Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3098_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
11 - Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nutrition |
327
32. Rhodus NL, Bereuter J. Clinical evaluation of a
commercially available oral moisturizer in relieving
signs and symptoms of xerostomia in postirradia-
tion head and neck cancer patients and patients with
Sjögren’s syndrome. J Otolaryngol. 2000;29(1):28–34.
33. Product information. FLOVENT HFA inhalation
aerosol, uticasone propionate inhalation aerosol.
Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2006.
34.
Antonio N, Castro G, Ramos D, et al. e debate
concerning oral anticoagulation: whether to suspend
oral anticoagulants during dental treatment. Rev Port
Cardiol. 2008;27(4):531–544.
35. Perry DJ, Noakes JC, Helliwell PS. Guidelines for
the management of patients on oral anticoagulants
requiring dental surgery. Br Dent J. 2007;203:389–393.
36.
Felipucci DN, Davi LR, Paranhos HF, et al. Eect of
dierent cleansers on the surface of removable partial
denture. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(5):392–397.
37. Rossato MB, Unfer B, May LG, et al. Analysis of
the eectiveness of dierent hygiene procedures
used in dental prostheses. Oral Health Prev Dent.
2011;9(3):221–227.
38. Sorgini DB, Silva-Lovato CH, de Souza RF, et al.
Abrasiveness of conventional and specic denture-
cleansing dentifrices. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(2):154–
159.
39. Azevedo SM, Kantorski KZ, Valandro LF, et al.
Eect of brushing with conventional versus whitening
dentifrices on surface roughness and biolm formation
of dental ceramics. Gen Dent. 2012;60(3):e123–e130.
40.
Tashiro K, Katoh T, Yoshinari N, et al. e short-term
eects of various oral care methods in dependent
elderly: comparison between toothbrushing, tongue
cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral
mucous membrane by chlorhexidine. Gerodontology.
2012;29(2):870–882.
41.
Jablonski RA, Munro CL, Grap MJ, et al. e role of
biobehavioral, environmental, and social forces on oral
health disparities in frail and functionally dependent
nursing home elders. Biol Res Nurs. 2005;7(1):75–82.
42.
Jablonski RA, Kolanowski A, errien B, et al.
Reducing care-resistant behaviors during oral
hygiene in persons with dementia. BMC Oral Health.
2011;11:30.
43. Jablonski RA, errien B, Kolanowski A. No more
ghting and biting during mouth care: applying the
theoretical constructs of threat perception to clinical
practice. Res eory Nurs Pract. 2011;25(3):163–175.
44. Brady M, Furlanetto D, Hunter RV, et al. Sta-
led interventions for improving oral hygiene in
patients following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2006;(4):CD003864.
45. Sarin J, Balasubramaniam R, Corcoran AM, et al.
Reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia among
elderly patients in long-term care facilities through
oral health interventions. J Am Med Dir Assoc.
2008;9(2):128–135.
46.
Lowe C, Blinkhorn AS, Worthington HV, et al.
Testing the eect of including oral health in general
health checks for elderly patients in medical practice—
a randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol. 2007;35(1):12–17.
47.
Dolan TA, Atchison KA. Implications of access, utili-
zation and need for oral health care by the non-insti-
tutionalized and institutionalized elderly on the dental
delivery system. J Dent Educ. 1993;57(12):876–887.
48.
Berkey DB, Berg RG, Ettinger RL, et al. Research
review of oral health status and service use among
institutionalized older adults in the United States and
Canada. Spec Care Dentist. 1991;11(4):131–136.
49.
White GN, O’Rourke F, Ong BS, et al. Dysphagia:
causes, assessment, treatment, and management. Geri-
atrics. 2008;63(5):15–20.
50. Humbert IA, Robbins J. Dysphagia in the elderly. Phys
Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008;19(4):853–866.
51. Falsetti P, Acciai C, Palilla R, et al. Oropharyn-
geal dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis,
and clinical predictors in patients admitted to a
neurorehabilitation unit. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.
2009;18(5):329–335.
52. Cabre M, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, et al. Prevalence
and prognostic implications of dysphagia in elderly
patients with pneumonia. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):39–45.
53. Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Neurophysiology of swal-
lowing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(12):2226–2244.
54. Broadley S, Cheek A, Salonikis S, et al. Predicting
prolonged dysphagia in acute stroke: e Royal
Adelaide Prognostic Index for Dysphagic Stroke
(RAPIDS). Dysphagia. 2005;20(4);303–310.
55.
Semble EL, Wu WC, Castell DO. Nonsteroidal
antiinammatory drugs and esophageal injury. Semin
Arthritis Rheum. 1989;19(2):99–109.
