MODULE 4

TIME IS MONEY, BUT NOT IN JAIL

LESSON 1. OFFENSIVE MATERIALS

PART 1. THE UNBEARABLE BURDEN

OF PROOF

1. Work in pairs. What do you think is a ‘crime’? If a driver ran over a pedestrian, is it a ‘crime’? Why or why not? Read the text below and fill in the table below.

Two things are required for a criminal offense. First, there must be a guilty act, i.e. an act or conduct prohibited by law, or a failure to do some duty required by law. Second, at the time of the act or conduct the actor must have a certain guilty state of mind. For example, a person might cause another’s death. Causing the death of another person is the guilty act involved in the crime of murder. However, accidentally causing the death of another person is not murder. The actor did not have the required guilty state of mind. Purposely causing the death of a person is murder because the guilty act (causing the death) and the guilty state of mind (the purpose or intent) coincide. As another example, a person might actually plan to steal, and therefore have a guilty mind. However, such a person has not committed a crime until he or she actually takes something while having a guilty mind. The US law defines four types (degrees) of guilty mind: purpose, knowledge, recklessness, and negligence. At least one of these states must be present when a person does a prohibited act. The prohibited act or omission is not a crime if one or more of the guilty states of mind is not present. The exceptions occur in the definitions of certain crimes, which impose strict liability, dealing with public health and safety. For example, selling impure food is a violation of the laws, even if the seller did not know the food was spoiled.

Things required for an act to be a ‘crime’: (1)__________________________________

or (2) ___________________________________

(3) _____________________________________

Types of guilty mind: 1)____________ (2)__________ (3 )___________ (4) ___________

Exceptions:

2. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Guilty act, conduct, failure to do some duty, actor, guilty mind, cause another’s death, murder, accidentally, intent coincide, steal, commit a crime, purpose, knowledge, recklessness, negligence, prohibited act, omission, impose strict liability, public health and safety, impure, violation of laws.

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3.Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in, describe what a ‘crime’ is. Use your own example instead of the one provided in the text of exercise 1.

4.Listen to the text on the levels of guilty mind and write down the definitions and examples of each of them.

THE LEVELS OF GUILTY MIND

The three levels of guilty mind are:

(1) ______________________________________________________;

(2)_______________________________________________________;

(3) ______________________________________________________ . A person acts WITH INTENT TO CAUSE HARM if s/he either

(1) _______________________________________________

____________________________________________ or (2)

_________________________________________

______________________________________________________ .

Example of ACTING WITH THE INTENT to kill: ______________. ____________________________________________________________ .

RECKLESSNESS is acting _________________________________________________ . Example of RECKLESSNESS: ______________________________________________ . Criminal RECKLESSNESS requires that _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ . CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE __________________________________ than RECKLESSNESS. CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE happens when defendants _______________________ , but they

______________________________________________________________________ . NEGLIGENCE is not a state of mind, but ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________ . EXAMPLE OF CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE is when ________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ .

5.Study the pictures below and decide which levels of guilty mind may the offenders have. Give your reasons. There are may be different interpretations in each case.

6.Divide the class into three groups. Each group has to present their own example of a specific level of guilty mind (Group 1 – of intent, Group 2 – of criminal recklessness, Group 3 – of criminal negligence). Then discuss the examples with the whole class.

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7.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-20 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – prosecuting (not prosecution).

JUDGE

8. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Beyond a reasonable doubt; cast a reasonable doubt; win acquittal; burden of proving; human affairs; open to some doubt; common sense; without producing a single witness; fatally weak; cross-examination; undermine the evidence; refute the evidence; burden of going forward with the evidence; basic task; degree of proof; preponderance of the evidence; establish the affirmative defense; bear the risk of falling; self-defense; defense of necessity; defense of duress.

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9.Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 7, fill in the table below and then describe the burden of the prosecution and defense in criminal cases.

THE BURDEN OF PROSECUTION THE BURDEN OF DEFENSE

10. Translate into English

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɱɢɧɤɭ ɹɤ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɜɨɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ: ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɜɱɢɧɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɟɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɚɛɨ ɠ ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɳɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɿɪɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɦɿɪ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɿ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɽ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɸ ɞɿɽɸ, ɹɤɚ ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ «ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ». Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɹɤɳɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɨɜɨ, ɰɟ ɧɟ ɽ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨɦ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɦɚɜ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɿɪɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ. ɇɚɜɦɢɫɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɿ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ ɽ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɬɨɦɭ ɳɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɞɿɹ (ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɿ) ɬɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɦɿɪ ɡɛɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ, ɹɤɳɨ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɡɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɫɶ ɜɤɪɚɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɜɨɧɚ ɦɚɽ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɦɿɪ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ, ɩɨɤɢ ɜɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɜɞɿ ɳɨɫɶ ɧɟ ɜɤɪɚɞɟ, ɦɚɸɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɦɿɪ.

ȱɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ, ɚɛɨ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ: ɭɦɢɫɟɥ, ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɿɜ ɜɱɢɧɤɭ, ɧɟɨɛɚɱɧɿɫɬɶ (ɝɪɭɛɚ ɧɟɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ) ɬɚ ɧɟɞɛɚɥɿɫɬɶ. Ɂɚɛɨɪɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɱɢɧɨɤ ɧɟ ɽ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɨɦ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɯɨɱɚ ɛ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɰɢɯ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɿɜ. ȼɢɧɹɬɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ, ɡɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɭɜɨɪɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɨɯɨɪɨɧɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. ɉɪɨɞɚɠ ɧɟɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰɶ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɡɿɩɫɨɜɚɧɿ.

Ɍɹɝɚɪ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ. ȼɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɦ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɧɭ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɤ, ɚɛɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɠɨɞɧɨʀ ɪɨɡɭɦɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɿɜ. Ⱥɛɢ ɜɢɝɪɚɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ, ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɩɿɞ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ. Ɋɨɡɭɦɧɢɣ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɥɭɡɞɿ.

ȱɧɨɞɿ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɩɿɞ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɧɟ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɱɢ ɠɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɞɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɪɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɜɿɞɤɿɜ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɽ ɫɭɦɧɿɜɧɢɦɢ. ɋɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɚɝɨɦɿɲɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ. əɤɳɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɪɨ ɮɚɤɬɢ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɿɧ ɦɚɽ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɧɟɜɞɚɱɿ ɭ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɹɠɧɢɯ. ɉɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɽ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɯɢɫɬ, ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɩɨɫɢɥɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɭɫ.

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UKRAINIAN – ENGLISH

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PART 2. WHEN ARGUMENT FAILS, TRY ABUSE

1.Work in pairs. What do you know about the classifications of crimes in the US Criminal Code? What types of crimes do you know? Read the text below and fill in the table.

KINDS OF CRIMES

There are two major classifications of crimes: felonies and misdemeanors. Felonies are classified according to comparative seriousness. Misdemeanors are similarly classified. The most serious crimes are felonies. Felonies carry a potential penalty of imprisonment for more than one year in a state penal institution. A capital offense is a felony for which death is a potential penalty. Felonies may be punished by imprisonment fines. Misdemeanors are less serious offenses for which the maximum potential penalty is imprisonment for not more than one year, or a fine, or both. Imprisonment for misdemeanor is in a local facility, a county jail, or municipal workhouse or jail. Under certain circumstances, imprisonment for a felony may be served in an approved local facility and imprisonment for consecutive misdemeanors may be served in a state penal institution. There are nine degrees of felony under the Criminal Code. The most serious degree is aggravated murder. The next most serious is murder. These are followed in order by aggravated felonies of the first, second, and third degrees, and felonies of the first, second, third, and fourth degrees. Misdemeanors are divided into misdemeanors of the first, second, third and fourth degrees, and minor misdemeanors. Minor misdemeanors are the least serious offences under the Criminal Code.

Felony is _________________________________________________________________. Felonies may be punished by__________________________________________________. Misdemeanor is ___________________________________________________________.

Misdemeanors may be punished by______________________________________________. There are __degrees of felonies and __degrees of misdemeanors under the Ohio Criminal Code. The most serious crime is _______. The least serious crime is ________________.

2. Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in, describe the classification of crimes.

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3.Read the text about the crimes listed in the Criminal Code and fill in the table on the next page.

Crimes in the Criminal Code. Laws which create criminal offenses are found, for example, in the Ohio Code, municipal ordinances, and the United States Code. Title 29 of Ohio Revised Code (the Ohio Criminal Code) lists most of the serious offenses proscribed by state law. Taken as a whole, these offenses constitute a comprehensive code of conduct. The subjects covered are: homicide, assault, menacing threats; kidnapping, abduction, false imprisonment, extortion, coercion; patient abuse and neglect; rape and other sexual assaults, prostitution, obscenity and disseminating matter harmful to juveniles; arson and other property damage offenses; robbery, burglary, breaking and entering, safecracking, and trespass; theft, bad check and credit card offenses, forgery, fraud; gambling; inciting to violence; disorderly conduct, and false alarms; endangering children, domestic violence; bribery, perjury, resisting arrest, harboring criminals, escape, graft, conflict of interest, dereliction of public duty, violation of civil rights and similar offenses; conspiracy, attempt, and complicity; weapons and explosives control; racketeering and corrupt activity; drug control; and miscellaneous offenses.

