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45
Nomenclature of Organic Chemical Systems
Alcohols
Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. The hydroxyl group has priority
over alkyl groups, halogen atoms, as well as double bonds in the numbering system of the parent
chain.
H
3
C
CH CH
H
2
C CH
3
HO
CH
3
H
3
C
CH CH
OH
HO CH
3
3-Methyl-2-pentanol 2,3-Butanediol
Ethers
The two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces
between the names and they are followed by the word ether.
The prefix ‘di’ is used if both alkyl groups are the same.
O
H
3
C
H
2
C
CH
3
O
H
2
C
H
3
C
H
2
C
CH
3
Diethyl ether Ethyl methyl ether
Aldehydes
Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If there is more than one
aldehyde group, the suffix is included with the prefix –anedial.
The carbonyl group (C=O) has priority over alkyl, halogen atoms as well as double bonds, in
the numbering of the parent chain.
CHH
2
C
H
C
O
CH
3
C
H
H
2
C
CH
3
O
2-Methyl butanal Propanal
Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than one
carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is included with a prefix –anedione.
H
3
C
H
3
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
H
2
C
CH
46
A Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
CH
3
CH
3
O
CH
3
C
C
H
2
C
H
3
C
OO
Propanone (Acetone) 2,4-Pentadione
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous
chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane
with -anoic acid. If there are two -COOH groups the suffix is included with a prefix -anedioic
acid.
H
C
O
HO
C
H
2
H
3
C
O
OH
Methanoic acid (Formic acid) Propanoic acid (Acetic acid)
C
C
O
OH
O
HO
O
HO
Ethanedioic acid (Oxalic acid) Benzoic acid
Esters
IUPAC names of esters are based on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid.
R
C
O
R'
O
Alkyl group
Acyl group
CH
2
CH
CH
2
47
Nomenclature of Organic Chemical Systems
The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed by a space
(–). The acyl portion of the structure is named by replacing the -ic acid suffix of the
corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate.
C
O
O CH
2
CH
3
C
H
2
C CH
3
O
O
H
3
C
Ethyl benzoate Methyl propanoate
(a) Heterocyclic Compounds
If the given ring contains at least one atom other than a carbon atom then it is called a
heterocyclic compound. Generally found heteroatoms are nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.
According to the IUPAC system, some rings are named by considering their prefix.
Hetero Atoms Prefix
O Oxa
N Aza
S Thia
P Phospha
Si Sila
Ge Germa
Ring Size Suffixes for Unsaturated
Compounds
Suffixes for Saturated
Compounds
With N Without N With N Without N
3 Irine Irene iridine Irane
4 Ete Ite itidine Otane
5 Ole Ile olidine Olane
6 Ine In – ane
48
A Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
As per table, we see some of the examples given below.
O
Oxirane
O
Oxirene
O
Oxetene
O
H
N
Oxaziridine
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3 4
HN
Aziridine
O
Tetrahydrofuran
S
N
Thiazole
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
3
1
2
3
4
5
Some exceptional examples aregiven below which doesnot match with any above-given rules.
O
Furan
S
Thiophene
N
Pyridine
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
N
N
Pyridazine
N
N
Pyrimidine
N
N
Quinoxaline
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
N
H
Indole
N
H
N
N
N
Purine
N
Quinoline
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
OO
Coumarin
N
Acridine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
49
Nomenclature of Organic Chemical Systems
5.3 SMILE SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE
The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is a chemical notation
language specifically designed for compounds used by chemists. It is in the form of a line
notation for describing the structure of chemical species. It was started in 1980’s.
It is mainly used for conversion into two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models
of the molecules.
Molecule Structure SMILES Formula
Dinitrogen N≡N N#N
Methyl isocyanate CH
3
–N=C=O CN=C=O
General Information
50
Chapter
Inorganic
Pharmaceuticals
Though organic compounds constitute a major portion of pharmaceuticals, there are many
inorganic substances used as medicinal agents. Inorganic pharmaceuticals have a wide variety of
uses starting from food supplements to anticancer agents. Some inorganic pharmaceuticals are
described below.
6.1 HEMATINICS
Hematinics are the agents required during the formation of blood cells in the process of
hematopoiesis and increase the hemoglobin of the blood. Deficiency in hematinics leads to
anemia.
Examples of hematinics are iron, vitamin B
12
, folic acid, etc.
Anemia is a condition in which there is a drop in red blood cells (RBC) count or
haemoglobin (Hb) content. Haemoglobin is a metalloprotein (iron-containing protein) present in
RBC and is responsible for carrying oxygen from lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide
from body tissues to lungs.
Ferrous Gluconate
Ferrous gluconate belongs to the class of hematinics and is used worldwide to treat iron
deficiency.
Drug class: Iron products/hematinics.
Formulations: Ferrous gluconate tablet and Ferrous gluconate syrup.
