽɧɧɹ.

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PART 2. NOTHING IS IMPORTANT EXCEPT

THE STRUCTURE

1.Work in pairs. What do you think NATO’s structure can be? What subdivisions, committees and groups can you expect this organization to have?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

Each member state has a permanent representative at NATO headquarters in Brussels. NATO’s principal consultative and decision-making body is the North Atlantic Council at which foreign ministers meet at least twice a year. At occasional summit meetings, member states are represented by heads of state, or government. The permanent representatives of the Council meet weekly and decisions are taken by consensus. NATO’s Defense Planning Committee comprises defense ministers of member countries participating in the Alliance’s collective defense arrangements. The Nuclear Planning Group is the principal forum for consultation on all matters relating to the role of nuclear forces in NATO’s security policy. Defense ministers attend the Group twice a year to review policy issues and recommendations arising from the work of permanent representatives or from other groups created to address specific issues. The NATO Secretary General is nominated by member nations. He acts as principal spokesman of the Organization, both in external relations and in communications and contacts between member governments. Military Committee is the highest military body in NATO, responsible for making recommendations to NATO’s political authorities on measures necessary for the common defense of NATO area. North Atlantic Assembly consists of parliamentarians from member states who meet to discuss Alliance policies, activities and common problems. Although independent of NATO, the Assembly is a link between national parliaments and the Alliance and seeks to strengthen Alliance cooperation and understanding at parliamentary as well as governmental levels.

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3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Permanent representative; headquarters; consultative and decision-making; principal body; North Atlantic Council; occasional summit meetings; decisions are taken by consensus; Defense Planning Committee; collective defense arrangements; Nuclear Planning Group; principal forum for consultation; matters relating to the role; nuclear forces; security policy; review policy issues and recommendations; groups created to address specific issues; NATO Secretary General; common defense of NATO area; North Atlantic Assembly; parliamentarians from member states; Alliance policies; common problems; strengthen Alliance cooperation; at parliamentary and governmental levels.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then go on providing information on NATO to your partner.

NATO – 3

Who are the members of NATO headquarters?

What is North Atlantic Council, who are its members and how are decisions made there?

Who takes part in NATO summit meetings?

What is Defense Planning Committee, who are its members and what are its functions?

What is Nuclear Planning Group, who are its members and what are its functions?

How is NATO Secretary General nominated and what are his or her functions?

What is Military Committee?

What is North Atlantic Assembly, who are its members and what are its functions?

5.Listen to the text on the evolution of NATO’s relationship with Ukraine and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The signing of the Charter on a Distinctive Partnership in Madrid in 1997 __________ (1) the cooperation between NATO and Ukraine on to a new plane and gave __________ (2) recognition to the importance of an independent, stable and __________ (3) Ukraine to Europe as a whole. The Charter is in line with Ukraine’s declared strategy of __________ (4) its integration into European and transatlantic __________ (5). It is the basis on which NATO and Ukraine agree to consult in the context of Euro-Atlantic _________ (6) and stability and in areas such as conflict prevention, crisis _________ (7), peace support and humanitarian operations.

Seminars, joint working group meetings and other cooperative ________ (8) have focused on areas such as defense ______ (9) and the reshaping of the defense establishment, civil-military relations, budgeting and resource planning. ______ (10) on retraining retiring Ukrainian military personnel and on _____ (11) downsizing and conversion have also been held. Joint work in civil

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emergency planning and disaster preparedness is also a major area of _________ (12) with direct

_________ (13) benefits for Ukraine. Other strong areas of cooperation are the scientific field, in which NATO has supported the Ukrainian _________ (14) community through grants; economic aspects of security; and ______ (15). The NATO Information and Documentation Centre opened by the NATO Secretary General in May 1997 has become a focal point for _____ (16) activities to explain the benefits of the Distinctive __________ (17) to the Ukrainian public. The Centre is the first to be opened in any NATO Partner __________ (18); it has since played an important role in explaining Alliance __________ (19) and overcoming misperceptions.

In 1998 a Memorandum of Understanding was __________ (20), enabling two NATO Liaison Officers to be stationed in Kyiv to facilitate Ukraine’s full __________ (21) in the Partnership for Peace. The NATO Liaison Office was __________ (22) in 1999, facilitating contacts between NATO and __________ (23) and military agencies involved in Ukrainian

__________ (24) in the Partnership for Peace and in the implementation of the NUC Work Plan. The North Atlantic Council meets periodically with Ukrainian __________ (25), as a rule not less than twice a __________ (26), in the forum established by the Charter called the NATOUkraine Commission. The role of the __________ (27) is to assess implementation of the Charter and to discuss ways to improve or further develop __________ (28).