4.Listen to the text on the powers of Congress and state legislatures to define crimes. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice.

The power to make certain conduct illegal is __________ (1) to Congress by the Constitution. Congress has the power to define and punish __________ (2) whenever it is necessary and proper to do so, in order to accomplish and safeguard the goals of __________ (3) and of society in general. Congress has wide discretion in classifying crimes as __________ (4) or misdemeanors, and it may revise the classification of crimes. State __________ (5) have the exclusive and inherent __________

(6) to pass a law prohibiting and punishing any act, provided the law does not break the provisions of the U.S. or state __________ (7). When classifying conduct as __________ (8), state legislatures must ensure that the classification bears some reasonable relation to the welfare and safety of __________

(7). Municipalities may make designated behavior __________ (8) insofar as the power to do so has been delegated to them by the state legislature. __________ (9) passed by Congress or a state must define crimes with certainty. A citizen and the __________ (10) must have a clear understanding of a criminal law's requirements and prohibitions. If the language of a __________ (11) does not plainly show what the legislature intended to __________ (12) and punish, the statute may be declared void for vagueness. In deciding whether a statute is sufficiently certain and plain, the __________ (13) must evaluate it from the standpoint of a __________ (14) of ordinary intelligence who might be subject to its terms. A statute that fails to give such a person __________ (15) notice that the particular

__________ (16) is forbidden is indefinite and therefore void. Courts will not hold a person criminally

__________ (17) for conduct that could not reasonably be understood to be __________ (18). However, simple difficulty in understanding the meaning of the words used, or the ambiguity of certain language, will not __________ (19) a statute for vagueness.

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5.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below on the basis of exercise 4. Then use the table and the tables in exercises 1 and 3 to tell your partner everything you know about the kinds of crimes in the USA.

POWER OF CONGRESS TO MAKE CERTAIN CONDUCT ILLEGAL

What is the power of Congress to define crimes?

What is the power of state legislatures to define crimes?

What is the power of municipalities to define crimes?

What are the requirements to the definitions of crimes?

What happens if those requirements are not met?

6.Which crimes are being described in the following situations? Work in pairs and match the words given in the box with the sentences.

1. Having made no profit that year, they set fire to their own factory. 2. The woman was often seen with bruises on her face.

3. The business used deception to obtain money.

4. Someone broke into our house and stole our camera.

5. Trained dogs found the packages stuffed into the seats of the car.

6. The girl would be harmed unless her parents paid the money.

7. Someone has stolen her purse from her desk. 8. She killed him by poisoning his coffee.

9. They were accused of deliberately smashing the car.

10. They accessed the information from government computer systems.

7. Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0. He asked, "Where is the accused?"

He asked where the accused was.___________________________________________________

1)They asked, "What punishment is imposed for a felony?"

_____________________________________________________________________________

2)She asked, "Why didn't you explain that you had been taken away by force?"

________________________________________________________________

3)He asked, "What powers does Congress have?"

_____________________________________________________________

4)We asked, "How many degrees are misdemeanors divided into?"

____________________________________________________________

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5)They asked, "What can be declared void for vagueness?"

____________________________________________________________

6)She asked, "Is extortion a felony or misdemeanor?"

________________________________________________________________

7)He asked, "Have you studied the figures concerning domestic violence?"

_____________________________________________________________

8)We asked, "What organ delegates the power to consider certain behavior illegal to municipalities?"

_____________________________________________________________

9)She asked, "Who stole my purse?"

___________________________________________________________

10)He asked, "How long did it take to investigate the crime?"

___________________________________________________________

8. Translate into English

Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ ɽ ɮɟɥɨɧɿʀ (ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɢ) ɬɚ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ (ɦɟɧɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ). Ɏɟɥɨɧɿʀ, ɬɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɹɤ ɿ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɦ ʀɯ ɬɹɠɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɏɟɥɨɧɿʀ ɽ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɢɦɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɏɟɥɨɧɿɹ ɬɹɝɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɤɭ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɲɬɚɬɭ. Ɂɚ ɧɚɣɬɹɠɱɿ ɮɟɥɨɧɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ. ȼ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɮɟɥɨɧɿʀ ɤɚɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɛɨ ɲɬɪɚɮɨɦ. Ɇɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ ɬɹɝɧɭɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɪɨɤɭ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɲɬɪɚɮ ɚɛɨ ɬɟ ɣ ɿɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ. ɍɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ, ɨɤɪɭɠɧɿɣ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ. ɍ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɮɟɥɨɧɿɸ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɭ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ, ɚ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɿ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ – ɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɲɬɚɬɭ. Ɂɚ Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɞɟɜ’ɹɬɶ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿɜ ɮɟɥɨɧɿɣ. ɇɚɣɜɢɳɢɦ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɦ ɽ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɸɱɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ. Ⱦɚɥɿ ɣɞɟ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ, ɜɱɢɧɟɧɟ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɡɥɢɦ ɭɦɢɫɥɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨ ɣɞɭɬɶ ɮɟɥɨɧɿʀ ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɸɱɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ, ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿɜ. Ɇɟɧɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ, ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ (ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ). Ɂɚ Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪɢ ɽ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦɢ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ: ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɩɚɞ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɝɪɨɡɭ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɥɹɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɨɝɪɨɡɚɦɢ, ɜɢɤɪɚɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɟ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɥɿ, ɲɚɧɬɚɠ, ɩɪɢɦɭɫ, ɡʉɜɚɥɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɧɢɰɶɤɿ ɞɿʀ, ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɸ, ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɨɣɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ, ɳɨ ɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɶ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ; ɩɿɞɩɚɥ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɸɬɶ ɲɤɨɞɭ ɦɚɣɧɭ; ɪɨɡɛɿɣ, ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɚ ɡɿ ɡɥɚɦɨɦ, ɡɥɚɦ ɫɟɣɮɿɜ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɚ, ɩɿɞɪɨɛɥɹɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɿɜ, ɦɚɯɿɧɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ, ɩɿɞɪɨɛɥɹɧɧɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɨɳɨ, ɲɚɯɪɚɣɫɬɜɨ, ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɹ ɚɡɚɪɬɧɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ, ɩɿɞɦɨɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɞɿɣ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɮɚɥɶɲɢɜɢɣ ɜɢɤɥɢɤ (ɩɨɥɿɰɿʀ ɬɨɳɨ); ɭɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɚɥɿɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɪɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ, ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɫɿɦ’ʀ; ɯɚɛɚɪɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɥɠɟɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ, ɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ; ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɭ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɰɸ, ɜɬɟɱɚ, ɩɿɞɤɭɩ, ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ, ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ; ɡɦɨɜɚ, ɡɚɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɪɨʀ ɣ ɜɢɛɭɯɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧ, ɪɟɤɟɬɢɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɿɣɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ.

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PART 3. NECESSITY KNOWS NO LAWS

1.Work in pairs. What do you know about infraction in the criminal code of the USA? What kind of offences can municipal ordinances define? Read the text and fill in the table below.

In addition to offences defined in state law, there are many offences defined in municipal ordinances. A violation of a rule or local ordinance or regulation, promise or obligation is generally known as infraction. Infraction in legal sense is a summary offence, or "petty" violation of the law less serious than a misdemeanor and usually does not attach certain individual rights such as a jury trial. It is sometimes called a minor offense, minor violation, petty offense and sometimes used as synonymous with violation, regulatory offence, welfare offense, or contravention. The power to cite persons for infractions is usually left with administrative officials; it is often not necessary to hold a court hearing – in which case a citation is the same as a conviction. In the United States, the key characteristic of an infraction is that the punishment seldom includes any amount of incarceration in a prison or jail or any other loss of civil rights – typically the only punishment is a fine, although sometimes other regulatory actions are possible (e.g. revocation of a license or permit) or an order to remedy or mitigate the situation. Examples of infractions include jaywalking, littering, violations of municipal codes (such as building or housing), disturbing the peace, or falsification of information. In many jurisdictions today, minor traffic violations have been decriminalized and classified as infractions. Nowadays, many jurisdictions allow first time offenses for minor misdemeanors including trespassing, petty theft, disorderly conduct, and marijuana possession to be reduced to infractions, or municipal ordinance violations, allowing the defendant to avoid having a criminal record which would otherwise jeopardize his long term prospects. This is particularly true if the defendant received only a citation instead of being arrested. However, by allowing a first time misdemeanor offense to be reduced to an infraction, this could also serve as an aggravating factor if the person were to be caught committing another crime. And most likely will result in jail or prison time.

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Infraction is __________________________________________________________________

Synonyms of ‘infraction’ are: ____________________________________________________

The main characteristic of infraction is _____________________________________________

Typical punishment for infraction is _______________________________________________

Examples of infractions are: ______________________________________________________

First time offences may be reduced to _________________________, allowing the defendants

_______________________________.

This is true if _______________________________________________________________. The aggravating factor is______________________________________________________.

2. Work in pairs. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Municipal ordinance, regulation, obligation, infraction, attach rights, welfare offence, contravention, regulatory offense, cite persons for infractions, revocation of a license, remedy or mitigate a situation, jaywalking, trespassing, a criminal record, jeopardize, term prospects, serve as aggravating factor.

