Теорграмматика / Блох М.Я. Семенова Т.Н. Тимофеева С.В. - Theoretical English Grammar. Seminars. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка - 2010
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7."Is a chicken big enough to eat when it's 2 weeks old?" "Of course, not!"
"Then how does it manage to live?"
8."Have you ever seen a man-eating tiger?" "No, but I've seen a man eating herring."
9."In this place you can eat dirt-cheap." "But who wants to eat dirt?"
10."I love you still," said the quiet husband to the chattering wife.
II. Fill in the blanks with the proper substitutes chosen from the given string:
"I'd like to see an overcoat," said a customer.
"Why, certainly," the salesman replied. "We've got a lot of fine ______ . What_______ would you like?"
"The warm _______ ."
The salesman took a ______ from a hanger and said: "Just feel the fabric. Try_______ on. You have never worn ________like________ in all your life."
The customer got into the coat. ____ |
was much too large. He took |
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_______ off and handed ____ |
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back to the salesman. |
coat saying: "See how this |
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The salesman handed him fits." |
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The man put the coat on. |
. was a fair fit. |
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"There's your _______," the salesman said. "How much?" asked the customer.
"Thirty-nine seventy-five," the salesman said. "And .
________ „ „„»„. t mvi ________ is a icai
buy. You can see for yourself. You go right ahead and see if you can find
______ overcoat like ________in town."
ones, it, that, another, coat, kind, one, anything.
III. Use the appropriate form of the verb opening the brackets:
A Night in the Inn
(after Ch. Dickens)
When the dinner (to clear away) Mr. Pickwick (to conduct) through a multitude of windings and stairs to his room.
"This is your room, Sir," said the maid and (to bid) Mr. Pickwick good night left him alone.
Test 11. Revision Tasks |
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Mr. Pickwick began to undress, when he recollected that he (to leave) his watch on the table downstairs. Now this watch was a special favourite with Mr. Pickwick, (to carry) about for a great number of years. The possibility (to go) to sleep unless it (to tick) under his pillow (to enter) Mr. Pickwick's brain. So as it was pretty late, and he was unwilling to ring the bell at that hour of the night, he put on his coat and walked quietly downstairs.
The more stairs Mr. Pickwick went down the more there (to seem, to be, to descend). Passage after passage did he explore; room after room (to peep) into. At last, just as he was on the point of (to give up) the search in despair he opened the door of a room and seeing his missing property on the table seized it in triumph.
If his progress downstairs (to be) difficult, his journey back was far more perplexing. A dozen times did he softly turn the handle of some bedroom door, which resembled his own, when a cry from within of "What do you want here?" caused him to steal away on tiptoe. He was on the verge of despair, when an open door (to attract) his attention. He peeped in - right at last. There were the two beds, which he perfectly (to remember), and the fire still (to burn) in the grate.
Carefully (to draw) the curtains of his bed Mr. Pickwick took off his coat and waistcoat and slowly (to draw) on his nightcap tied the strings under his chin. He was about to continue the process of undressing when he suddenly (to stop) by a most unexpected interruption, the entrance into the room of some person with a candle.
Who could it be? A robber? Some person who (to see) him (to come) upstairs, with a watch in his hand, perhaps. What was he to do?
(To keep) the curtains carefully closed with his hand so that nothing more of him could (to see) than his face and nightcap and (to put) on his spectacles, he looked out.
Mr. Pickwick almost fainted with horror. (To stand) before the look- ing-glass, was a middle-aged lady (to brush) her hair.
"I never met with anything so awful as this," thought poor Mr. Pickwick. "By the self-possession of that lady, it's clear to me that I must (to come) into the wrong room."
He hid behind the curtains and called out very loudly. "Ha-hum."
"What's that!" said the middle-aged lady.
"It's - it's - only a gentleman, Ma'am," said Mr. Pickwick from behind the curtains.
"A gentleman!" cried the lady.
"Ma'am," said Mr. Pickwick, (to thrust) out his head. "Ma'am!" -
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The lady was already near the door but the sudden appearance of Mr. Pickwick's night-cap (to drive) her into the remotest corner of the room where she (to stand, to stare) wildly at Mr. Pickwick, while Mr. Pickwick in his turn, stared wildly at her.