56.
Abraham SC, Cruz-Correa M, Lee LA, et al. Alen-
dronate-associated esophageal injury: pathologic and
endoscopic features. Mod Pathol. 1999;12:1152–1157.
57. Geagea A, Cellier C. Scope of drug-induced, infec-
tious and allergic esophageal injury. Curr Opin Gastro-
enterol. 2008;24(4):496–501.
58. Pace F, Antinori S, Repici A. What is new in esophageal
injury (infection, drug-induced, caustic, stricture, perfo-
ration)? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(4):372–379.
59. Bailey RT Jr, Bonavina L, Nwakama PE, et al.
Inuence of dissolution rate and pH of oral medi-
cations on drug-induced esophageal injury. DICP.
1990;24(6):571–574.
https://t.me/medicina_free
328
| Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
60. Kikendall JW. Pill-induced esophageal injury. Gastro-
enterol Clin North Am. 1991;20(4):835–846.
61.
Cecconi E, DiPiero V. Dysphagia—Pathophysi-
ology, diagnosis, and treatment. Fron Neurol Neurosci.
2012;30:86–89.
62.
Langmore SE, Skarupski KA, Park PS, et al. Predictors
of aspiration pneumonia in nursing home residents.
Dysphagia. 2002;17(4):298–307.
63.
Keller H, Chamers L, Niezgoda H, et al. Issues associ-
ated with the use of modied texture foods. J Nutr
Health Aging. 2012;16(3):195–200.
64.
Daniels SK, Anderson JA, Willson PC. Valid items
for screening dysphagia risk in patients with stroke: a
systematic review. Stroke. 2012;43(3):892–897.
65.
Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M, et al. Dysphagia
bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the
Gugging Swallowing Screen. Stroke. 2007;38(11):
2948–2952.
66. Lim SH, Lieu PK, Phua SY, et al. Accuracy of bedside
clinical methods compared with beroptic endoscopic
examination of swallowing (FEES) in determining the
risk of aspiration in acute stroke patients. Dysphagia.
2001;16(1):1–6.
67. Antunes EB, Lunet N. Eects of the head lift exercise
on the swallow function: a systematic review. Gerodon-
tology. 2012 Dec;29(4):247–257. doi:10.1111/j.1741-
2358.2012.00638.x. Epub 2012 May 21.
68. Kays S, Robbins J. Eects of sensorimotor exercise on
swallowing outcomes relative to age and age-related
disease. Semin Speech Lang. 2006;27(4):245–259.
69.
Shaker R, Easterling C, Kern M, et al. Rehabilitation
of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed patients with
pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal UES
opening. Gastroenterology. 2002;122(5):1314–1321.
70.
Russell JA, Ciucci MR, Connor NP, et al. Targeted
exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with
Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res. 2010;1341:3–11.
71.
Easterling C. Does an exercise aimed at improving
swallow function have an eect on vocal function in
the healthy elderly? Dysphagia. 2008;23(3):317–326.
72. El-Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Micro-
biology of severe aspiration pneumonia in insti-
tutionalized elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2003;167:1650–1654.
73. Ewig S, Welte T, Chastre J, et al. Rethinking the
concepts of community-acquired and health-care-
associated pneumonia. www.thelancet.com/infection.
Volume 10. April 2010. Accessed September 16, 2014.
74. Falguera M. Pharmacotherapy of pneumonia occur-
ring in older patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother.
2008;9(16):2867–2879.
75.
Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, et al. Indica-
tors of potentially drug resistant bacteria in severe
nursing home–acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis.
2004;39:474–480.
76.
Parker C, Power M, Hamdy S, et al. Awareness of
dysphagia by patients following stroke predicts swal-
lowing performance. Dysphagia. 2004;19:28–35.
77. Low J, Wyles C, Wilkinson T, et al. e eect
of compliance on clinical outcomes for patients
with dysphagia on videouoroscopy. Dysphagia.
2001;16:123–127.
78.
Chadwick DD, Jolie J, Goldbart J. Adherence to
eating and drinking guidelines for adults with intel-
lectual disabilities and dysphagia. Am J Ment Retard.
2003;103:202–211.
79.
Crawford H, Leslie P, Drinnan MJ. Compliance with
dysphagia recommendations by carers of adults with
intellectual impairment. Dysphagia. 2007;22(4):326–
334.
80.
Chadwick DD, Jollie J, Goldbart J. Carer knowl-
edge of dysphagia management strategies. Int J Lang
Commun Disord. 2002;37(3):345–357.
81. Rosenvinge SK, Starke ID. Improving care for patients
with dysphagia. Age Ageing. 2005;34(6):587–593.