3.Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in in exercise 1, tell your partner everything you know about ‘infraction’.

4.Listen to the text on white collar crimes and fill in the gaps in the sentences below.

___________ (9), healthcare benefits, violations of environmental ___________ (10), insurance payments, tax evasion, financial misappropriations, insider trading in stocks and shares, bribery,

___________ (11) counterfeiting, embezzlement of funds, thefts of trade ___________ (12), false advertising and other types of fraud. They are generally used to obtain money,

___________ (13) or services to gain advantage in ___________ (14) or in ones personal life. While the true extent and cost of white-collar ___________ (15) are unknown, it is estimated to cost the United States more than $300 billion annually, according to the FBI. These crimes are considered to be __________ (16) offenses and even though state and local law enforcement may be involved in the ________ (17), charges will most often be ___________ (18) by federal agencies such as the FBI, IRS, US Customs, Secret Service and some others. Tracking down white collar ___________ (19) and those who ___________ (20) them is always considered a tough proposition because the pattern of such crimes is truly complicated that brings into play a series of ___________ (21), many of which are also crimes that stem from the drug

___________ (22) (for example, money laundering) and crimes that arise from ___________

(23) necessity. Penalties for white collar offenses generally include fines, house ___________

(24), community confinement and sometimes ___________ (25).

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WHITE COLLAR CRIMES

What are white collar crimes generally?

What is the FBI’s definition of white collar crimes?

What kinds of transactions are white collar crimes involved in?

What is the aim of white collar crimes?

What is the estimated damage caused by white collar crimes?

Who presents charges in the prosecution of white collar crimes?

Why are white collar crimes difficult to investigate?

What kinds of penalties may be imposed for white collar crimes?

5. Work in pairs. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Stand out; non-violent act; Federal Bureau of Investigation; illegal act; deceit; concealment; violation of trust; application or threat of physical force or violence; transaction; antitrust violation; computer fraud; credit card misuse; bankruptcy appeal; healthcare benefit; violation of environmental laws; insurance payments; tax evasion; financial misappropriations; insider trading in stocks and shares; bribery; currency counterfeiting; embezzlement of funds; thefts of trade secrets; false advertising; gain advantage; it is estimated to cost; annually; federal offense; law enforcement; IRS; US Customs; Secret Service; track down; tough proposition; drug business; money laundering; economic necessity; fine; house arrest; community confinement; imprisonment.

6.Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in in exercise 4, tell your partner everything you know about ‘white collar crimes’.

7.Read the text on cybercrime and fill in the table below.

One of the fastest-growing criminal activities on the planet

today becomes cybercrime. It covers a huge range of illegal activity including financial scams, computer hacking, virus attack, stalking by e-mail and creating websites that promote

racial hatred. Computer crime can broadly be defined as criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, including illegal access, illegal interception, data interference, systems interference, misuse of devices

and electronic fraud. Accurate statistics on the extent of this phenomenon have proven to be elusive because of the difficulty in adequately defining computer crimes. The aggregate annual losses to businesses and governments are estimated to be in the billions of dollars. Cyber-crimes are frequently grouped into three categories. The first is ‘hacking’ into someone's computer for the purpose of stealing by taking complete control over the information contained within, or gaining control over someone's computer in an effort to sabotage information or mess up the

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flow of information or crash the server. The second category involves criminals that use computers as ways to keep up with illegal contacts, such as drug dealers. A person who steals identities may use the computer to store stolen passwords, credit card info, and other sensitive information in furtherance of an illegal act. The other way in which criminals utilize the computer to further illegal acts is through the act of communication. E-mail accounts on a computer can be used to set up any number of unlawful acts. A terrible threat facing people of the online community is cyber ‘stalking’, when one uses the Internet to harass, follow or put the victim in fear for their lives. It brings to light the crime of cyber stalking, the need to fortify current laws so as to better protect potential victims, and what laws that exist today can do to help stop this rapidly expanding problem.

CYBERCRIME

What types of illegal activity are included in cybercrime?

What is the general definition of computer crime?

Why is it difficult to obtain statistics on the extent of computer crime?

What is the estimated damage caused by cybercrime?

What are the three categories of cybercrime?

What is ‘hacking’?

What is the ‘use computers to keep up with illegal contacts’?

What is ‘cyber stalking’?

8. Work in pairs. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Cybercrime; financial scams; computer hacking; virus attack; stalking by e-mail; promote racial hatred; information technology infrastructure; illegal access; illegal interception; data interference; systems interference; misuse of devices; electronic fraud; accurate

statistics; extent of this phenomenon; aggregate annual losses; gain

control over someone’s computer; sabotage information; mess up the flow of information; crash the server; illegal contacts; drug dealers; steal identities; store stolen passwords; credit card info; sensitive information; furtherance of an illegal act; utilize the computer;

unlawful act; online community; cyber stalking; harass; follow the victim; put the victim in fear for their lives; fortify current laws; protect potential victims; rapidly expanding problem.

9.Work in pairs. Using the table you have filled in in exercise 7, tell your partner everything you know about ‘cybercrime’.

10.Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0), (00) and (000) at the beginning.

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(0). He said, "Be careful!" He said to be careful.

(00). She said, "Don't cross the street!" She ordered not to cross the street. (000) He said, "Let's leave at once." He suggested leaving at once.

She said, "Don't enter illegal contracts!"

____________________________________________________________

He said, "Let's use the Internet carefully!"

________________________________________________________________

We said, " Read and learn this regulation."

__________________________________________________________________________

She said, "Don't violate the municipal ordinance on building and housing!'

__________________________________________________________________________

We said, "Let's speak about computer frauds."

__________________________________________________________________________

He said, "Write a report on the embezzlement of funds."

__________________________________________________________________________

They said, "Don't place us under arrest!"

__________________________________________________________________________

She said, "Let's help the police identify the criminal."

________________________________________________________

We said, "Study statistics on the extent of cyber crime."

________________________________________________________________

He said, "Define white collar crimes as a legal term."

_____________________________________________________________

11. Translate into English

Ʉɪɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɲɬɚɬɭ, ɿɫɧɭɽ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɢ. ɇɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ. ɍ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ (ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɬɨɳɨ) ɽ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɨɦ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɥɿɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɫɭɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ (ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɞɟɸ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɿ ɠɭɪɿ), ɚɛɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ɽ ɦɟɧɲ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɢɦ, ɧɿɠ ɦɿɫɞɢɦɿɧɨɪ. ȱɧɨɞɿ ɰɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɽ ɫɢɧɨɧɿɦɨɦ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɿɫɬɶ (ɡɚɤɨɧɭ). ɉɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɞɨ ɫɭɞɭ ɡɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɢɦ. ɍ ɋɒȺ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ, ɭɝɨɞɢ ɬɨɳɨ ɽ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɞɤɨ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɸɪɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɬɪɚɬɢ ɰɢɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɽ ɲɬɪɚɮ, ɯɨɱɚ ɿɧɨɞɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɟ ɣ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɫɤɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɱɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ), ɚɛɨ ɧɚɤɚɡ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɱɢ ɩɨɥɟɝɲɢɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɬɨɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: ɧɟɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ ɩɿɲɨɯɨɞɚ, ɜɢɤɢɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ ɭ ɧɟɞɨɡɜɨɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɠɢɬɥɚ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. ɇɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɿɹɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɿɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɪɚɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɬɨɳɨ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɿɣ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɚɛɨ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜ

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ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɿ ɜɩɟɪɲɟ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ, ɞɪɿɛɧɭ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɡɚɤɨɧɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ, ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɢɯɭɚɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɧɢɤɧɭɬɢ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ, ɳɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɽ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɰɟ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɞɨ ɫɭɞɭ ɡɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɚɪɟɲɬɭ. Ⱥɥɟ, ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɤɨʀɬɶ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ, ɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɫɤɨɽɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɬɨɳɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɜɚɠɚɬɢɫɹ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɨɸ, ɳɨ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɨ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ.

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LESSON 2. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

PART 1. SERVING TIME FOR BAD BEHAVIOR

1.Work in pairs. What do you think is a ‘penalty’? What should be penalties based on? Should penalties be severe or not? Why?

2.Read the text below and answer the questions in exercise 1 again.

One of the most important features of the Criminal Code is its scheme of penalties and sentencing, and treatment of offenders. Penalties are scaled according to the comparative seriousness of offenses. Moreover, within each degree of crime, a range of penalties is provided in order to permit judges to tailor penalties to individual offenders rather than to their offenses alone. The sentencing law provides strict penalties for repeat offenders, for those who use, or threaten the use of, violence, and for those who use, or carry within their reach, firearms, automatic firearms, or firearms equipped with silencers during the commission of the crime. Penalties are scaled according to the comparative seriousness of offenses and to the criminal history of offenders. Some information on penalties and sentencing follows below. It attempts to provide an outline of the general penalties established by the Criminal Code. It must be stressed that the information provides only a general outline. The Criminal Code’s penalty and sentencing structure is very complex and, in certain instances, severe. Further, the Criminal Code includes numerous penalty and sentencing provisions which are not reflected there. For example, the penalties for drug abuse and drug trafficking are too complex to be included here.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Important features, Criminal Code, penalties, sentencing, scheme of penalties and sentencing, treatment of offenders, to be scaled, offense, comparative seriousness of offenses, degree of crime, range of penalties, tailor penalties, sentencing law, strict penalties, repeat offenders, use of violence, threaten to use violence, use firearms, automatic firearms, firearms equipped with silencers, commission of the crime, criminal history of offenders, provide an outline, be stressed, complex structure, severe penalties, sentencing provisions, reflect, drug abuse, drug trafficking

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4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on penalties and sentencing in the Criminal Code to your partner.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON PENALTIES AND SENTENCING

How are penalties scaled in the Criminal Code?