"What do you want here?" said the lady (to cover) her eyes with her hand. "Nothing, Ma'am - nothing whatever," said Mr. Pickwick earnestly. "It
is evident to me, Ma'am, now, that I (to mistake) this bedroom for my own." "If this improbable story (to be) true, Sir," said the lady, "you (to leave)
it instantly."
"I will, Ma'am, with the greatest pleasure," replied Mr. Pickwick. "I am very sorry, Ma'am, (to be) the innocent occasion of this alarm and emotion."
The lady pointed to the door.
"I am deeply sorry, Ma'am," continued Mr. Pickwick (to bow) very low. "If you (to be), Sir, you at once (to leave) the room," said the lady. "Immediately, Ma'am; this instant, Ma'am," said Mr. Pickwick, (to
open) the door and (to drop) both his shoes with a loud crash.
"I trust, Ma'am," resumed Mr. Pickwick, (to gather up) his shoes, and (to turn round) (to bow) again. "I trust, Ma'am," but before Mr. Pickwick could finish the sentence, the lady (to thrust) him into the passage and (to lock) the door behind him.
IV. To maintain the atmosphere of growing fear culminating with uncontrollable terror, the given extract creates, complete the unfinished sentences so as to express either hypothesis or supposition. Account for the choice of the forms used.
The Accursed House
(after E. Gaboriau)
The Vicomte de B. was peacefully enjoying an income of 30,000 livres yearly, when unfortunately for him, his uncle died, leaving him all his wealth. But for his uncle's death, he ... (to go in for business).
The Vicomte learned that he was the owner of a house in the Rue de la Victoire. He learned also, that the building, bought for 300,000 francs, now brought in 82,000 francs a year.
"Too much, too much," thought the generous Vicomte. "My uncle was too hard. I will begin to lower my rents and my tenants will bless me."
With this excellent purpose the Vicomte sent at once for the concierge of the building.
"Bernard, my friend," said the Vicomte, "go at once and notify all your tenants that I lower their rents by one-third."
That unheard-of word "lower" fell like a brick on Bernard's head. But he quickly recovered himself; he had heard badly: he had not understood.
Test 11. Revision Tasks |
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"Low ... er the rents!" said he. "Monsieur de Vicomte likes to joke. Monsieur, of course, means to raise the rents? If the lodgers ... (to learn of it), what ... (to think of Monsieur)? What people ... (to say in the neighbourhood)?"
"I was never more serious in my life, my friend," the Vicomte interrupted, "and I prefer, when I give an order, to be obeyed without reply. You hear me - go!"
Staggering as if he ... (to be a drunken man), Bernard went out of the house. All his ideas were upset, overthrown. Maybe he was the plaything of a dream, a ridiculous nightmare? Was he himself or something else? "Lower the rents!" repeated he. "It is not to be believed. If indeed the lodgers ...
(to complain); on the contrary, they are all good payers. Ah, if his uncle ...
(only to know), he ... (to rise from the tomb)! His nephew behaves as if he
... (to go mad)! This young man will finish badly! Who knows - after this - what he will do next? He lunched too well, perhaps, this morning." And Bernard was so pale and excited with emotion, that on seeing him enter, his wife exclaimed "Goodness! What has happened to you now?" "Absolutely nothing," said he.
"You're deceiving me, you are concealing something from me," said Madame Bernard. "Don't spare me; speak; I am strong - what did the new owner tell you? Does he think of turning us out?"
"If it... (to be) only that! But just think, he ordered me to notify all the tenants that - he lowered their rents by one-third!" She too was thunderstruck.
Next morning, Bernard, putting on his best coat, made the rounds of the 23 flats to announce his great news. Ten minutes later the house was in a commotion impossible to describe. "Why had the owner lowered his rents? What motives has this strange man?" they all wondered. For, certainly, he
... (to have grave reasons) for a step like this! An intelligent man, a man of good sense, ... (to never deprive himself) of good revenues for the simple pleasure of depriving himself. One ... (not to conduct himself) thus without being forced to by powerful or terrible circumstances. And each said to himself: "There is something behind all this! But what?"