6.Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations related to the NATO’s partnership with Ukraine from the text.

Charter on a Distinctive Partnership; move cooperation on to a new plane; formal recognition; Charter is in line; declared strategy; integration into European and transatlantic structures; context of Euro-Atlantic security and stability; conflict prevention; crisis management; joint working groups; cooperative programs; focus on areas; defense reform; reshaping of the defense establishment; civilmilitary relations; budgeting; resource planning; retraining retiring military personnel; military downsizing and conversion; civil emergency planning; disaster preparedness; major area of cooperation; direct practical benefits; economic aspects of security; NATO Information and Documentation Centre; NATO Secretary General; focal point; NATO Partner country; Alliance policies; overcome misperceptions; Memorandum of Understanding; NATO Liaison Officer; stationed in Kyiv; facilitate full participation; Partnership for Peace; civil and military agencies; NUC Work Plan; NATO-Ukraine Commission; assess implementation of the Charter.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then provide information on NATO to your partner.

NATO – 4

What is the Charter on a Distinctive Partnership and how has it affected NATO-Ukraine cooperation?

What are the areas of NATO-Ukraine cooperation within the Distinctive Partnership framework?

What is the NATO Information and

Documentation Centre in Kyiv?

What is the Memorandum of Understanding and how has it affected NATO-Ukraine cooperation?

What are ‘Partnership for Peace’, ‘NATO Liaison

Office’, ‘NUC Work Plan’ and ‘NATO-Ukraine

Commission’?

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8.Work in pairs. Read the text on the History of Ukraine-NATO relationship. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-21 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – socio-economic (not socio-economical).

9.Work in pairs. Discuss what would happen if the situations were different. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0. NATO didn’t demand canceling previous technocratic military agreements 10 years ago. Poland is a member-country now.

If NATO had demanded canceling of previous technocratic military agreements 10 years ago, Poland wouldn’t be a

member-country now.

1. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed on 4 April 1949. The military Alliance (NATO) exists now.

______________________________________________________________________.

2.The Organization constituted a system of collective defense many years ago. Its memberstates agree to mutual defense in response to attack by any external party.

_______________________________________________________________________.

3.NATO rejected the proposal of the Soviet Union to join organization in 1954. Now we know what the Cold War means.

_______________________________________________________________________.

4.The Military Committee oversaw the integration, training and research support then. The executive and operational process is coordinated quite well now.

_______________________________________________________________________.

5.Georgia didn’t obtain its membership in NATO in April 2009. It can’t strengthen its political independence now.

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_______________________________________________________________________.

6.The Military Committee provided guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders then. It is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Alliance now.

_______________________________________________________________________.

7.Not all the countries sought to promote stability and well-being in the North-Atlantic Area then. They can’t unite their efforts for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security now.

_______________________________________________________________________.

8.States’ Governments made mistakes in their policies then. People of their countries don’t live in the prosperity and safety now.

_______________________________________________________________________.

9.Ukraine signed the NATO-Ukraine Charter on Distinctive Partnership in 1997. It takes part in peacemaking operations in Kosovo now.

_______________________________________________________________________.

10.The NATO-Ukraine Action Plan was signed in Prague in 2002. Now Ukraine has strategy and priorities on its way to Euro-Atlantic integration.

_______________________________________________________________________.

10.Write an essay assessing good and bad points on the topic “Ukraine’s perspective: joining NATO - pros and cons”. Use the texts in this part of the lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: ‘Essays Assessing Good and Bad Points’ in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

11.Translate into English

ɒɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ ɇȺɌɈ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɿ, ɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɽ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ. ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɠɧɹ, ɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɚɣɧɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɡ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ ɇȺɌɈ ɦɚɽ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɭɜɿɣɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣ ɡ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɨɥɿ ɹɞɟɪɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɰɿ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɇȺɌɈ. Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ, ɳɨɛ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɬɿɤɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ. Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɇȺɌɈ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɹɤ ɭ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ, ɜɢɫɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɦɢ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ. ȼɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɣ Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɇȺɌɈ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɜɥɚɞɿ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ ɡɨɧɢ ɇȺɌɈ, ɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɯ. Ⱦɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɉɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɫɚɦɛɥɟʀ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɸ ɜɿɞ ɇȺɌɈ, ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɿ ɡ ɤɪɚʀɧ-ɱɥɟɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɭ. Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ɇȺɌɈ ɡ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɣ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɭɪɹɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ.

ɋɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡ ɇȺɌɈ ɩɨɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɿɞɪɚɡɭ ɠ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ 1991 ɪɨɰɿ. ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɤɪɚʀɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɋɊɋɊ, ɹɤɚ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ «ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɦɢɪɭ». ɇȺɌɈ ɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɨɰɿɧɢɥɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɨɸ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɡɛɪɨɽɧɶ ɬɚ Ʌɿɫɚɛɨɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ. Ɂ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ-ɇȺɌɈ. ȼɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɿ ɨɛɦɿɧɢ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɹɦɢ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɿ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɬ ɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɤɨɥɟɝ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɿɡ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɇȺɌɈ. Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɞɿɸɬɶ

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ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ, ɽ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɡ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɯ ɨɮɿɰɟɪɿɜ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɿɽ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧ. ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨ ɛɪɚɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹɯ ɡ ɚɪɦɿɹɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɇȺɌɈ. ɇɟ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭ Ʉɪɢɦɭ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ «ɑɨɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɳɢɬ», ɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɛɪɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ ɡɛɪɨɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɉɨɥɶɳɿ, Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɢ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɿʀ, Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɋɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɒɬɚɬɿɜ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɜ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɿɫɬɚɧɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɿ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɢ ɥɿɬɚɤɚɦ ɇȺɌɈ, ɹɤɿ ɞɢɫɥɨɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɜɿɣɫɶɤɨɜɿɣ ɛɚɡɿ ɭ ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɜ, ɳɨ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦ ɽ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɛɨɪɨɬɢɫɹ ɿɡ ɧɟɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɫɿ ɦɢɪɨɥɸɛɧɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɜɿɬɭ.

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LESSON 5. THE UNIVERSAL CHARACTER OF HUMAN RIGHTS

PART 1. FREEDOM RINGS WHEN OPINIONS CLASH

1.Work in pairs. What rights are included into the notion of ‘human rights’? What international documents on human rights do you know? Are those documents legally binding?

2.In the text below find synonyms and antonyms to the words in the box. Then answer the questions from exercise 1 again.

The morals and values of human rights can be traced through the history of religious beliefs and cultures around the world. European philosophers of the enlightenment period developed theories of natural law that influenced the adoption of documents such as the Bill of Rights of England, the Bill of Rights in the United States, and the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen in France.

Human rights are those rights and privileges held to belong to any man, regardless of any legal provision that may or may not exist for them in his legal system, simply because man, as man, may not be forbidden certain things by any government. Exactly what the list of these rights is, or why we are entitled to them, varies from thinker to thinker. Since the Second World War there have been several quasi-official listings. The two most prominent are probably the United Nations Charter of Human Rights, and the European Declaration of Human Rights. This latter is actually partially enforceable, because it forms the legal fundamental basis for the European Court of Human Rights, to which citizens of subscribing nations may bring cases against their own governments.

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The catalog of rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted without dissent by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948, is scarcely less than the sum of all the important traditional political and civil rights of national constitutions and legal systems, including equality before the law; protection against arbitrary arrest; the right to a fair trial; freedom from ex post facto criminal laws; freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; and freedom of peaceful assembly and association. Also enumerated are such economic, social, and cultural rights as the right to work and to choose one’s work freely, the right to rest and leisure, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to education.

The Universal Declaration, it must be noted, is not a treaty. It was meant to proclaim “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations” rather than enforceable legal obligations. Nevertheless, partly because of an 18-year delay between its adoption and the completion for signature and ratification of the two covenants, the Universal Declaration has acquired a status juridically more important than originally intended. It has been widely used, even by national courts, as a means of judging compliance with human rights obligations under the UN Charter.

3. Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations from the text.