82. Haw C, Stubbs J, Dickens G. An observational
study of medication administration errors in old-age
psychiatric inpatients. Int J Qual Health Care.
2007;19(4):210–216.
83.
Williams NT. Medication administration through
enteral feeding tubes. Am J Health Syst Pharm.
2008;65(24):2347–2357.
84.
Belknap DC, Seifert CF, Petermann M. Administra-
tion of medications through enteral feeding catheters.
Am J Crit Care. 1997;6(5):382–392.
85. Magnuson BL, Cliord TM, Hoskins LA, et
al. Enteral nutrition and drug administration,
interactions, and complications. Nutr Clin Pract.
2005;20(6):618–624.
86.
Wohlt PD, Zheng L, Gunderson S, et al. Recom-
mendations for the use of medications with
continuous enteral nutrition. Am J Health Syst Pharm.
2009;66(16):1458–1467.
87. Ali MA, Lacy BE. Abdominal complaints and gastro-
intestinal disorders. In: Landefeld CS, Palmer RM,
Johnson MA, et al. eds. Current Geriatric Diagnosis and
Treatment. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.; 2004:220–238.
88. Saritas Yuksel E, Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal mani-
festations of gastroesophageal reux disease: cough,
asthma, laryngitis, chest pain. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012
Mar 22;142:w13544. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13544.
89. Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal manifestations of
gastroesophageal reux disease. Clin Cornerstone.
2003;5(4):32–38.
https://t.me/medicina_free
11 - Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nutrition |
329
90. Tack J, Becher A, Mulligan C, et al. Systematic review:
the burden of disruptive gastroesophageal reux
disease on health-related quality of life. Aliment Phar-
macol er. 2012;35(11):1257–1266.
91. Wahlqvist P, Karlsson M, Johnson D, et al. Relation-
ship between symptom load of gastroesophageal
reux disease and health-related quality of life, work
productivity, resource utilization and concomitant
diseases: survey of a US cohort. Aliment Pharmacol
er. 2008;27(10):960–970.
92. Pound SE, Heading RC. Diagnosis and treatment of
dyspepsia in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1995;7(5):347–
354.
93.
Vemulapalli R. Diet and lifestyle modications in the
management of gastroesophageal reux disease. Nutr
Clin Pract. 2008;23(3):293–298.
94.
DeVault KR, Castell DO. American College of
Gastroenterology. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis
and treatment of gastroesophageal reux disease. Am J
Gastroenterol. 2005;100(1):190–200.
95.
Scholl S, Dellon ES, Shaheen NJ. Treatment of
GERD and proton pump inhibitor use in the elderly:
practical approaches and frequently asked questions.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(3):386–392.
96. omson AB, Sauve MD, Kassam N, et al. Safety of
the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. World J
Gastroenterol. 2010;16(19):2323–2330.
97.
Heidelbaugh JJ, Kim AH, Chang R, et al. Over-
utilization of proton-pump inhibitors: what the
clinician needs to know. erap Adv Gastroenterol.
2012;5(4):219–232.
98. Heidelbaugh JJ, Goldberg KL, Inadomi JM. Over-
utilization of proton pump inhibitors: a review of cost-
eectiveness and risk [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol.
2009;104 Suppl 2:S27–S32.
99. Pace F, Pace M. e proton pump inhibitor test and
the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reux disease. Expert
Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;4(4):423–427.
100.
Bytzer P, Jones R, Vakil N, et al. Limited ability of the
proton-pump inhibitor test to identify patients with
gastroesophageal reux disease. Clin Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2012 Jul 16. [Epub ahead of print.]
101. Dickman R, Boaz M, Aizic S, et al. Comparison of
clinical characteristics of patients with gastroesopha-
geal reux disease who failed proton pump inhibitor
therapy versus those who fully responded. J Neuro-
gastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(4):387–394.
102. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, et al. Use of
proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-
related fractures. CMAJ. 2008;179(4):319–326.
103. Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, et al. Long-term
proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture.
JAMA. 2006;296(24):2947–2953.
104.
Kaye JA, Jick H. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk
of hip fractures in patients without major risk factors.
Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(8):951–959.
105.
Laheij RJ, Sturkenboom MC, Hassing RJ, et al. Risk
of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric
acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA. 2004;292(16):1955–
1960.
106.
Eurich DT, Sadowski CA, Simpson SH, et al.
Recurrent community-acquired pneumonia in
patients starting acid-suppressing drugs. Am J Med.
2010;123(1):47–53.
107.
Sarkar M, Hennessy S, Yang YX. Proton-pump
inhibitor use and the risk for community-acquired
pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(6):391–398.
108. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, et al. Risk of
Clostridium dicile diarrhea among hospital inpatients
prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-
control studies. CMAJ. 2004;171(1):33–38.
109.
Dial S, Delaney JA, Barkun AN, et al. Use of gastric
acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-
acquired Clostridium dicile-associated disease. JAMA.
2005;294(23):2989–2995.
110. Dial S, Delaney JA, Schneider V, et al. Proton pump
inhibitor use and risk of community-acquired
Clostridium dicile-associated disease dened by
prescription for oral vancomycin therapy. CMAJ.
2006;175(7):745–748.
111. Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J, et al. Gastric acid
suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor
for Clostridium dicile-associated diarrhea in hospital-
ized patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2308–
2313.
112. Turco R, Martinelli M, Miele E, et al. Proton pump
inhibitors as a risk factor for paediatric Clos-
tridium dicile infection. Aliment Pharmacol er.
2010;31(7):754–759.
113. Akhtar AJ, Shaheen M. Increasing incidence of
Clostridium dicile-associated diarrhea in African-
American and Hispanic patients: association with the
use of proton pump inhibitor therapy. J Natl Med Assoc.
2007;99(5):500–504.
114.
Lowe DO, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al. Proton
pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium
dicile-associated disease: a population-based study.
Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(10):1272–1276.
115. Jayatilaka S, Shakov R, Eddi R, et al. Clostridium
dicile infection in an urban medical center: ve-year
analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and
association with the use of proton pump inhibitors.
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007;37(3):241–247.
116. Kim YG, Graham DY, Jang BI. Proton pump inhib-
itor use and recurrent Clostridium dicile-associated
disease: a case-control analysis matched by propensity
score. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(5):397–400.
https://t.me/medicina_free
330
| Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
117. Yachimski PS, Farrell EA, Hunt DP, et al. Proton
pump inhibitors for prophylaxis of nosocomial upper
gastrointestinal tract bleeding: eect of standardized
guidelines on prescribing practice. Arch Intern Med.
2010;170(9):779–783.
118.
Hughes JD, Tanpurekul W, Keen NC, et al. Reducing
the cost of proton pump inhibitors by adopting best
practice. Qual Prim Care. 2009;17(1):15–21.
119.
Doherty GA, Cannon MD, Lynch KM, et al.
Co-prescription of gastro-protectants in hospitalized
patients: an analysis of what we do and what we think
we do. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(3):e51–e55.
120.
Lanas A, Ferrandez A. Inappropriate preven-
tion of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal events
among long-term users in the elderly. Drugs Aging.
2007;24(2):121–131.
121.
Lampen-Smith A, Young J, O’Rourke MA, et al.
Blinded randomised controlled study of the eect of
a discharge communication template on proton pump
inhibitor prescribing. N Z Med J. 2012;125(1350):30–
36.
122. Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ. Refractory gastro-
esophageal reux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2008;20(3):217–223.
123.
Roorda AK, Marcus SN, Triadalopoulos G.
Algorithmic approach to patients presenting
with heartburn and epigastric pain refractory to
empiric proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dig Dis Sci.
2011;56(10):2871–2878.
124. Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Prevalence of opioid adverse
events in chronic non-malignant pain: systematic
review of randomised trials of oral opioids. Arthritis
Res er. 2005;7(5):R1046–R1051.
125. Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, et al. Opioids in
chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of ecacy
and safety. Pain. 2004;112(3):372–380.
126. Tuteja AK, Biskupiak J, Stoddard GJ, et al. Opioid-
induced bowel disorders and narcotic bowel syndrome
in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Neurogastro-
enterol Motil. 2010;22(4):424–430.
127.
Larsson S, Lundberg D. A prospective survey of
postoperative nausea and vomiting with special regard
to incidence and relations to patient characteristics,
anesthetic routines and surgical procedures. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39(4):539–545.
128. Kwong WJ, Diels J, Kavanagh S. Costs of gastrointes-
tinal events after outpatient opioid treatment for non-
cancer pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(4):630–640.
129. Sánchez-Lara K, Ugalde-Morales E, Motola-Kuba
D, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss
in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Br J Nutr.
2012 Jun;12:1–4.
130.
Roila F, Herrstedt J, Aapro M, et al. Guideline
update for MASCC and ESMO in the prevention of
chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced nausea and
vomiting: results of the Perugia consensus conference.
Ann Oncol. 2010;21(suppl 5):v232–v243.
131.
Glare P, Miller J, Nikolova T, et al. Treating nausea and
vomiting in palliative care: a review. Clin Interv Aging.
2011;6:243–259.