Why is there a range of penalties within each degree of crime?

What categories of offenders can face strict penalties?

How are penalties scaled?

What penalties aren’t included into the explanation? Why?

5.Listen to the text on the powers of Congress and state legislatures to define crimes. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice.

merely __________ (27) for consideration by the __________ (28) Board. The Parole

__________ (29) may determine that the offender must __________ (30) additional time.

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Felonies; carry a sentence; indeterminate sentence; that is, sentence the offender; term in prison; be reported by the media; offender gets 5 to 25; offender must be imprisoned; appropriate term; Parole Board; offender is paroled; offender must serve the minimum term; eligible for parole; term is reduced for good behavior; earned time credit; offender may qualify; participation; specific rehabilitative programs; secure early release; probation; right to parole; once the term is served; offender is eligible; consideration by the Parole Board; additional time.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then tell your partner about indeterminate sentences and conditions for parole.

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INDETERMINATE SENTENCES AND CONDITIONS FOR PAROLE

What is an indeterminate sentence?

What does the sentence ‘5 to 25’ mean?

What is a Parole Board?

When may an offender be eligible for parole?

How can the minimum term be reduced?

How can the early release be secured?

Does an offender automatically get a right to parole after he has served the minimum term?

8.Work in pairs Write a suitable answer beginning I thought you said…according to the model (sentence 1)

1. A: That place is not far from the police station. B: Is it? I thought you said it was far away.

2. A: An offender does not have a right to parole once the

minimum term is served.

B: Does not he? …………………………………..

3. A: The Parole Board may determine that the offender must

serve additional time.

B: May it? ………………………………..

4. A: The offender may secure early release through “probation”.

B:May he? ………………………………………..

5.A: Some felonies carry indeterminate sentences.

B:Do they? ………………………………….

6.A: The penalties for drug abuse and drug trafficking are too complex.

B:Are they? …………………………………….

7.A: The Parole Board determines if and when the offender is paroled.

B:Does it? …………………………………….

8.A: The offender may be imprisoned from between 5 and 25 years.

B:May he? …………………………………..

9.A: An offender must serve the minimum term before he is eligible for parole.

B:Must he? ………………………………..

10.A: The minimum term is reduced for good behavior.

B:Is it? ………………………………………..

9.Translate into English

Ɉɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɭ ɽ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ. ɉɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɞɭɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɬɹɠɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ. Ȼɿɥɶɲ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɬɹɠɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɚɛɢ cɭɞɞɿ ɦɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɜɢɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɭɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɳɨɞɨ ɬɢɯ, ɯɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɝɪɨɠɭɽ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɱɢ ɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɩɪɢ

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ɫɨɛɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɡɛɪɨɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɭ ɝɥɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ. ɉɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɞɭɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɬɹɠɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɬɚ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɿ ɞɭɠɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɿ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɭɜɨɪɚ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, Ʉɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɿɜ ɽ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ. ɇɚɫɥɿɞɤɨɦ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɬɚ ɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɜɿɞ 5 ɞɨ 25 ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɚ Ɋɚɞɚ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ, ɱɢ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɸ ɣ ɤɨɥɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɲ ɧɿɠ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. Ɇɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɯ. ɇɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɭ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨ ɧɚ «ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ». ɉɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ; ɣɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɚɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɹ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. Ɋɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ.

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PART 2. CRIME AND INCARCERATION

1.Work in pairs. ‘Actual incarceration’ is ‘imprisonment’. Do you think the imprisonment term can be reduced? How?

2.Read the text below and answer the questions in exercise 1 again.

Some felonies carry indeterminate sentences, but also carry the requirement that the minimum term of the sentence be served in actual incarceration. Under this requirement, the offender must actually serve the minimum term in prison. Where an offender is sentenced to an indeterminate sentence which carries the requirement of actual incarceration, the judge selects the appropriate minimum term and the statutory maximum term. However, the offender is sentenced to actual incarceration for the minimum term. Thus, the offender is sentenced to, for example, “6 to 15 years”, with the six years (minimum term) to be served in actual incarceration”. The minimum term cannot be suspended. It cannot be reduced by probation, supershock probation, parole, shock parole, etc. It can be reduced only by credit for jail time and credit for time off for good behavior. Once the term of actual incarceration is served, the sentence assumes the general characteristics of an indeterminate sentence. For example, the Parole Board can – after the term of actual incarceration and the minimum term are served – exercise its powers and determine if and when the offender should be paroled. Actual incarceration is required where the offender is found guilty of an aggravated felony of the first, second, or third degree and it is proven that he was previously convicted of the aggravated murder; murder; an aggravated felony of the first, second, or third degree; or an offense substantially equivalent to aggravated murder, murder, or an aggravated felony of the first, second, or third degree.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Requirement; minimum term of the sentence; be served; actual incarceration; under the requirement; offender; actually serve the term in prison; be sentenced to; carry the requirement; select; appropriate; statutory maximum term; minimum term; be suspended; be reduced by probation; supershock probation; parole; shock parole; credit for jail time; credit for time off; credit for good behavior; term of actual incarceration is served; sentence; assume; general characteristics; Parole Board; exercise one’s powers; determine; be paroled; be found guilty of; an aggravated felony of the first degree; be previously convicted of; aggravated murder; offense; substantially equivalent to.

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4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on actual incarceration to your partner.

ACTUAL INCARCERATION IN INDETERMINATE SENTENCES

What is actual incarceration?

How should the minimum term be served?

Can the minimum term be suspended?

What is 'probation’, ‘supershock probation’, ‘parole’, ‘shock parole’?

How can the minimum term be reduced?

What is ‘credit for jail time’?

What is ‘credit for good behavior?

When can the offender be paroled?

When is actual incarceration compulsory?

5.Listen to the text on actual incarceration as an enhancement of penalty. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice.

The Criminal Code provides another kind of __________ (1) incarceration as an enhancement of

__________ (2) for committing any felony while having a firearm, an automatic __________

(3), or a firearm equipped with a silencer on his person. This __________ (4) is applicable only where the sentence for the underlying felony is a life sentence or an indefinite __________ (5). Where an offender is convicted for any felony and it is proven that the __________ (6) had a firearm on or about his person when committed the felony, and where the sentence imposed is a life sentence, the __________ (7) must sentence the offender to an additional three-year term of actual __________ (8). Where the firearm is an automatic firearm or equipped with a

__________ (9), the mandatory sentence is six-year __________ (10) of actual incarceration. Actual incarceration based upon the use of a firearm, an automatic firearm, or a firearm

__________ (11) with a silencer, must be __________ (12) before and separate from any other incarceration, including another actual incarceration, for the underlying __________ (13). It cannot be served concurrently, that is, at the same time as the incarceration for the __________

(14) offense. These offenses are common offenses and many of them are subject to __________

(15), that is the offenses and penalties become more serious because of the offender’s

__________ (16) history or because of the monetary value of the item or service which was

__________ (17) taken or used.

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Actual incarceration; enhancement of penalty; commit a felony; automatic firearm; equipped with a silencer; enhancement is applicable; underlying felony; life sentence; indefinite sentence; offender is convicted; it is proven; imposed sentence; additional three-year term; mandatory sentence; serve two terms concurrently; common offenses; subject to enhancement; offender’s criminal history; monetary value; item or service; illegally taken.

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7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then tell your partner about actual incarceration as an enhancement of penalty.

ACTUAL INCARCERATION AS AN ENHANCEMENT OF PENALTY

When is actual incarceration used as an enhancement of penalty?

When is this enhancement applicable?

What is the additional term for having a firearm on one’s person when committing a felony?

What is the additional term for having an automatic firearm on one’s person when committing a felony?

What is the additional term for having a firearm equipped with a silencer on one’s person when committing a felony?

Can this additional term for having a firearm when committing a felony

be served concurrently with another term?

What are the other reasons for penalties enhancement?

8. Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-15 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 –

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9.At home write a survey report on the concept of actual incarceration in the Criminal Code penalty and sentencing structure. Use the texts in this lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

10.Translate into English

A.Ɂɚ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɮɟɥɨɧɿʀ ɜɢɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ, ɚɥɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɦɨɝɚ, ɚɛɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɨ ɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɿ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɜ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɿ. əɤɳɨ

ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɭ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ ɡ ɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɞɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. Ɇɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ. ȼɿɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ, ɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ, ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɟɫɧɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹɩɿɞɱɟɫɧɟɫɥɨɜɨɬɨɳɨ. Ɇɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣɫɬɪɨɤɦɨɠɟɛɭɬɢɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɣɬɿɥɶɤɢɡɚɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɚɥɿɤɭ ɱɚɫɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ, ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɨ, ɜɢɪɨɤ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɽ ɩɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, Ɋɚɞɚ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ – ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ – ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɱɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɜɢɧɧɢɦ ɭ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿ (ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ) ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ, ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɬɚ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɚɛɨɡɚɜɛɢɜɫɬɜɨɿɡɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɦɡɥɢɦɭɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

B.ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɽ ɧɨɜɢɦ. ɇɚɣɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɟɦ ɭ ɧɟɬɜɟɪɟɡɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. ȱɧɲɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɹɽ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɸ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ. ɐɿ

ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɿɞɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɫɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲ

ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɦɢɧɭɥɟ ɩɿɞɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɱɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɜɠɢɬɿ. ɋɭɞɞɹ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɢɥɢɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ ɦɚɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɜ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ ɿɡ ɝɥɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ.