Morals and values of human rights; trace through the history; religious beliefs; enlightenment period; natural law; Bill of Rights of England; Bill of Rights in the United States; Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen; rights held to belong to any man; regardless of any legal provision; man may not be forbidden certain things; thinker; quasi-official listing; UN Charter of Human Rights; European Declaration of Human Rights; partially enforceable; legal fundamental basis; European Court of Human Rights; subscribing nations; bring cases against the government; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; adopted without dissent; UN General Assembly; scarcely less; political and civil rights; equality before the law; protection against arbitrary arrest; the right to a fair trial; freedom from ex post facto criminal laws; freedom of thought; freedom of conscience; freedom of religion; freedom of opinion; freedom of expression; freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of association; economic, social, and cultural rights; right to work; right to choose work freely; right to rest and leisure; right to an adequate standard of living; right to education; common standard of achievement; enforceable legal obligations; delay; adoption; completion for signature; ratification; covenant; juridical status; more important than originally intended; means of judging compliance; human rights obligations.

4. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide information on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to your partner.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR) – 1

Which documents were influenced by theories of natural law?

What are the two most prominent listings of human rights? Are they enforceable?

What are the principal political and civil rights?

What are the main economic, social, and cultural rights?

What is the difference between the original intention of the Universal Declaration and its actual application nowadays?

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5.Listen to the text on the Structure of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

The authors of the __________ (1) Declaration compared it to a Greek temple. Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks, with their _________ (2) of dignity,

liberty, equality and brotherhood. The seven paragraphs

of the preamble, setting out the reasons for the

__________ (3), are represented by the steps. The main

________ (4) of the Declaration forms the four

columns. The first column (articles 3–11) constitutes

_________ (5) of the individual, such as the right to life

and the prohibition of slavery. The second ________

(6) (articles 12–17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and _________ (7) society. The third column (articles 18–21) is concerned with spiritual, public and political freedoms such as __________ (8) of religion and freedom of association. The fourth column (articles 22–27) sets out social, ________ (9) and cultural rights. The last three articles, which are about the __________ (10) of the individual to society and the prohibition to use the _____ (11) contrary to the purposes of the UN, bind the structure together.

The Universal Declaration begins with a preamble consisting of seven _________ (12), which set out a reason for the __________ (13) of the Declaration. The first paragraph states that the recognition of human dignity of all people is the _______ (14) of justice and peace in the world. The second paragraph observes that disregard and contempt for ______ (15) rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and that the four _______ (16) (freedom of __________ (17), freedom of belief, freedom from want, and freedom from fear) are proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the people. The third paragraph _______ (18) that so that people are not compelled to rebellion against tyranny, human rights should be ________ (19) by rule of law. The fourth paragraph relates human rights to the development of __________ (20) relations between ______ (21). The fifth paragraph links the Declaration back to the UN Charter which reaffirms faith in ________ (22) human rights and dignity and worth of the human person. The sixth paragraph notes that all ________ (23) of the UN have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the UN, the promotion of _______ (24) respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The seventh paragraph declares that a common ________ (25) of rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full __________ (26) of that pledge.

6. Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations from the text.

Greek temple; foundation blocks; dignity; liberty; equality; brotherhood; preamble; set out the reasons; be represented by the steps; main body of the Declaration; form the columns; rights of the individual; right to life; prohibition of slavery; rights of the individual; civil and political society; spiritual, public and political freedoms; freedom of religion; freedom of

association; social, economic and cultural rights; duty of the individual to society; prohibition to use the rights; contrary to UN purposes; human dignity; disregard and contempt for human rights; result in barbarous acts; outrage the conscience of mankind; freedom of speech; freedom of belief; freedom from want; freedom from fear; highest

aspiration of the people; compel people to rebellion against tyranny; rule of law; friendly relations between nations; reaffirm faith; fundamental human rights; dignity and worth of the human person; promotion of universal respect; observance of rights and freedoms; full realization of the pledge.

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7.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then go on telling your partner about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR) – 2

What are the articles representing the UDHR foundation blocks about?

What are the articles representing the UDHR steps about?

What are the articles representing the UDHR first column about?

What are the articles representing the UDHR second column about?

What are the articles representing the UDHR third column about?

What are the articles representing the UDHR fourth column about?

What are the articles binding the UDHR structure together about?

What are the UDHR preamble paragraphs about? (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

8.Work in pairs. Discuss what would happen if the situations were different. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0. He failed his final exam. He didn’t gain Master’s Degree.