Uses: It is useful in the anemia associated with chronic renal failure and in iron deficiency. It
is useful in vitamin/mineral deficiency as a supplement. It is a drug of choice in females to treat
low hemoglobin during the menstruation period.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: Do not use if allergy or iron metabolism problem persists.
6
51
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals
Side effects: Constipation, diarrhea, and sometimes loss of appetite.
Brand names: Fergon, Iron Gluconate, Ferralet, and Simron.
Ferrous Sulphate
Drug class: Iron products/hematinics.
Formulations: Ferrous sulphate tablet and Ferrous sulphate syrup.
Uses: It is useful in the treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure and iron
deficiency. It is useful in vitamin/mineral deficiency as a supplement. It is a drug of choice in
females to treat low hemoglobin during the menstruation period.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: If allergy or iron metabolism problem persists.
Side effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, and epigastric pain.
Brand names: Feosol, FeroSul, Slow Fe, and Iron sulfate.
6.2 ANTACIDS
Antacids are agents which neutralize stomach acidity and in turn relieve heartburn,
indigestion, and other stomach-related problems.
Aluminum Hydroxide Gel
Drug class: Antacid.
Formulations: Aluminum hydroxide oral tablet and chewable tablet.
Uses: It is mainly used to treat acidity. It is useful in the treatment of duodenal ulcers,
erosive oesophagitis, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Sometimes it is used in conditions like
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), indigestion, peptic ulcer and stomach ulcer.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: It is contraindicated in the following situations.
Allergy.
In the tetracycline therapy.
In appendicitis.
Children below 12 years of age.
Side effects: Constipation and nausea.
Brand names: Amphojel, Alu-Cap, Alternagel and Dialume.
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A Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
Drug class: Antacid/Laxatives.
Formulations: Magnesium hydroxide oral suspension, Oral tablet and chewable tablet.
Uses: It is useful in the treatment of gastric acidity and heartburn. It is useful in the sour
stomach, in constipation, and acne conditions.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: It is contraindicated in the following situations.
Allergy.
In pregnant women.
In tetracycline therapy.
Side effect: Constipation.
Brand names: Phillips’ milk of magnesia, MAGMIL, MAGNASON, Milk of magnesia,
Dulcolax milk of magnesia, and Ex-Lax milk of magnesia.
6.3 ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS
Agents which inhibit the growth or kill the microorganism are known as antimicrobial agents.
Bactericidal ------ Kills the bacteria,
Bacteriostatic ----- Controls the growth of bacteria.
Hydrogen Peroxide (Oxidizing Agent)
Drug class: Topical anti-infective/antimicrobial.
Formulations: Hydrogen peroxide solution and Hydrogen peroxide liquid.
Uses: It is useful in the following conditions.
As an antimicrobial agent
In oral debriding agent
In toothpaste preparation
In dentistry
As a cleansing/bleaching agent
53
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals
In acne treatment
Ear wax remover
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: It is contraindicated in the following situations.
Allergy.
In a pregnant women.
Side effects: Mouth irritation and gingivitis.
Brand names: Proxacol, Peroxyl, Orajel, Perimax, and Perio Rinse.
Boric Acid
Drug class: Ophthalmic anti-infective/antimicrobial.
Formulations: Boric acid eye drops, Boric acid topical, Boric acid powder IP, Boric acid
pellets, and boric acid tablet.
Uses: As an antimicrobial agent. It is useful in eye and ear infection as an anti-infective
agent, and in dermatological infection.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: Allergy
Side effects: Diarrhoea and vomiting.
Brand names: Collyrium Fresh, Dri-Ear, and Borofax.
Bleaching Powder
Drug class: Antimicrobial
Formulations: Chlorine powder and Bleaching powder IP.
Uses: As an antimicrobial agent and bleaching agent.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Contraindications: Allergy.
Side effects: Poisoning and vomiting.
Brand names: Chlorine powder and Bleaching powder.
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A Textbook of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry
6.4 DENTAL PRODUCTS
Dental products are mainly useful in preventing dental caries and gum plasia.
Calcium Carbonate
Drug class: Anticaries (in the prevention of dental decay).
Formulations: Toothpaste, Toothgel, and Toothpowder.
Uses: It is used as an anti-caries agent.
In the prevention of tooth decay.
In the prevention of infection.
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Side effects: Constipation and gases problem.
Brand name: Colgate (Any toothpaste).
Sodium Fluoride (45% of Elemental Fluoride)
Drug class: Anticaries.
Formulations: Toothpaste, Toothgel, Sodium fluoride oral, and sodium fluoride mouthwash.
Uses: It is useful in the following conditions.
As an anticaries agent
To prevent tooth decay
To prevent cavities
In gum infection
To treat pyrrhoea
Storage condition: Store in a cool and dry place. Keep away from children.
Side effects: Constipation and flatulence.
Brand names: Luride and Karidium.
6.5 MEDICINAL GASES
Medical Oxygen
The importance of oxygen in the field of healthcare cannot be neglected. Oxygen is widely
used in every healthcare and hospital as resuscitation (artificial respiration) and inhalation therapy.
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