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PART 3. PENALTIES AND SENTENCING JIGSAW

1.Work in pairs. Decide what the following words and word combinations may mean if we talk about penalty and sentencing structure in the US Criminal Code.

minimum term; maximum term; minimum actual incarceration term; maximum fine; life imprisonment; aggravated murder; aggravated felony;

aggravated felony of the second degree; prior conviction; discretionary with judge; mandatory

2. Read the text and fill in the table below.

The penalty and sentencing structure is complex and confusing. The penalty for the offence of murder does not provide for any minimum actual incarceration term. The minimum term for this offence is 15 years, the maximum term – life imprisonment, the maximum fine - $ 25,000.

An aggravated felony of the first degree is punished by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 years or 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 years of the minimum term, depending upon whether the offender has any prior conviction for the same type of crime, while the maximum term is 25 years. The minimum incarceration term is discretionary with judge if the offender has no prior conviction for an aggravated felony, felony, or aggravated murder, but it is mandatory if the offender has such a prior conviction. The maximum fine ranges from $ 10,000 to $ 15,000.

The same rule goes about an aggravated felony of the second degree which is punished by 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 years or 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 years of the minimum term, depending upon whether the offender has any prior conviction for the same type of crime, while the maximum term is 15 years. The maximum fine is in the limits of $ 5,000 to $ 7,500.

The punishment for an aggravated felony of the third degree is based on similar principles, where the minimum term ranges from 2, 3, 4 or 5 years or 5, 6, 7 or 8 years, depending on the offender’s prior convictions, with the maximum term being 10 years and the maximum fine – in the range of $7,500 to $10,000. The minimum actual incarceration term in this case is again discretionary with judge, depending on the offender’s prior convictions, and is ruled by the same principles as in the case of an aggravated felony of the second degree.

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PENALTY AND SENTENCING STRUCTURE – 1

3.Work in pairs. Using the table you have just filled in, tell your partner about the US penalty and sentencing structure.

4.Listen to the continuation of the text on the US penalty and sentencing structure. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice.

Felonies of the first, second, third and fourth degrees do not provide for any

__________ (1) actual incarceration term, and the minimum __________ (2) is ranging from 4-6 years or 2-5 years for the __________ (3) of the first and second degrees, and 2-4 years or 1-3 years for the felonies of the third and fourth degrees. In the latter case a definite __________ (4) of 1-2 years (for the felonies of the third __________ (5)) or 0,5-1,5 years (for the felonies of the fourth degree) is __________ (6) if no harm has been inflicted, and the offender has no prior __________ (7).

The maximum terms, however, may range from 5 years (for the felonies of the fourth degree) to 25 years (for the felonies of the first degree). The maximum __________ (8) is in the limits of $ 2,500 to $ 5,000 in case of the __________ (9) of the first and second degrees, and is not __________ (10) in case of the felonies of the third and fourth degrees. There is a firearms and automatic weapon __________

(11) for felonies, which is mandatory if there was any firearm or __________ (12) firearm or firearm equipped with silencer on or about an offender or under the offender’s control when the felony was __________ (13), and the sentence for the underlying felony is a __________ (14) sentence or an indefinite sentence. In this case the law provides for the additional 3-year or 6-year term of actual __________ (15), which must be served before and separate from __________ (16) for underlying offense including other __________ (17) incarceration. The notions of a maximum term or a maximum

fine are not __________ (18) in this case.

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5. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 4, and then continue telling your partner about the US penalty and sentencing structure.

PENALTY AND SENTENCING STRUCTURE - 2

FOR MINIMUM

TERM

FELONY 1º

FELONY 2º

FELONY 3º

FELONY 4º

FIREARMS AND AUTOMATIC WEAPON ENHANCEMENT FOR FELONIES

ALL FELONIES

6. Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-20 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – shot

(not shooted).

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7. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Felonious assault; prior conviction; offender was convicted; property proven; Felony Penalty Table; appropriate minimum term; aggravated felony; sentence the offender; actual incarceration; term provided with the statute; term can be reduced; time off for good behavior; credit for jail time; eligible for consideration for parole; potential maximum sentence; periodic review of the offender’s situation.

8.At home write a survey report on the US penalty and sentencing structure. Use the texts in this lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

9.Translate into English

ɉɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɿɣɤɢ ɩɨɪɚɧɢɜ ɿɡ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɜ ɪɭɤɭ (ɰɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɿɡ ɧɚɦɿɪɨɦ ɜɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɬɹɠɤɢɣ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ). ɐɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɜɠɟ ɛɭɜ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɿɡ ɧɚɦɿɪɨɦ ɜɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɬɹɠɤɢɣ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ, ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɱɨɝɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɿɡ ɧɚɦɿɪɨɦ ɜɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɬɹɠɤɢɣ ɡɥɨɱɢɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɭɫɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɛɭɥɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɿ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ.

Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɸ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɨɦ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɟɥɨɧɿɣ 2-ɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ (ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ), ɫɭɞɞɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ 8, 9, 10, 11 ɚɛɨ 12 ɪɨɤɿɜ. ɋɭɞɞɹ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɿɜ, ɚɞɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɦɭ ɜɠɟ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɡɚ ɮɟɥɨɧɿɸ 2-ɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ (ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ). Ⱦɨ ɬɨɝɨ ɠ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɨ 15 ɪɨɤɿɜ. ɉɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɳɨ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɜɿɫɿɦ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɦ. Ɍɨɞɿ ɜɿɧ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ 8 ɬɚ 15 ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ (ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ) ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢɣ ɜ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɿ. ȯɞɢɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɢɦ ɰɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɢɣ, – ɰɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɬɚ/ɚɛɨ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɜ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɬɨɞɿ ɜɿɧ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɣɨɦɭ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ ɣ ɬɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɪɟɲɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɚɫɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɸ ɦɿɠ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɧ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɜ, ɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɦ (15 ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɡɝɚɞɚɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ). əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ. Ɋɚɞɚ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɹɤɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ.

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LESSON 3. TO ERR IS HUMAN, BUT TO ADMIT IT IS NOT

PART 1. THE BEST ARMOR IS TO KEEP OUT

OF GUNSHOT

1.Work in pairs. What kind of the penalty enhancement is applied for the offender’s use a firearm in the commission of an offense?

2.Read the text below and answer the questions in exercise 1 again.

In the previous lesson we assumed that an offender shot a victim in the arm during a felonious assault and the above mentioned offender had had a prior conviction for felonious assault. Because of the offender’s prior conviction, the judge sentenced the offender to actual incarceration for 8-year minimum term, which could be reduced through the time off for good behavior and credit for jail time. Once the offender has served the minimum term, he is eligible for consideration for parole, if the Parole Board agrees to it. However, the above analysis is incomplete. The analysis does not consider the fact that offender used a firearm in the commission of the underlying offense. In addition to the 8-15-year sentence with eight years’ actual incarceration, the judge must sentence the offender to an additional three years’ actual incarceration, as is indicated in the Felony Penalty Table at Firearm Enhancement for Felonies. The offender must serve this three-year term before and separate from any other penalty, including the eight-year term of actual incarceration for the underlying offense. Stated another way, offender cannot serve the three-year term of actual incarceration for the use of a firearm concurrently with, that is at the same time he is serving, the 8-year term of actual incarceration for the underlying offense which is a second degree aggravated felony. Further, the only way this three-year term can be reduced is through credit for jail time.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Offender shot a victim in the arm; the above mentioned offender; prior conviction for felonious assault; judge sentenced the offender to actual incarceration; reduce the term through the time off for good behavior and credit for jail time; offender is eligible for consideration for parole; analysis is incomplete; offender used a firearm; commission of the offense; underlying offense; additional three years; Felony Penalty Table; Firearm Enhancement for Felonies; serve the term separate from any other penalty; serve the term concurrently with any other penalty; aggravated felony; credit for jail time.

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4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on firearm enhancement for felonies to your partner.

FIREARM ENHANCEMENT FOR FELONIES – 1

Why did the judge sentence the offender to actual incarceration for 8-year minimum term for the felonious assault?

Can this 8-year minimum term of actual incarceration be reduced? How?

When does the offender become eligible for parole?

What is the additional penalty for the use a firearm during the felonious assault? Why?

Can this additional term be served concurrently with the penalty for the felonious assault? Why?

Is there any way to reduce the additional term for the use a firearm?

5.Listen to the continuation of the text on firearm enhancement for felonies. Fill in the missing words. You will hear the text twice. Use the Vocabulary section if you need to.