If he hadn’t failed his final exam, he could have gained Master’s Degree.

1.The Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948. Many people didn’t experience discrimination because of colour, sex, religion and many other aspects since then.

_______________________________________________

2.The Declaration received praise from a number of notable people. It was approved by over 50 countries.

___________________________________________________

3.The final draft of the Declaration was criticized by Islamic countries. So many debates appeared in the international arena then.

______________________________________________________________

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4.You didn’t come in time to the beginning of the lecture. You missed the principles of the structure of the Declaration of Human Rights.

______________________________________________________________

5.You didn’t know all the principles, stated in the Declaration of Human Rights. You were not well prepared for your test.

______________________________________________________________

6.You didn’t want to know your rights well. That’s why you didn’t learn the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in details.

_______________________________________________________________

7.Most countries signed international conventions and treaties guaranteeing the protection of human rights. That’s why the Declaration became universal.

_______________________________________________________________

8.Human rights were applied to all people. They guaranteed everyone and everywhere a life in freedom and dignity.

_______________________________________________________________

9.Some representatives were frustrated then. That’s why they failed to understand the importance of the moment.

_______________________________________________________________

10.Some representatives were not interested in the document. That’s why they didn’t attend all the debates during the Congress.

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9. Translate into English

Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɛɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ 10 ɝɪɭɞɧɹ 1948 ɪɨɤɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɸ Ⱥɫɚɦɛɥɟɽɸ ɈɈɇ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɠɿ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɿɜ Ƚɿɧɧɟɫɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ʀʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɚɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɨɦ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɿ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɜɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɜɢɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɚɜ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɚɬɿ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɿɪɨɫɩɨɜɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɱɢ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɚ. ȼɨɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ 30 ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɳɨ ɭɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɩɿɞʉɪɭɧɬɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɯ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɞ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɹɯ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɫɯɨɠɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɰɶɤɢɣ ɯɪɚɦ. ɉɟɪɲɚ ɣ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɝɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ, ɪɿɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɛɪɚɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ. ɋɿɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɿɜ ɩɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɡɭɸɬɶ ɫɯɨɞɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ ɚɫɨɰɿɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɦɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɲɚ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ (ɫɬɚɬɬɿ 3–11) ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɢɜɿɥɟʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɬɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɚ (ɫɬɚɬɬɿ 12–17) ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɰɢɜɿɥɶɧɿ ɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ,

ɬɪɟɬɹ (ɫɬɚɬɬɿ 18–21) – ɞɭɯɨɜɧɿ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɣ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɿ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɿɪɨɫɩɨɜɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ), ɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚ (ɫɬɚɬɬɿ 22–27) – ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ,

ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɜɫɭɩɟɪɟɱ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɈɈɇ, ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɨɽɞɢɧɨ.

Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ: «Ȼɟɪɭɱɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɚ ɜɫɿɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɿɦ’ʀ, ɿ ɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɧɟɜɿɞ’ɽɦɧɢɯ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɭ; Ɂɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɯɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɧɟɜɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɭɪɸɸɬɶ ɫɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɫɬɜɚ, ɿ ɳɨ ɿɞɟɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɫɨɥɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɸ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɶ ɿ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɿ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɣ ɧɭɠɞɢ, ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɲɟɧɨ ɹɤ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɩɪɚɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ; ɉɚɦ’ɹɬɚɸɱɢ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɦɭɲɟɧɚ ɜɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɬɢɪɚɧɿʀ ɿ ɝɧɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɞɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ; Ȼɟɪɭɱɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɪɢɹɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɪɭɠɧɿɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɢ; Ɂɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɿɣ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ

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ɜ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɿ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɿɪɭ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɜ ɝɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɿ ɜ ɪɿɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɤɿɜ ɿ ɠɿɧɨɤ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɥɢ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɭ ɣ ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɸ ɭɦɨɜ ɠɢɬɬɹ (ɩɪɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɿ); ɉɚɦ’ɹɬɚɸɱɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ, ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ Ɉɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɿɣ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɨɜɚɡɿ ɣ ɞɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ; Ȼɟɪɭɱɢ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɰɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɿ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɦɚɽ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ...»