132.
ompson I. e management of nausea and vomiting
in palliative care. Nurs Stand. 2004;19(8):46–53.
133.
Costall B, Naylor RJ. Neuropharmacology of emesis
in relation to clinical response. Br J Cancer Suppl.
1992;19:S2–S7.
134.
Mahesh R, Perumal RV, Pandi PV. Cancer chemo-
therapy-induced nausea and vomiting: role of media-
tors, development of drugs and treatment methods.
Pharmazie. 2005;60(2):83–96.
135. Gan TJ. Mechanisms underlying postoperative
nausea and vomiting and neurotransmitter receptor
antagonist-based pharmacotherapy. CNS Drugs.
2007;21(10):813–833.
136.
Herrstedt J. Antiemetics: an update and the MASCC
guidelines applied in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract
Oncol. 2008;5(1):32–43.
137. Sheth HS, Verrico MM, Skledar SJ, et al. Prometha-
zine adverse events after implementation of a
medication shortage interchange. Ann Pharmacother.
2005;39(2):255–261.
138. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the
Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication
use in older adults: results of a U.S. consensus panel of
experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(22):2716–2724.
139. Esper CD, Factor SA. Failure of recognition of drug-
induced parkinsonism in the elderly. Mov Disord.
2008;23(3):401–404.
140. Rossi M, Giorgi G. Domperidone and long QT
syndrome. Curr Drug Saf. 2010;5(3):257–262.
141.
van Noord C, Dieleman JP, van Herpen G, et al.
Domperidone and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden
cardiac death: a population-based case-control study in
the Netherlands. Drug Saf. 2010;33(11):1003–1014.
142.
Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, et al. Canna-
binoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea
and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ.
2001;323(7303):16–21.
143. Gridelli C. Same old story? Do we need to modify our
supportive care treatment of elderly cancer patients?
Focus on antiemetics. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(13):825–
832.
144. Aapro M. Optimizing antiemetic therapy: what are
the problems and how can they be overcome? Curr
Med Res Opin. 2005;21(6):885–897.
https://t.me/medicina_free
11 - Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nutrition |
331
145. Flake ZA, Scalley RD, Bailey AG. Practical selection
of antiemetics. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(5):1169–
1174.
146.
Gridelli C, Aapro M. Factors inuencing the choice
of 5-HT3-receptor antagonist antiemetics: focus
on elderly cancer patients. Support Care Cancer.
2004;12(7):487–496.
147.
Herrstedt J. Risk-benet of antiemetics in prevention
and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and
vomiting. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2004;3(3):231–248.
148.
Comparato G, Pilotto A, Franze A, et al. Diverticular
disease in the elderly. Dig Dis. 2007;25:151–159.
149.
Etzioni DA, Mack TM, Beart RW Jr., et al. Diver-
ticulitis in the United States: 1998–2005. Changing
patterns of disease and treatment. Ann Surg.
2009;249:210–217.
150.
Gearhart SL. Chapter 297. Diverticular disease and
common anorectal disorders. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS,
Kasper DL, et al., eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal
Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
151.
Stollman NH, Raskin JB. Ad Hoc Practice Parameters
Committee of the American College of Gastroen-
terology. Diagnosis and management of diverticular
disease of the colon in adults. Am J Gastroenterol.
1999;94 (11):3110–3121.
152. Maconi G, Barbara G, Bosetti C, et al. Treatment
of diverticular disease of the colon and prevention
of acute diverticulitis: a systematic review. Dis Colon
Rectum. 2011;54:1326–1338.
153. Bianchi M, Festa V, Moretti A, et al. Meta-analysis:
long-term therapy with rifaximin in the management
of uncomplicated diverticular disease. Aliment Phar-
macol er. 2011;33:902–910.
154. Morley JE. Constipation and irritable bowel syndrome
in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007;23:823–832.
155.
Fleming V, Wade WE. A review of laxative therapies
for treatment of chronic constipation in older adults.
Am J Geriatric Pharmacother. 2010;8:514–550.
156. Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM,
et al. Chronic constipation in the elderly. Am J Gastro-
enterol. 2012;107:18–25.
157. Dipiro J, Talbert R, Yee G, et al. Diarrhea, constipa-
tion and irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacotherapy:
A Pathophysiologic Approach. 8th ed. Columbus, OH:
McGraw-Hill; 2012.
158.
Camilleri M, Bharucha AE. Behavioural and new
pharmacological treatments for constipation: getting
the balance right. Gut. 2010;59:1288–1296.
159. Rao SSC, Go JT. Update on the management of
constipation in the elderly: new treatment options.
Clin Interventions Aging. 2010;5:163–171.
160.