(19) fifteen-year term. However, once he has served the eight-year term, the _______ (20) Board may ______ (21) its power and he may be __________ (22). Because he was __________ (23) to actual incarceration, the offender is not __________ (24) for shock probation or supershock

__________ (25).

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

In summary; actual incarceration; incarceration for the use of a firearm; serve prior to and separate from the remaining sentence; term may be reduced by credit for jail time; time off for good behavior; time for earned credit; underlying offense; is served, time served on the eightyear term; Parole Board; exercise power; the offender may be paroled; sentenced to actual incarceration; offender is not eligible; shock probation; supershock probation.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then continue telling your partner about the US penalty and sentencing structure.

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FIREARM ENHANCEMENT FOR FELONIES – 2

What does the offender’s 11-year actual incarceration consist of?

Which actual incarceration term must be served first? Why?

Can the first actual incarceration term be reduced? Why?

Can the second actual incarceration term be reduced? How?

What is an ‘underlying offense’?

What happens after the second actual incarceration term has been served?

What is the Parole Board’s role in the offender’s fate after the second actual incarceration term has been served?

Sometimes the offender is not eligible for shock probation or supershock probation. Why?

8. Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary

word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense

of the text. For each numbered line 1-14 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0).

9.At home write a survey report on sentencing procedures in criminal cases and firearm enhancement for felonies. Use the texts in this lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

10.Translate into English

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Ⱥ. əɤɳɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɜ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɞɨ ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ «8–15 ɪɨɤɿɜ», ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɫɿɦ ɪɨɤɿɜ – ɰɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɚɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɳɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɪɨɤɢ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. ɐɹ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɜ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɪɢ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɰɟɣ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɞɨ ɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ. ȱɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɿɡ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɽ ɮɟɥɨɧɿɽɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ (ɡɚ ɨɛɬɹɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ). ȯɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɹɤɢɦ ɰɟɣ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɢɣ, ɽ ɡɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ.

Ȼ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ 11 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ – ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜɫɹ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. ȼɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɨ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɫɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ, ɡɚ ɝɚɪɧɭ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɡɚɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɜ’ɹɡɧɟɦ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ. Ʉɨɥɢ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ – ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ – ɜɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɨ, ɣɨɦɭ, ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɞɨɜɟɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ ɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɚɫɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɸ ɦɿɠ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɦ ɬɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦ 15-ɪɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɬɹ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ Ɋɚɞɚ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɣɨɝɨɛɭɥɨɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɨɞɨɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ.

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH – UKRAINIAN

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PART 2. THE WEAKER THE DEFENSE,

THE STRONGER THE LANGUAGE

1.Work in pairs. What do you think ‘sentencing’ is? How is it carried out in US law?

2.Read the text below and answer the questions in exercise 1 again.

The Felony and Misdemeanor Penalty Tables show the general penalties established by the Criminal Code. In determining the sentence, the judge must consider: the risk the offender will commit another crime and the need for protecting the public; the nature and circumstances of the offence; the victim impact statement; the history, character, and condition of the offender’s need for correctional or rehabilitative treatment. The judge may order a presentence investigation in order to acquire the information needed to determine the sentence to be imposed on an offender. This investigation is usually carried out by the court’s officer, who gathers information about the offender’s social history, employment record, financial situation, personal characteristics, family situation, and physical and mental condition, plus other pertinent information. All of this information is placed in a presentence investigation report and given to the judge. The judge then determines the sentence, and how the sentence is to be modified. A judge is more likely to be lenient if the offender is a first offender. A judge is more likely to be severe when the offender is a repeat offender or a dangerous offender. Judges have responsibility for sentencing after conviction, whether the conviction was by judge, jury, or plea bargain. Initial definitions of punishments are defined by legislatures. There may be room under the law for judges to use discretion in shaping individual sentences.

3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

The Felony and Misdemeanor Penalty Tables, penalties established by the Criminal Code; determine the sentence; need for protecting the public; nature and circumstances of the offence; victim impact statement; correctional or rehabilitative treatment; presentence investigation; court’s officer; social history; employment record, family situation; physical and mental condition; pertinent information; presentence investigation report; modify the sentence; lenient; first offender; severe; repeat offender; sentencing after conviction; plea bargain; initial definitions of punishments; there may be room under the law; use discretion; shape individual sentences.

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4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on determining the sentence to your partner.

DETERMINING THE SENTENCE – 1

The factors the judge must consider in determining the sentence

The reasons the judge may order a presentence investigation

The functions of the presentence investigation

Conditions when a judge is more likely to be lenient

Conditions when a judge is more likely to be severe

Does the responsibility for sentencing after conviction depend upon the type of conviction?

Who does the definitions of punishments depend on?

5. Listen to the text on the types of sentences and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

Sentencing guidelines have emerged in the federal system and some state

__________(1) as a __________(2) to limit the discretion of judges and to

reduce sentencing disparities for offenders convicted of the same offense.

Sentencing ranges in the guidelines are _______(3) on seriousness of

__________(4) and offender’s criminal history and prior record or other

__________(5)’s characteristics. The grid provides an offender with the score

which indicates the sentencing range for the particular __________(6) who

commits a specific offense. Judges are expected to __________(7) a written

explanation if they depart from the guidelines. Among the most applicable

__________(8) of sentences we can point out the following: Indeterminate Sentence, Determinate Sentence and Mandatory __________(9). In accord with the __________(10) of rehabilitation, state legislatures adopted indeterminate (often termed indefinite) sentences. Based on idea that correctional personnel

_______(11) be given the discretion to __________(12) a release decision on the grounds of successful treatment, penal codes with indeterminate sentences stipulate a __________(13) and maximum amount of time to be __________(14) in prison. "Good time" may be subtracted from either the minimum or __________(15); "good time" is earned through good behavior in

__________(16). Growing dissatisfaction with the rehabilitative goal led to efforts in support of determinate sentences __________(17) on the assumption of deserved punishment. A convicted offender is given a specific length of time to be __________(18) and at the end of this

__________(19) (minus credited "good time") the prisoner is automatically freed. Release is not tied to participation in any treatment __________(20) or the judgment of the Parole __________(21) about the future recidivism of the offender. Criticisms of excessive leniency and early releases have led legislatures to __________(22) mandatory sentences, stipulating some minimum

__________(23) of incarceration that must be served by persons convicted of selected

__________(24). No regard may be given to the circumstances of the offense or the background of the __________(25); the judge has no discretion and is not allowed to suspend the sentence. Mandatory prison __________(26) are most often specified for violent __________(27), drug

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violations, habitual offenders, or crimes where a firearm was __________(28). Plea bargaining can undercut the intentions of the legislature by negotiating for a __________(29) charge.

6. Work in pairs. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the words from the box.

committed the same or similar crimes.

10. ________ is a credit awarded to prisoners which permits them to earn days off of their sentences through proper behavior.

11. ______ is a punishment of criminals that is intended to serve as an example to the public and discourage others from committing crimes.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 5, and then continue telling your partner about determining the sentence.

DETERMINING THE SENTENCE – 2

The reasons sentencing guidelines have emerged

Sentencing ranges the guidelines are based on

Where is the sentencing range for the particular offender indicated?

What happens if a judge departs from the guidelines?

What are the most applicable types of sentences?

What idea is an indeterminate sentence based on?

What idea is a determinate sentence based on?

What idea is a mandatory sentence based on?

How can the idea of a mandatory sentence be undercut?

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8.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-21 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – has (not had).

9. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text in exercise 8.

Impose a sentence; alter the implementation of the sentence; in the interests of justice; to be convicted; to serve the term consecutively or concurrently; place the offender on probation; release under supervision; follow certain

guidelines in the future; regular probation; recall the offender; shock

probation; crime-free life; supershock probation; incarceration in a state

facility; correctional supervision; drug dependant; voluntary admission;

file a request; vocational, educational, and treatment programs; treatment facility; local jail; split sentence.

10. Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0.The advocate explained, “The only ways this minimum term can be reduced are through the time off for good behavior and credit for jail time”.

The advocate explained that the only ways that minimum term could be reduced were through the time off for good behavior and credit for jail time.

1.He said, “My client has already served six months’ incarceration in a state facility. Now we’re going to file a request for supershock probation”.

2.The judge said, “The situation is vague. I order the presentence investigation to gather more information about offender’s employment record and social life”.

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3.They explained, “Because the offender has a prior conviction for an aggravated felony of the second degree, the judge must sentence him to actual incarceration for such minimum term”.

4.He said, “You deserve corporal punishment!”

5.The secretary said, “I’ve recorded everything up to the final objection. Repeat it please”.

6.The defendant said, “I’ve committed this crime and realize it entirely. I’m ready to be punished. But please be merciful to me!”

7.The judge said, “Keep silence in the courtroom!”

8.The attorney said, “Be careful. Don’t say a word without my permission”.

9.The judge said, “The analysis does not consider the fact that the offender used a firearm in the commission of this underlying offence”.

10.The judge said, “Because Mr. Simpson was sentenced to actual incarceration, he is not eligible for shock probation”.

11.At home write a passage on determining the sentence. Use the texts in this lesson or any other materials you may come across.