Every tenant looked as if he ... (to try to solve) an impossible cipher. "This man ... (to commit a crime); remorse pushes him to philanthropy,"
thought one of them. "The house, perhaps, was badly built?" questioned another anxiously. "Maybe it was the roof?" suggested a tenant on the fifth floor and the gentleman on the first floor was inclined to believe that the owner intended to set fire to the house with the sole object of getting great sums from the insurance companies. From disquietude it had come to fright; from fright it quickly passed to terror. So, that the gentleman of the first floor 29-3548
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who had valuables in his rooms, made up his mind to go, and sent in notice by his clerk. Next day a tenant of the second floor imitated the gentleman beneath him. From that moment it was a general rout. By the end of the week, everybody had given notice. Everyone awaited some terrible catastrophe. They slept no more. They organized patrols. Bernard was no more than the ghost of himself; fear had turned him into a shadow. Meanwhile 23 "To let" placards appeared on the facade of the house.
Soon everybody left. From top to bottom, from foundations to garret, the house was empty of lodgers. The rats, themselves, finding nothing to live on, left it also. Only the concierge remained, grey-green with fear, in his room. At last, one morning, after a terrible nightmare, Bernard, too, took a great resolution. He went to the owner, gave up his keys and went away.
And now on the Rue de la Victoire stands the abandoned house "The Accursed House." Dust thickens upon the closed doors and windows, grass grows in the court. And in the quarter, where stands the Accursed House, so funereal is its reputation, that even the neighbouring houses on either side of it have also depreciated in value. Lower one's rent! Who ... (to think of such a thing)?!!
V. Comment upon the grammatical features of the forms ending in "-ing".
Tit for Tat
An American lady, travelling in England some years ago, got into a smoking compartment where an Englishman was smoking a pipe. For a short time she sat quietly expecting the Englishman would stop smoking. Then she began to cough and sneeze, trying to show him that she objected to his smoking. At last seeing that the man took no notice of her and did not put out his pipe she said:
"If you were a gentleman you would stop smoking when a lady got into the carriage."
"If you were a lady," replied the Englishman, "you wouldn't get into a smoking-carriage."
"If you were my husband," said the American lady angrily, "I would give you poison." The Englishman looked at her for a moment or two. "Well," he said at last, "if I were your husband, I wouldn't refrain from taking it."
VI. Fill in the blank spaces with appropriate words which constitute the lexi cal paradigm of nomination based on the stems "agree" and "disagree".
-Jim thinks that Betty is a ... person.
-Why?
Test 11. Revision Tasks |
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-Because she never ... with him. Whatever he suggests she is all against it, he says.
-Perhaps Jim's idea of an ... person is a person who ... with him.
"A gentleman is a man who can ... without being
VII. Group the italicized nouns according to their numerical differential properties.
At Bertram's Hotel
It just is old England! And the people who stay there! People you'd never come across anywhere else. Wonderful old Duchesses. They serve all the old English dishes, there's a marvelous old-fashioned beef-steak puddingl You've never tasted anything like it; and great sirloins of beef and saddles of mutton, and an old-fashioned English tea and a wonderful English breakfast. And of course all the usual things as well. And it's wonderfully comfortable. And warm. Great long fires.
"I suppose," said Luscombe, "that the restoration was quite expensive?" "Oh, yes. The place has got to look Edwardian, but it's got to have the modern comforts that we take for granted in these days. Our old dears - if you will forgive me referring to them as that - have got to feel that nothing has changed since the turn of the century, and our travelling clients have got to feel they can have period surroundings, still have what they are used
to having at home, and can't really live without!" "Bit difficult sometimes?" suggested Luscombe.
"Not really. Take central heating for instance. Americans require - need, I should say - at least ten degrees Fahrenheit higher than English people do. We actually have two quite different sets of bedrooms. The English we put in one lot, the Americans in the other. The rooms all look alike, but they are full of actual differences - electric razors, and showers as well as tubs in some of the bathrooms, and if you want an American breakfast, it's there - cereals and iced orange juice and all - or if you prefer you can have the English breakfast."
"Eggs and baconT'
"As you say - but a good deal more than that if you want it. Kippers, kidneys and bacon, cold grouse, York ham, Oxford marmalade."
"I must remember all that tomorrow morning. Don't get that sort of thing any more at home."
Humfries smiled.