Leung L, Tiutta T, Kotecha J, et al. Chronic constipa-
tion: an evidence-based review. J Am Board Fam Med.
2011;24:436–451.
161.
Chmielewska A, Szajewska H. Systematic review of
randomized controlled trials: probiotics for functional
constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:69–75.
162.
Leonard R, Tinetti ME, Allore HG, et al. Potentially
modiable resident characteristics that are associated
with physical or verbal aggression among nursing
home residents with dementia. Arch Intern Med.
2006;166:1295–1300.
163.
Roerig JL, Steen K, Mitchell JE, et al. Laxative abuse:
Epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs.
2010;70:1487–1503.
164.
Tariq SH. Fecal incontinence in older adults. Clin
Geriatr Med. 2007;23:857–869.
165.
Shah BJ, Chokhavatia S, Rose S. Fecal incontinence in
the elderly: FAQ. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1635–
1646.
166.
Norton C, Whitehead WE, Bliss DZ, et al. Manage-
ment of fecal incontinence in adults. Neurourolo
Urodynamics. 2010;29:199–206.
167. Tobin GW, Brocklehurst JC. Fecal incontinence in
residential homes for the elderly: prevalence, etiology
and management. Age Ageing. 1986;15:41–46.
168. Leung FW, Rao SSC. Fecal incontinence in the
elderly. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2009;38:503–511.
169. Gervasio JM. Diarrhea. In: Drug-Induced Diseases:
Prevention, Detection, and Management. 2nd ed. Tisdale
JE, Miller DA, eds. Bethesda, MD: American Society
of Health-System Pharmacists; 2010.
170.
Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical
practice guidelines for Clostridium dicile infection
in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Health care
Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious
Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431–455.
171. Simor AE. Diagnosis, management, and prevention of
Clostridium dicile infection in long-term care facili-
ties: a review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1556–1564.
172. Garey KW. C. dicile infection. In: Richardson M,
Chant C, Chessman KH, et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy
Self-Assessment Program. 7th ed. Infectious Diseases.
Lenexa, KS: American College of Clinical Pharmacy;
2012:193–205.
173.
Dicid (daxomicin) [package insert]. San Diego, CA:
Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2011.
174. Islam J, Gohen J, Rajkumar C, et al. Probiotics for the
prevention and treatment of Clostridium dicile in
older patients. Age Ageing. 2012;41:706–711.
175. Burke KE, Lamont JT. Fecal transplantation for recur-
rent Clostridium dicile infection in older adults: a
review. JAGS. 2013;61:1394–1398.
https://t.me/medicina_free
332
| Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
183. Loreck E, Chimakurthi R, Steinle NI. Nutritional
assessment of the geriatric patient: A comprehensive
approach toward evaluating and managing nutrition.
Clin Geriat. 2012;20:20–26.
184.
El-kadiki A, Sutton AJ. Role of multivitamins
and mineral supplements in preventing infections
in elderly people: systematic review and meta-
analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ.
2005;330(7496):871. Epub 2005 Mar 31.
185.
Mursu J, Robien K, Harnack LJ, et al. Dietary
supplements and mortality rate in older women:
the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arch Intern Med.
2011;171:1625.
186.
Fox CB, Treadway AK, Blaszczyk AT, et al. Meges-
trol acetate and mirtazapine for the treatment of
unplanned weight loss in the elderly. Pharmacotherapy.
2009;29:383–397.
187.
National Policy and Resource Center on Nutrition,
Physical Activity and Aging. http://nutritionandaging.
u.edu/DRI_and_DGs/DRI_and_RDAs.asp.
Accessed May 30, 2014.
176.
Estus EL, Owens NJ. Nutrition and exercise in the
older person. In: Richardson M, Chant C, Chessman
KH, et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy Self-Assessment
Program. 7th ed. Geriatrics. Lenexa, KS: American
College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2011:155–173.
177.
Morley JE. e aging gut: physiology. Clin Geriatr
Med. 2007;23:757–767.
178.
Muscaritoli M, Anker SD, Argiles J, et al. Consensus
denition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia:
joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups
(SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases”
and “nutrition in geriatrics.” Clin Nutr. 2010;29:154–
159.
179.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence
of obesity and trends in the distribution of body
mass index among U.S. adults 1999–2010. JAMA.
2012;307:491–497.
180.
Wee CC, Huskey KW, Ngo LH, et al. Obesity, race,
and risk for death or functional decline among Medi-
care beneciaries. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:645–655.
181. Cherno R. Dietary management for older subjects
with obesity. Clin Geriatric Med. 2005;21:725–733.
182.