12.Translate into English

ɍɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɚɽ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ

ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɢ, ɫɭɬɶ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɨ; ɜɫɬɭɩɧɭ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɩɿɥɨʀ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ; ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɚɯ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ. ɋɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ (ɨɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ ɩɿɞɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ) ɞɨ ɜɢɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ, ɚɛɢ ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɢɪɨɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɭ. ɐɟ ɪɨɡɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɛɢɪɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɫɿɦɟɣɧɨɝɨ, ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɞɨɪɟɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. ɍɫɹ ɰɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɮɿɤɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɡɜɿɬɿ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɞɞɿ. ɉɨɬɿɦ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɢɪɨɤ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ.

ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɜ ɜɢɪɨɤ ɭ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ, ɜɿɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɞɹ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɚɛɨ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɟ (ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɟ). ɋɭɞɞɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ «ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ (ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ)», ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɭ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨɦɭ. Ɂɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿʀ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɿɫɹɰɶ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ. ɐɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ «ɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ», ɛɨ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ. ɋɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ «ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ». ɉɟɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ

ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɬɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɲɬɚɬɭ.

əɤɳɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɽ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɫɬɨʀɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɝɪɨɡɨɸ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɡɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɫɭɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɣɞɟ ɤɭɪɫ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɧɿʀ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɜɿɞɛɭɞɟ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿɣ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ. ɐɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ «ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɨɤ».

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PART 3. THERE IS A LIMIT TO EVERYTHING,

EVEN PROBATION

1.Work in pairs. In what cases do you think the judge must deny probation?

2.Read the text below and answer the question in exercise 1 again.

In some situations, judges may not have the authority to modify sentences in the manner stated above. For example, an offender convicted of an offense which requires actual incarceration cannot be granted probation, shock probation, or supershock probation before serving the term of actual incarceration. Further, an offender who is convicted of using a firearm, an automatic firearm, or a firearm equipped with a silencer during a felony cannot serve the required threeor six-year term of actual incarceration concurrently with the underlying sentence. Moreover, probation, shock probation, and supershock probation are unavailable where the offense is a non-probationable offense or the offender is a nonprobationable offender.

At this point, some further explanation of previous examples may help illustrate the limitations on probation. The Penalty section in the Penalty and Sentencing Table uses the example of an offender who stole a bicycle and notes that prior convictions for theft offenses made both the offense and the penalty more serious. Prior convictions also affect eligibility for probation. The statute, which defines "repeat offenders", states that if an offender has been convicted and imprisoned upon any prior theft offense, the offender is "prima facie" a repeat offender. Repeat offenders are not eligible for probation. The offender who stole the bicycle may be a repeat offender. The example mentions prior convictions for theft offenses. It does not mention imprisonment upon such convictions. If offender who stole the bicycle was imprisoned upon a prior theft offense, the judge could find him or her to be a repeat offender and deny the offender probation.

The "Penalty" section also uses the example of an offender who shot a victim in a fight. This offender was convicted of felonious assault and his sentence includes two terms of actual incarceration. He received the first term because he used a firearm in the commission of a felony. He received the second term because he had a prior conviction for felonious assault. This offender is not eligible for probation because he used a firearm, and because he was sentenced to actual incarceration. Further, this offender might also be ineligible for probation because he may be both a repeat offender and a dangerous offender.

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3. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Have the authority; modify sentences; offense which requires actual incarceration; grant probation; shock probation; supershock probation; serve the term of actual incarceration; an offender convicted of using an automatic firearm; firearm equipped with a silencer; serve the term concurrently with the underlying sentence; non-probationable offense; non-probationable offender; prior convictions; eligibility for probation; repeat offender; convicted and imprisoned; prior theft offense; imprisonment conviction; deny the offender probation; offender who shot a victim in a fight; convicted of felonious assault; sentence includes two terms of actual incarceration; commission of a felony; prior conviction for felonious assault; ineligible for probation.

4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on the limitations on probation to your partner.

LIMITATIONS ON PROBATION – 1

How can probation be applied to those convicted of an offense which requires actual incarceration?

How does using a firearm, an automatic firearm, or a firearm equipped with a silencer during a felony affect the procedure of serving the term?

What kinds of probation can be applied to nonprobationable offenders?

How do prior convictions affect eligibility for probation?

5.Listen to the text on the types on the limitations on probation and fill in the gaps. You will hear the text twice.

In general, the granting or ___________(1) of probation is discretionary with the ___________(2); however, in some ___________ (3), the judge cannot ___________(4) probation. Non-probationable offenses include: ___________(5) murder; murder; ___________(6); felonious sexual penetration; any ___________(7) committed while armed with a firearm, ___________(8), firebomb, or other destructive ___________(9) or device; attempting or actually carrying a concealed ___________

(10) or bomb, firebomb, or other especially ___________(11) device upon an aircraft. (The first offense of carrying a concealed firearm or bomb, etc. is ___________(12) if it does not involve an aircraft. The second such ___________ (13) is probationable only upon shock probation or supershock probation.) Some types of offenders are not ___________(14) for probation regardless of their offense. These include persons classed as ___________(15) offenders or dangerous offenders. In addition, persons sentenced to actual ___________(16) are not eligible for probation. Further, persons ___________(17) of aggravated vehicular homicide or vehicular homicide are not

___________(18) where any of the following conditions ___________(19): the person was previously ___________(20) of aggravated vehicular homicide, driving while under the influence of alcohol or ___________(21); the person accumulated 12 points under the motor vehicle

___________(22) point system within one year of the date of the offense of aggravated vehicular homicide or; the person was driving under ___________(23) or under the influence of alcohol or drugs when he ___________(24) the offense of aggravated vehicular homicide or vehicular homicide.

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6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text.

Granting or denying of probation; discretionary with the judge; non-probationable offenses; aggravated murder; murder; offense committed while armed with a firearm; firebomb; destructive weapon or device; carry a concealed dangerous device upon an aircraft; offenders are not eligible for probation; regardless of the offense; dangerous offenders; persons sentenced to actual incarceration; not eligible for probation; aggravated vehicular homicide; previously convicted; driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs; person accumulated 12 points; motor vehicle violation point system; within one year of the date of the offense; driving under suspension.

7. Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then continue providing information on the limitations on probation to your partner.

LIMITATIONS ON PROBATION – 2

What is the power of judge in granting or denying of probation?

What are the non-probationable offenses?

When can carrying a concealed firearm or bomb be probationable?

Which types of offenders are not eligible for probation regardless of their offense?

When can’t the persons convicted of vehicular homicide be probationable?

8.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-16 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – after (not before).

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9.Work in pairs. Using the text in exercise 8, fill in the table below and then explain to your partner the difference between parole and probation.

10. Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example at the beginning.

0. He asked, “What's the difference between someone on parole and someone on probation?”

______________________________________________________________

3.She said, “Let’s release him back into the community.”

___________________________________________________________________________

4.He asked, “Do all the states have Parole Boards?”

___________________________________________________________________________

5.She asked, “How long had he been serving sentence before he was put on probation?”

___________________________________________________________________________

6.He said, “Don’t violate the terms of your parole!”

___________________________________________________________________________

7.She said, “Send him back to jail to finish serving his sentence.”

___________________________________________________________________________

8.She asked, “What sentence could the judge have originally given them?”

___________________________________________________________________________

9.He said, “When he was sentenced, parole was no longer available in federal cases.”

___________________________________________________________________________

10.She said, “Federal sentencing guidelines must be applied in this case.”

___________________________________________________________________________

11.Translate into English

ɍɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɭɞɞɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɸɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɤɚɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹɦ, ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ, ɲɨɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɸ, ɩɟɪɲ ɧɿɠ ɜɿɧ ɜɿɞɛɭɞɟ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɡɛɪɨʀ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɨʀ ɝɥɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɰɟ ɬɪɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɲɟɫɬɢɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɿɡ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɿɡ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ

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ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɿɜ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɦɨɜɧɟ, ɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɬɚ ɫɭɩɟɪɲɨɤɨɜɟ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɸ.

Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɩɪɨɿɥɸɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɿ «ɉɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ» ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɿɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɤɪɚɜ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞ, ɬɚ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɢɥɨ ɹɤ ɬɹɠɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɦɿɪɭ ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɞɟɮɿɧɿɰɿʀ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬ» ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɛɭɜ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɭ, ɜɿɧ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬɨɦ. Ɋɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬɢɧɟɩɿɞɩɚɞɚɸɬɶɩɿɞɭɦɨɜɧɟɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ, ɹɤɢɣɜɢɤɪɚɜ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞ, ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬɨɦ. ɍ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɿ ɡɝɚɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɽ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɢ. ɍɧɶɨɦɭɧɟɡɝɚɞɭɽɬɶɫɹɩɪɨɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹɡɚɰɿɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɤɪɚɜ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞ, ɛɭɥɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɤɪɚɞɿɠɤɭ, ɫɭɞɞɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬɨɦɬɚɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢɣɨɦɭɜɭɦɨɜɧɨɦɭɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɿ.