"Most gentlemen only ask for eggs and bacon. They've - well, they've got out of way of thinking about the thing there used to be." 29*
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VIII. In response to the husband's remark build up a sentence making use of the following phrases:
"Why do you feed every tramp who comes along? They never do any work for you," said the husband angrily. "No," said the wife, "but..."
1) to be a satisfaction;
2) to see a man; |
3) to eat |
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a meal; |
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4) to find faults with the cooking. |
IX. Build up a stimulating remark with seven predicative centres making use of the following language units:
"I ...," explained a lady to an applicant for a post in the household. "You are looking for a husband, ma'am, not for a servant!" said the seeker for work.
1) |
to want a man; |
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to be always ready; |
2) |
to do odd jobs around the house; |
6) |
to do; |
3) |
to run errands; |
7) |
to bid. |
4) |
to never answer back; |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms
5)
Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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absolute generali- |
the highest degree of generalization |
absolute |
zation |
working on the level of notions |
abstraction |
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Cf.: relative generalization |
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Actant |
semantic entities representing participants |
semantic role |
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in a situation defined by their abstract |
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semantic function - the function of Agent, |
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Patient, Experiencer, Beneficient, |
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Instrument, etc. (L. Tesniere, A. Greimas) |
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to actualize |
to realize, to embody; to make a language |
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element part of evolving speech |
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adjunct |
1. a qualifying word, phase, etc., depending |
a dependent |
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on a particular member of a sentence; |
unit |
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2. a secondary word in a junction (O. |
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Jespersen) |
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Cf. : subjunct |
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adnex |
a secondary word in a nexus |
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(O. Jespersen) |
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Agent (as a |
the person or other being that instigates |
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semantic role) |
the happening denoted by the verb, e.g.: |
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Jenny has written me a letter. |
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allomorph |
a concrete manifestation of a morpheme, a |
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variant, an alternative of a morpheme |
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allo-term |
a variant language unit actualized in a |
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concrete speech string |
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Cf.: erne-term |
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aspective gram- |
differential grammatical meanings describing |
categorial |
matical meanings |
the inner character of the verbal process in |
aspective |
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terms of its beginning, duration, iteration, |
meanings |
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termination, intermination, or its |
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instantaneous, supercompleted, undercom- |
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pleted character, etc. |
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aspective seman- |
semantics describing the inner character- |
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tics |
istics of the verbal process; it can be |
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expressed lexically or grammatically |
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Beneficent (as a |
a person or other being for whose sake an |
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semantic role) |
action is performed |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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binding |
syntactical relationship of clauses of |
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different ranks (of an independent and a |
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dependent clause) Cf.: linking |
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bound morpheme |
a morpheme that cannot form a word by |
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itself Cf. : a free morpheme |
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case |
a nounal category showing the relation of |
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the referent to some other referent |
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cleft sentence |
a construction in which a simple sentence |
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is divided into two clauses so as to give |
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prominence to a particular language unit |
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and the information it carries, e.g.: // was |
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the players who/that objected to the delay. |
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collocation |
a habitual association between particular |
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words, such as "to" with "fro", the uses of |
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"to" after "answer" and before "me" in |
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"You'll answer to me!" |
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comment |
something said about (predicated of) the |
focus |
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topic |
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Cf: topic |
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common gender |
nouns able to actualize either masculine |
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nouns |
or feminine gender properties of the |
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referent depending on the context |
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complement |
an obligatory dependent language unit |
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Cf: supplement |
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complementary |
relation of formally different morphs |
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distribution |
having the same function in different |
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environments, e.g.: cows - oxen |
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Cf: contrastive distribution, non-contras- |
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tive distribution |
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complementive |
a verb taking an obligatory adjunct, a |
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verb |
verb having an obligatory valency Cf: |
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uncomplementive verbs |
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componential |
an approach which makes use of semantic |
compositional |
analysis |
components. It seeks to deal with sense |
analysis |
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relations by means of a single set of |
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constructs. Lexical items are analyzed in |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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terms of semantic features or sense compo- |
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nents, treated as binary opposites distin- |
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guished by pluses and minuses: [+ male]/ [- |
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male]. It has been argued that projection |
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rules can combine the semantic features of |
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individual words to generate the meaning |
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of an entire sentence and to account for |
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ambiguity and anomaly (e.g.: *He painted |
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the walls with silent paint). |
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conceptual |
information centred around some concept |
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domain |
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concord |
the relationship between units in such |
agreement |
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matters as number, person, and gender. |