Nestle Nutrition Institute. MNA Mini-nutritional
assessment. http://www.mna-elderly.com/mna_forms.
html. Accessed May 30, 2014.
https://t.me/medicina_free
C N
S D
AMIE TAGGART BLASZCZYK and LISA C. HUTCHISON
L O
1. Compare the prevalence of dementia across different age groups.
2. Contrast the different etiologies, symptoms, and therapies for mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease
(AD), vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia.
3.
Develop a treatment plan for a patient with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
4. Design a treatment plan for behavioral symptoms associated with dementia.
5. Distinguish the epidemiology and features of dementia and delirium in an elderly patient.
6. Devise a prevention and treatment plan for an elderly patient with delirium.
7. Recognize the impact of Parkinson disease (PD) and its treatment on the quality of life of patients and
caregivers.
8.
Recommend appropriate therapy for a senior individual with PD throughout the course of the disease.
9. Recommend nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for a person with PD experiencing depression
and constipation.
10. Recognize the different etiologies and clinical presentation of seizures in the senior population versus the
younger population with seizures.
11. Recommend appropriate therapy for a senior individual diagnosed with epilepsy, adjusting for pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic changes.
12. Recommend an appropriate titration schedule for a senior to switch antiepileptic drugs.
12
https://t.me/medicina_free
334
| Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
K T D
BETA AMYLOID: Peptide of 39–43 amino acids formed after cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Beta-
amyloid is insoluble in the brain and forms plaques associated with AD.
CHEMICAL RESTRAINT: Use of psychoactive medications as a matter of convenience in order to prevent a
patient from moving about or to control behavior. No medical indication or safety issue, which would require
treatment for the patient’s best interest, is present for use of a psychoactive medication to be considered
inappropriate.
DYSKINESIAS: Uncontrollable, automatic, dance-like movements, commonly occurring when levodopa doses
are peaking or “peak-dose dyskinesias.”
EPILEPSY: Chronic neurologic condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
HYPODERMOCLYSIS: Infusion of isotonic fluids into the subcutaneous tissue. This avoids the potential safety
issues of an intravenous infusion, therefore requiring less monitoring by nursing staff. However, the solution is
limited to normal saline or 5% dextrose with 0.45% sodium chloride without additives.
LEWY BODY: Abnormal collection of proteins, usually alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin, and others, that forms inside
nerve cells. In PD they are initially found in the substantia nigra, whereas in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
they are found in the hippocampus. However, as disease progresses, Lewy bodies will extend to many other
parts of the brain, as observed at autopsy.
MOTOR COMPLICATIONS: Symptoms that include wearing off between doses and dyskinesias.
MOTOR SYMPTOMS: Collection of symptoms that commonly include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and
postural instability.
NEUROLEPTIC SENSITIVITY: Excess sensitivity to agents with dopamine effects, resulting in increased extra-
pyramidal effects. This is most often described as an attribute of patients with DLB seen when treated with
antipsychotic agents.
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS: Noncognitive symptoms secondary to moderate-to-severe dementia,
including psychosis, agitation, aggression, wandering, crying out, hostility, suspiciousness, anxiety, or
depression.
NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS/COMPLICATIONS: Symptoms that commonly include swallowing difficulties, consti-
pation and other gastrointestinal (GI) transit slowing, autonomic dysfunction, shuffling gait, masked facies,
depression, dementia, anosmia, and others.
OFF: State in which medications are not working and the patient feels symptoms of PD.
ON: Symptom-free state, when PD medication is working.
REFRACTORY EPILEPSY: Although the definition is controversial, this term means the failure of two or more
drugs and occurrence of one or more seizures per month over 18 months.
WEARING OFF: Sensation that the effects of medications for PD, typically levodopa, are diminishing; typically
felt in between doses and occurring with increased frequency as PD progresses.
https://t.me/medicina_free
12 - Central Nervous System Disorders |
335
I
T
he workings of the brain remain a mystery in
many respects. Some elderly patients main-
tain a quick wit, enthusiasm for learning, and
wisdom to share with the younger generations.
Yet others are plagued with neurologic abnor-
malities that are not normal with aging. Dementia,
delirium, PD, and epilepsy are more common in
older adults, and their exact causes and cures
are yet to be identified. This chapter reviews
these neurologic conditions in the elderly patient,
focusing on the optimal use of medications in this
population.
D
Etiology, Epidemiology, and
Clinical Presentation Specic to
Geriatrics
Dementia is a disease of the white matter of the
brain, with various etiologies. It is defined by
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) as cognitive
decline in one or more domains (complex atten-
tion, executive function, learning and memory,
language, perceptual-motor, or social cogni-
tion).