Ɂɝɚɞɚɽɦɨ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɟɥɢɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɿɣɤɢ. ɐɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɭɜɚɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɿ, ɚ ɜɢɪɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜ ɞɜɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɡɛɪɨʀ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ – ɡɚ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɦɭ ɜɠɟ ɦɚɜ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɚɞ. ɐɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɚɞɚɽ ɩɿɞ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ, ɛɨ ɜɿɧ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɜ ɜɨɝɧɟɩɚɥɶɧɭ ɡɛɪɨɸ ɿ ɜɠɟ ɛɭɜ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɜ’ɹɡɧɟɧɧɹ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɰɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɳɟ ɣ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɿɫɬɚ ɬɚ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɰɹ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ.

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH – UKRAINIAN

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PART 4. TRYING TIMES’ WATCHDOGS

1.Work in pairs. What do you think the function of the probation and parole agencies is? Why should the probation officer regularly have contact with the offender?

2.Read the text below and answer the questions in exercise 1 again.

Probation and parole agencies share one particular and significant function: they provide supervision of offenders in the community. After an offender has been granted probation or parole, a probation or parole officer, hereafter referred to as "PO," is expected to supervise that offender in the community. The basic question remains: What is the purpose of supervision? To some extent, the function of supervision, drawn from the field of social work, is based upon the casework model. The basic element in casework is the nature of the relationship between the caseworker and the individual in trouble. Casework emphasizes changing the behavior of the offender through the development of a supportive one-to-one relationship. The officer uses all the information available about the offender to make a diagnosis of that person's needs and designs a treatment plan. The PO attempts to bring about a mutual interaction with the offender in an effort to promote a psychological and social atmosphere that will enable the offender to be more self-accepting and to interact more acceptably with others. Yet providing treatment is only one aspect of supervision. In addition, the PO is expected to maintain surveillance of those offenders who make up the case load. Although these statements indicate that the treatment and surveillance are almost diametrically opposed, many believe that they coexist as a part of probation or parole agency's mission. Thus, the PO has two major responsibilities: to rehabilitate the offenders who are amenable to treatment and simultaneously protect society from those who prove to be dangerous.

While the term "surveillance" usually means simply watching in a police sense, it should be pointed out that a helping purpose can also occur. When surveillance is properly carried out, the offender can be continually sensitized to the possible results of a course of action that has made him or her vulnerable to breaking the law in the past. Just as an alcoholic or narcotics addict who is trying to change his or her life derives support from frequent contact with others who have successfully conquered their problems, so also can many offenders derive beneficial results from frequent meetings with the PO.

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3.Explain the following words and word combinations from the text. Use the Vocabulary Section if necessary.

Probation and parole agencies; supervision of offenders in the community;

probation or parole officer; social work; casework model; nature of the

relationship; caseworker; individual in trouble; emphasize; change the behavior of

the offender; development of a supportive one-to-one relationship; information

available; make a diagnosis of a person’s needs; design a treatment plan;

mutual interaction with the offender; promote a psychological and social atmosphere; enable the offender to be more self-accepting; interact more acceptably with others; providing treatment; aspect of supervision; maintain

amenable to treatment; protect society; helping purpose; surveillance is properly carried out; offender can be sensitized; possible results of a course of action; vulnerable to breaking the law; alcoholic or narcotics addict; derive support from contact with others; successfully conquer the problem; derive beneficial results.

4.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on the operation of probation and parole agencies to your partner.

PROBATION AND PAROLE AGENCIES – 1

What is the common feature of probation and parole agencies?

What is the PO expected to do?

What is the basic element in casework?

What are the PO’s two major tasks?

What is the purpose of PO’s attempts to establish a mutual interaction with the offender?

Are the PO’s two major tasks diametrically opposed?

Why?

How can ‘surveillance’ perform a helping purpose?

5.Listen to the text on two main types of probation. Point out the major differences between them and write down the standard terms of probation.

Probation is an opportunity for an offender to show the _____(1) that he is responsible enough to function without the need for the structure provided by ______(2). When the Court places the offender on _____(3), it must decide whether circumstances require his or her probation to be supervised by a probation officer. If the Court feels that direct ____(4) is not necessary, it will place the offender on ‘Court’ or Good ____(5)’ probation. As a result, the offender will not be required to pay for probation supervision or report regularly to a probation

___(6). In addition to any special __________(7) of probation, every individual, who is placed

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on probation instead of serving their __________(8) term, is required: to notify the Court of any change of address within 48 hours; to __________(9) the Court of any change in employment within five days; to notify the Court prior to leaving the State for any length of time; to

__________(10) no further violations of __________(11); not to consume, inhale, inject or otherwise use any non-prescribed controlled substance; not to abuse __________(12) or alcohol; to fully comply with each of the __________(13) listed on the Judgment, Sentence and Order form provided herewith; to appear for reviews and __________(14) as ordered; and submit fine payments as agreed. Failing to __________(15) with the conditions of probation will indicate to the Court that the offender needs either __________(16) probation or jail. If the Court orders that the offender’s probation be supervised, he or she be referred to a probation __________ (17). The offender must contact the probation agency within 24 hours. He or she will be required to pay for __________(18) supervision. The offender will be __________(19) to meet with his or her probation officer on a regular basis to report the offender’s progress in complying with the terms of his or her __________(20).

6. Explain the following words and word combinations from the text in exercise 5.

Responsible enough; need for the structure provided by jail; place on probation; circumstances require; supervised by a probation officer; direct supervision; ‘Good Behavior’

probation; pay for probation supervision; report to a

probation officer; special terms of probation; serving the

jail term; notify the Court; change of address; within 48

hours; change in employment; prior to leaving the State;

commit no further violations of law; use non-prescribed

controlled substance; abuse drugs or alcohol; fully comply

the terms; Judgment, Sentence and Order form; appear for

reviews and hearings as ordered; submit fine payments as

agreed; fail to comply with the conditions of probation; supervised probation or jail; refer to a probation agency;

on a regular basis; report progress.

7.Work in pairs. Fill in the table below, using the text in exercise 2, and then provide some general information on the types of probation to your partner.

TYPES OF PROBATION

What kind of opportunity is probation?

What is a ‘Good Behavior’ probation?

What is an individual on probation required to do?

What happens if an individual on probation fails to comply with the conditions of probation?

What is an individual on supervised probation required to do?

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8.Work in pairs. Read the text below. In most lines there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line 1-18 find this word and correct it. Some lines may be all right. The exercise begins with an example (0). Example: 0 – be (not is).

9.Work in pairs. Report the statements below to your partner. There is an example (0) at the beginning.

0.She said, “He has been placed on probation”.

She said that he had been placed on probation.

1. She said, “Notify the Court of any change of address within 48 hours”.

______________________________________________________

2. The attorney said, “You will be required to pay for probation supervision”.

_____________________________________________

3. She asked, “Which of them abuses drugs or alcohol?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. He said, “The PO has been maintaining surveillance of those two offenders for half a year. ”

___________________________________________________________________________

5. She asked, “How many offenders make up the case load?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

6.He said, “Use all the information available about the offender to make a diagnosis of that person's needs”.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7.He said, “Let’s design a treatment plan for her together”.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8.He asked, “Were you ordered to obtain an evaluating from a counseling agency?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

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9.He asked, “When will she be placed on Home Detention in lieu of jail?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

10.He said, “Do not try to change her behavior through the development of a supportive one-to- one relationship?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

10.At home write a survey report on probation and parole. Use the texts in this lesson or any other materials you may come across. See also: Survey Report in the Recommendations on Creative Writing Work.

11.Translate into English

ɋɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɭ ɣ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ: ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ, ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɚɽ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɩɨɡɢɱɟɧɚ ɡ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɤɨʀ ɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ, ɣ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ, ɹɤɚ ɦɚɽ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ. ȼ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɦɿɧɿ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ʀʀ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ. ȱɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɡ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɜɫɸ ɧɚɹɜɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɚɛɢ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɣ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɥɚɧ ʀʀ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿʀ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɚ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. Ɉɱɿɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɚɽ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɨɸ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ. ɏɨɱɚ ɡɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɦɢ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɞɿɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ, ɱɢɦɚɥɨ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɽ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɱɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɚɽ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ: ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɰɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɱɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ.

ɉɪɨɛɚɰɿɹ – ɰɟ ɲɚɧɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɭɞɭ, ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɱɢ ɜɨɧɚ ɽ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɚɛɢ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ, ɳɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɢ ɡɚɫɭɞɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ, ɫɭɞ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɬɢ, ɱɢ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚɦɢ. əɤɳɨ ɫɭɞ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ, ɳɨ ɡɝɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɢɣ, ɜɿɧ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ «ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨʀ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ». əɤ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ, ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɡɜɿɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɭ ɜ’ɹɡɧɢɰɿ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ: ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɞɿɛ; ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɞɿɛ; ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɲɬɚɬɭ; ɧɟ ɜɱɢɧɹɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ; ɧɟ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɫɩɿɪɚɬɨɪɧɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɿɧ’ɽɤɰɿɣ ɱɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɦ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɿ ɥɿɤɚɪɟɦ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ; ɧɟ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɢ ɣ ɧɟ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɟɦ; ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭɫɿɯ ɭɦɨɜ, ɜɢɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ, ɜɢɪɨɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɿ ɫɭɞɭ; ɡ’ɹɜɥɹɬɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɣ ɫɭɞɨɜɿ ɫɥɭɯɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɣ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɲɬɪɚɮɢ.

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