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The two related units should both be |
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singular or both plural, feminine or |
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masculine, etc. Cf.: government |
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consecutive |
a phrase based on logical domination of |
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phrase |
one member over another Cf.: cumulative |
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phrase |
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contextualization |
establishing the context in which language |
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units are typically used, i.e. finding out who, |
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when, where, why and what for one can be |
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expected to use this or that language unit |
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with a certain meaning (J.R. Firth) |
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continuous |
an uninterrupted string of phonemes |
uninterrupted |
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morpheme |
building up a morpheme Cf: |
morpheme |
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discontinuous morpheme |
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continuum |
a set of language units interpolated |
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between any two polar units made up by |
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units having intermediary features; a |
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space of transition between poles |
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contrastive |
relations of different morphs in the |
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distribution |
identical environment Cf : non-contrastive |
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distribution, complementary distribution |
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coordinative |
a phrase based on coordination and |
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phrase |
consisting of elements of equal rank |
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Cf.: cumulative phrase |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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corteme |
a unit of language having no semantic |
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content, e.g. phoneme (M. Blokh) |
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Cf.: signeme |
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Counteragent |
entity (or force) against which the Agent |
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acts |
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covert morpheme |
an implicit morpheme, i.e. a morpheme |
zero mor- |
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having no explicit representation in the |
pheme |
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actual expression |
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Cf.: overt morpheme |
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cumulative |
a phrase whose elements are not equal in |
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phrase |
their rank |
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Cf.: coordinative phrase, consecutive phrase |
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deep structure |
the formal syntactical construction |
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represented by dummy symbols replaced |
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by lexical entities in ways determined by |
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their feature content |
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Cf. : surface structure |
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derivational |
referring to the formation of language |
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units |
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derivational |
a suffix which may be followed by other |
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suffix |
suffixes (W.N. Francis) |
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Cf.: inflectional suffix |
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"descriptive" |
the plural form of the noun having a |
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plural |
pronounced stylistic colouring due to the |
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usage of the uncountable noun in the |
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function of the countable noun, e.g.: |
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sands, snows |
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diachronic |
dealing with study of language changes |
historical |
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over a period of time |
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Cf.: synchronic |
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dichotomy |
division into two parts or categories |
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dicteme |
an elementary topical unit fulfilling the |
~ supra- |
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functions of nomination, predication, |
sentential |
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topicalization, stylization (M. Blokh) |
construction |
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differential |
distinctive feature of a categorial form |
distinguishing |
feature |
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feature |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
discontinuous |
a morpheme built up of an interrupted |
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morpheme |
string of phonemes, e.g.: be ... -en |
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Cf.: continuous morpheme |
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distribution |
the contextual environment of a language unit |
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Cf.: contrastive, non-contrastive, comple- |
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mentary distribution |
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dominational |
a phrase based on the relationship of the |
subordinative |
phrase |
modifier and the modified |
phrase |
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Cf.: equipotent phrase |
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elementary unit |
a unit indivisible into minor constituents |
minimal element, |
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smallest unit |
erne-term |
a generalized invariant language unit |
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Cf.: allo-term |
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epistemic modality |
modality expressing the degree of |
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commitment the speaker has to the truth |
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of the proposition expressed in the |
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utterance. It ranges from uncertainty |
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through possibility to probability |
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equipollent |
an opposition whose members have |
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opposition |
different positive categorial features |
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Cf.: privative opposition, gradual opposition |
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equipotent phrase |
a phrase based on logical succession of |
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elements having an equal rank |
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Cf.: dominational phrase |
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etymon |
the earliest traceable form from which a |
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later word is derived |
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Experiencer |
the person enduring a certain state, e.g.: |
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He wants to eat. |
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extensional |
an approach which is concerned with |
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semantics |
establishing the character of the corre- |
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spondence between a sign-function and a |
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given state of the world Cf.: intensional |
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semantics |
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finite verb |
a verb explicitly expressing predication on |
predicate verb |
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the basis of the categories of tense and |
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mood, verb of complete predication |
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Cf.: non-finite form of the verb |
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: PRESSI ( HERSON )
450 |
Seminars on Theoretical English Grammar |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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formative phrase |
a phrase consisting both of notional and |
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functional verbs |
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Cf.: notional phrase, functional phrase |
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function |
special purpose of a unit, its ability to |
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serve a certain aim; sometimes equivalent |
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to some abstract syntactic meaning |
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functional part of |
a part of speech having a partial nomina- |
form word |
speech |
tive value |
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Cf.: notional part of speech |
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Generative |
a grammar which precisely specifies the |
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Grammar |
membership of the sets of all the grammat- |
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ical sentences in the language in question |
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and therefore excludes all the ungrammati- |
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cal sentences. It takes the form of a set of |
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rules that specify the structure, interpreta- |
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tion, and pronunciation of sentences that |
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native speakers of the language are |
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considered to accept as belonging to the |
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language |
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genitive case |
a term in grammar marking possession and |
possessive |
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analogous relations in the case system of |
case |
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Latin and other inflected languages |
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Goal |
entity towards which an action is directed, |
Addressee, |
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e.g.: He gives a book to Jean. |
Dative |
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government |
a kind of concord in which one term |
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controls or selects the form of the partner |
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Cf.: concord |
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gradual opposi- |
an opposition whose members are |
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tion |
characterized by the expression of a |
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certain degree of one and the same |
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categorial feature |
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Cf.: privative opposition, equipollent |
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opposition |
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half-gerund |
a form having mixed, participial and |
participial |
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gerundial, features |
gerund |
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heterogeneous |
differing in kind; having dissimilar or |
dissimilar |
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incongruous elements |
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Cf.: homogeneous |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
451 |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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lierarchy |
organization of elements based on |
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ranking |
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lomogeneous |
of the same kind or nature; essentially |
similar |
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alike; uniform in structure; composed of |
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)arts all of the same kind |
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Cf.: heterogeneous |
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icon |
a highly motivated sign, visually (or |
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acoustically) resembling what it represents |
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'a photograph, hologram, onomatopoeia) |
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(Ch.S. Peirce) Cf.: symbol, index, sign |
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identification |
the act of singling out a referent |
individualiza- |
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Cf.: classification |
tion |
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idiom |
an expression unique to a language, esp. |
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one whose sense is not predictable from the |
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meaning and arrangement of its elements, |
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e.g.: "kick the bucket" (= to die) |
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Cf.: free word combination |
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illocutionary act |
an utterance which has a certain conven- |
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tional force, e.g.: informing, ordering, |
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warning, undertaking, etc. Cf.: locutionary |
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act, perlocutionary act |
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immanent |
a category expressing the inherent |
inherent |
category |
features of a part of speech (M. Blokh) |
category |
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Cf.: reflective category |
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immediate |
constituent elements immediately entering |
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constituents |
into any meaningful combination |
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implication |
information which is not given explicit |
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implicit, implied |
verbal expression to, but which is entailed |
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(deriv.) |
by some other elements of the context Cf.: |
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explication, verbalization |
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inchoative |
a kind of aspective meaning consisting in |
Ingressive |
meaning |
the indication of an action which is shown |
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as just starting, e.g.: Let 's get going. |
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index |
a partially motivated sign (to the extent |
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that there is a connection, usually of |
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452 |
Seminars on Theoretical English Grammar |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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causality, between sign and referent, e.g.: |
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smoke is indexical of fire) (Ch.S. Peirce) |
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Cf.: symbol, icon, sign |
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indicative verbal |
verbal forms expressing the categorial |
mood forms |
forms |
meanings of the indicative mood and |
of reality |
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describing the denoted action in terms of |
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absolutive time |
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Cf.: subjunctive forms, oblique verb forms |
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infix |
an affix inserted into the root (sta-n-d: |
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stood) |
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Cf.: prefix, suffix, root |
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inflectional suffix |
a suffix which must always come at the |
grammatical |
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end of the morpheme groups to which |
suffix |
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they belong |
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Cf.: derivational suffix |
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instrument (as a |
the physical stimulus of the action, e.g.: |
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semantic role) |
to strike with a knife |
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intensional |
a branch of semantic studies concerned |
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semantics |
with the analysis of the content (i.e. |
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meaning) of a given expression, but not |
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the relations of signs to the objects of the |
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real world |
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Cf.: extensional semantics |
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intralinguistic |
concerning relations of units within a |
internal |
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particular language system |
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Cf.: extralinguistic |
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irrealis |
semantic category the differential mean- |
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ing of which is denotation of imagined, |
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projected or otherwise unreal situations |
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Cf.: "realis" |
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junction |
relationship of two elements which is so |
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close that they may be considered to be |
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one composite name for what might in |
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many cases just as well have been called |
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by a single name (O. Jespersen) |
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Cf.: nexus |
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lexeme |
word taken as an invariant unity of form |
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and meaning |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
453 |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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lexical paradigm |
an interclass system of four-stage deriva- |
derivational |
of nomination |
tive part of speech correlative constitu- |
paradigm of |
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ents, reflecting regular part of speech |
nomination |
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correlations in the notional part of the |
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lexicon (M. Blokh) |
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limitive verb |
a verb expressing a potential limit in the |
terminative |
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development of the denoted action |
verb |
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Cf.: non-limitive verb |
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linking |
syntactic relationship of clauses of the |
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same rank (either both independent or |
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both dependent) |
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Cf.: binding |
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locutionary act |
uttering of a certain sentence with a |
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certain sense and reference (J. Austin) |
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Cf.: illocutionary act, perlocutionary act |
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loose sentence- |
sentences in which no element can be |
~ coordinate |
groups |
considered as the leading (or main) |
sentence |
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element (E. Kruisinga) |
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mental paradigm |
systemic principles of analysis |
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modality |
the way in which proposition is modified in |
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terms of reality/non-reality (possibility, |
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necessity, desire, obligation, belief, hope, |
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hypothesis, etc.). It shows the relation of the |
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nominative content to reality (M. Blokh) Cf. : |
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predication |
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mononomination |
naming a single referent |
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Cf.: poly nomination |
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morph |
a repeated segment of phonemic string; a |
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combination of phonemes that has a |
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meaning which cannot be subdivided into |
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smaller meaningful units (W.N. Francis) |
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Cf.: allomorph, morpheme |
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morpheme |
the smallest meaningful part of a word |
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expressing a generalized, significative |
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meaning. It's a group of allomorphs that |
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are semantically similar and in comple- |
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mentary distribution |
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Cf.: morph, allomorph |
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: PRESSI ( HERSON )
454 |
Seminars on Theoretical English Grammar |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
morphophoneme |
1 . a phoneme in semasiologo-morpholog- |
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ical function (Z. Harris); |
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2. H.C. : « |
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, |
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., |
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- : - )» |
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narrative |
the telling of stories |
narration |
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neutralization |
a type of oppositional reduction by which a |
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neutralized language unit becomes fully |
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functionally identified with its counter- |
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member |
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Cf.: transposition |
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nexus |
a predicative (and semi-predicative) |
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relation between words (O. Jespersen) |
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Cf.: junction |
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nomination |
naming a referent |
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Cf.: predication |
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non-contrastive |
relations of different morphs having the |
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distribution |
same function in the identical environ- |
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ments, e.g.: learnedlearnt |
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Cf.: contrastive distribution, complementary |
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distribution |
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non-limitive verb |
verb not expressing a potential limit in |
unlimitive verb, |
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the development of the denoted action |
non-terminative |
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Cf.: limit ive verbs |
verb, durative, |
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cursive |
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non-personal |
a verb which doesn't agree with a subject, |
impersonal |
verb |
the doer of the denoted action |
verb |
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Cf. : personal verbs |
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notional part of |
a part of speech of full nominative value |
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speech |
Cf.: functional part of speech |
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nucleus (of a |
a root or a combination of roots includ- |
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morphological |
ing possible non-roots, attributive to |
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construction) |
respective roots |
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Cf.: root, stem, affix |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
455 |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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Object (as a |
entity (thing) which is relocated or |
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semantic role) |
changed; whose existence is at the focus |
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of attention, e.g.: to break the window. |
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Sometimes O. is identified with patient, |
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.e. entity which is the victim of some |
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action: to kill a fox. |
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objectivity |
the ability of a verb to take an object of |
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any kind Cf.: transitivity |
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objective verb |
a verb taking an object of any kind |
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Direct, indirect, prepositional) |
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Cf.: transitive verbs |
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oblique verbal |
the form of a verb which expresses the |
non-real mood |
form |
categorial meanings of irreality Cf.: |
form of a verb, |
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indicative verbal form |
Subjunctive |
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opposition |
correlation of categorial forms having a |
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certain function |
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oppositional |
the process of curtailing an opposition of |
oppositional |
reduction |
categorial forms Cf.: neutralization, |
substitution |
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transposition |
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overt morpheme |
an explicit morpheme, not zeroed |
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Cf.: covert morpheme |
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paradigmatic |
referring to language system on the basis |
systemic |
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of invariant-variant relations, connected |
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on a non-linear basis |
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Cf.: syntagmatic |
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part of speech |
a class of words distinguished by a |
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particular set of lexico-grammatical |
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features |
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Participant (as a |
a person acting together with the Agent, |
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semantic role) |
but who is somehow "overshadowed" by |
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him: You have me to ride with. Cf.: Agent |
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particle |
a functional part of speech which actual- |
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izes limiting and specifying meanings |
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persona] verb |
a verb which agrees with a subject |
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denoting the doer of the action |
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Cf.: non-personal verb, impersonal verb |
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456 |
Seminars on Theoretical English Grammar |
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Entry |
Definition |
Equivalent terms |
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phoneme |
the smallest constituent of a word having |
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no meaning but fulfilling the function of |
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differentiating morphemes |
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phatic commun- |
language used more for the purpose of |
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ion |
establishing an atmosphere of maintaining |
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social contact than for exchanging informa- |
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tion or ideas: in speech, informal comments |
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on weather, or an enquiry about health at the |
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beginning of a conversation (B. Malinowski, |
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1923) |
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phraseme |
a combination of two or more words as a |
phrase, word- |
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representative of the corresponding |
group, word- |
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language level |
grouping, |
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syntactic |
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syntagma |
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Pluralia Tantum |
nouns having only the plural form |
absolute |
nouns |
Cf.: Singularia Tantum nouns |
plural nouns |
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pragmatic factor |
a factor relevant for the actualization of a |
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message in a concrete communicative |
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situation |
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predicate calculus |
the logical calculus in which the expressions |
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include predicate letters, variables and |
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quantifiers, names and operation letters, as |
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well as expressions for truth functions and |
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the prepositional variables of the preposi- |
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tional calculus |
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predication |
the act of referring the nominative content |
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of the sentence to reality (M. Blokh) Cf.: |
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nomination |
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prefix |
a term in word-formation for an affix |
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added at the beginning of a word or base |
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to form a new word, e.g.: re-write Cf.: |
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suffix, root |
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prepared sen- |
a clause introduced by connectives |
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tence/clause |
Cf: unprepared sentence/clause |
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presupposition |
a proposition whose truth is necessary for |
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either the truth or the falsity of another |
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statement. It stays intact under negation and |
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modal operators, e.g.: John is divorced |
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Glossary of Linguistic Terms |
457 |
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Entry |
Definition |
equivalent terms |
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(presupposition: John was married) - John |
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is not divorced (presupposition: John is |
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married] Cf: assertion |
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primary predica- |
predication expressed in a sentence which |
complete pre- |
tion |
has as its predicate a finite form of the verb |
dication, ex- |
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Cf: secondary predication, potential |
plicit predica- |
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tion, actual |
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predication |
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predication |
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privative opposi- |
an opposition based on the principle of |
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tion |
presence/absence in its counter-members |
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of one and the same feature Cf: gradual |
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opposition, equipollent opposition |
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proposeme |
a language unit expressing a thought |
~ sentence |
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proposition |
the content of a declarative sentence, that |
judgment |
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which is proposed, or stated, denied, |
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questioned, etc., capable of truth and falsity |
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prepositional acts |
acts of referring and predicating |
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(J.R. Searle) |
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to qualify |
1. to ascribe qualities to smth., to charac- |
to describe |
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terize; 2. to limit |
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ranking clause |
a nonembedded clause (M.A.K. Halliday) |
to modify |
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Cf. : embedded clause |
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reference |
1 . mentioning someone or something, |
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either directly or indirectly; 2. (logic, ling.) |
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the activity or condition through which one |
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term or concept is related to another or to |
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objects in the world |
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Cf: sense (2) |
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referent |
the denoted object of the world |
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Cf: sign |
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: PRESSI ( HERSON )