1
In addition, the cognitive deficits must
interfere with social or work activities for the
diagnosis to be applied. Mild cognitive impair-
ment (MCI) is a term used when the patient has
memory or cognitive problems that do not qualify
for the definition of dementia. From 10% to 16%
of patients with MCI progress on to develop
a diagnosis of dementia each year, with the
remainder stable without clinically significant
decline.
2
Pharmacists may be the first to recog-
nize that a patient may have MCI or dementia
when problems with medication management
are identified. Table 12-1 provides information
related to the various subtypes of dementia
and related disorders. Dementia is estimated to
occur in 6% to 10% of individuals over 65 years
of age; however, prevalence increases from 1%
to 2% of the young-old (age 65–74 years) to 30%
of those over 85 and crests at 58% of individuals
older than 94.
3
When a patient presents with complaints of
memory impairment, reversible causes should
be identified and treated. These include hypo-
thyroidism, depression, electrolyte disturbances,
hepatic insufficiency, anemia, and vitamin B12
deficiency. In addition, if patient history indi-
cates, serologic testing for neurosyphilis is
performed. Many medications can cloud menta-
tion as part of their pharmacologic effect. The
most commonly associated medications are
benzodiazepines, medications with anticholin-
ergic properties, opioid analgesics, and anticon-
vulsants; however, amiodarone, digoxin, cortico-
steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
H
2
blockers, and many other medications have
been reported to cause delirium. Dosage reduc-
tion or drug discontinuation is desirable to elimi-
nate iatrogenic memory loss.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with
increasing age, atrophic gastritis, and acid-
suppression therapy. Anemia may occur with
vitamin B12 deficiency, but this effect may be
masked with the current level of folic acid supple-
mentation in cereals and breads consumed in
the United States.
4
The typically normal range
(150–900 pg/mL) for vitamin B12 serum concen-
trations, also named cobalamin, is not a good
marker of tissue vitamin B12 levels; measure-
ment of folic acid and methylmalonic acid are
required to clearly document vitamin B12 defi-
ciency when vitamin B12 serum concentrations
are in the low-normal range.
5
In many cases it
is easier and less expensive to replace vitamin
B12 in individuals to bring serum concentrations
above 300–500 pg/mL.
KEY POINT:
Reversible causes of
memory loss must be addressed, including
medication-related issues, before a
diagnosis of dementia can be applied.
https://t.me/medicina_free
336
| Fundamentals of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
Table 12-1. Some Diseases of Cognition
Disease Prevalence Characteristics Risk Factors
Mild cognitive
impairment
5.4 million U.S. citizens
(10% to 22% of older
adults),
12% progress to
dementia annually, 8%
mortality rate
Varied, including prodromal AD,
medical conditions, vascular disease,
depression, or neurologic conditions
Age
Low educational
attainment
AD 2.5–5.1 million U.S.
citizens (10% of
individuals older than
71), 70% of dementias
Early symptoms include difficulty
remembering names and recent
events, apathy and depression; later
symptoms of impaired judgment,
confusion and behavior change
Age
APO ε-4 alleles
Vascular
dementia
2.4% of individuals
older than 71, 17% of
dementias
Symptoms overlap with AD, but
progression occurs in a stairstep
fashion with lower plateaus of
functional impairment and focal
neurological deficits
Hypertension
Diabetes
Age
Atherosclerosis
Male sex
Atrial fibrillation
Myocardial infarction
Heart disease
Smoking
History of stroke
DLB 15% to 20% of
dementias, 0.7% of
individuals older than
65
Symptoms overlap with AD, but
alertness and cognition fluctuate day
to day; visual hallucinations, muscle
rigidity and tremors occur
Duplicate or
triplicate copies of
α-synuclein gene
(familial cases only)
FTD 5% to 10% of
dementias
Personality and behavior changes,
difficulty with language and self-care,
onset at younger age (average 58
years old), rarely occurs after age 75
Family history
Tau protein genetic
mutation
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease
1 case per million
per year worldwide,
increased 30–100 fold
where familial cases
cluster
Rapidly progressive memory
impairment, incoordination, and
behavior changes; mortality within
1–2 years
Prion protein gene
on chromosome 20
(familial cases)
Medical history of
psychosis
Multiple surgeries
Live 10+ years on a
farm
Normal pressure
hydrocephalus
2–20 cases per million
per year worldwide
Symptoms include memory loss,
difficulty walking, and incontinence
Dementia of
advanced PD
In later stages of PD, dementia may
develop
AD, Alzheimer Disease; APO, Apolipoprotein; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; FTD, frontotemporal dementia;
PD, Parkinson Disease.
Source:
Compiled from references 2, 11, 126, and 127.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана