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Essentials of
Spine Surgery
Alpaslan Şenköylü
Federico Canavese
Editors
Foreword by
Jean Dubousset
123

Essentials of Spine Surgery


Alpaslan Şenköylü • Federico Canavese
Editors
Essentials of Spine
Surgery

Editors
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Alpaslan Şenköylü
Department of Orthopaedics
and Traumatology
Gazi University
Ankara, Turkey
Federico Canavese
Department of Pediatric Orthopedic
Surgery, Lille University Center and Faculty
of Medicine
Jeanne de Flandre Hospital
Lille, France
ISBN 978-3-030-80355-1 ISBN 978-3-030-80356-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80356-8
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

“To our families and mentors...”
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A.S. and F.C.
“Science is the only true guide in life”
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Foreword
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The very beautiful, generous, and ambitious goal of the editors, Alpaslan Şenköylü
and Federico Canavese is to relay information to the young generation of spinal
surgeons. Pediatric and adult orientation, the basic spinal knowledge, pathology at
any age, and major treatment principles as well as the clinical and imaging aspects
regarding multiple presentations are introduced in a concentrated manner.
Hoping for both patients and the physicians to get the full benet, each chapter
is didactically introduced to the readers and supported by numerous educational
videos and illustrations. I am sure you will nd this very useful and practicable.
Each patient is unique and can be assessed in numerous approaches. With that
being said, it is vital to follow a “check list” during an examination to obtain a
detailed and an organized patient report ensuring an efcient treatment.
About diagnosis, a complete clinical and neurological examination is frequently
better than many sophisticated imaging devices or even histopathological interpretations. An effective diagnosis includes concordant signs and symptoms narrowing
down possible disorders. This book will help you narrow down these possibilities as
well as providing you with suitable advice.
Most of the spinal disorders are clearly dened in this book enabling fellows and
trainees to make a plausible diagnosis. According to my experience, instead of asking a patient or their parents, it is better to make the choice yourself and present it
as clearly as you are convinced. They can accept or refuse but will never feel guilty
if some difculties occur postoperatively. This is for me one of the ethical bases in
our professional life.
In any case the spinal surgeon must always evaluate advantages and disadvantages for each specic patient. When the decision is made, the surgeon will perform
his surgery in the best conditions.
In this book, important key points are frequently presented to prevent a major
pitfall, which is why I am convinced that this book will give you an excellent introduction for your future work in spinal surgery.
Paris, France JeanDubousset
vii

Preface
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The spine surgery subspecialty has a long and steep learning curve. Throughout this
path, it is sometimes difcult to nd a compact source that contains fundamental
information on every aspect of this discipline. The purpose of this unique book is to
give you the basis to understand paediatric and adult spine disorders including trauma.
We have deliberately asked the authors of the various chapters to respect a xed
scheme. In fact, the structure of each chapter is the same throughout the whole
book, so that you can easily orient yourself between clinical, imaging, and instrumental examinations, differential diagnosis and treatment principles. We hope the
concise and easy-to-read structure of each chapter will allow you to avoid major
diagnostic or treatment pitfalls.
The chapters have been enriched with clinical videos and with a series of appendices that present the most commonly used classications in spine surgery.
Be aware that the realization of this book has been possible thanks to the enthusiastic participation of some of the most eminent spine surgeons of our era, both
orthopaedic- and neuro-surgeons, who have synthesized their incredible experience
in the chapters you are preparing to read. This book would have not been possible
without their diligence and commitment, and we would like to thank all of them for
their enthusiastic contribution. Our special thanks go to Jean Dubousset, one of the
legends of spine surgery who peer-reviewed all chapters and certainly further
improved the overall quality of this book.
We are sure that you will be able to make good use of the authors’ suggestions
and advice.
We wish you a good reading!
Ankara, Turkey AlpaslanŞenköylü
Lille, France FedericoCanavese
ix

Contents
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Part I Pediatric Spine Trauma
1 Pediatric Cervical Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Moyo C. Kruyt and F. Cumhur Öner
2 Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Mehmet Kaymakoglu and Muharrem Yazici
3 Atlanto-Axial (C1–C2) Subluxation and Dislocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Federico Canavese
4 Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Federico Canavese
Part II Adult Spine Trauma
5 Upper Cervical Spine Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Sander P. J. Muijs and F. Cumhur Öner
6 Sub-axial Cervical Spine Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Luiz R. Vialle and Emiliano N. Vialle
7 Thoracolumbar Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Alpaslan Şenköylü
8 Sacral Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Luiz R. Vialle and Emiliano N. Vialle
9 Spinal Cord Injury and Related Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Paula Valerie ter Wengel and F. Cumhur Öner
10 Osteoporotic Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Luiz R. Vialle and Emiliano N. Vialle
Part III Pediatric Spine Pathology
11 Back Pain in Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Federico Canavese
xi

xii
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Contents
12 Congenital Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Michael Ruf
13 Early Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Barlas Goker and Muharrem Yazici
14 Syndromic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Krishna V. Suresh and Paul D. Sponseller
15 Early Onset Neuromuscular Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Kareem Kebaish and Paul D. Sponseller
16 Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Jean Dubousset
17 Progression Risk of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
During Puberty and Natural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Alain Dimeglio and Federico Canavese
18 Conservative Treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . 113
Altug Yucekul, Caglar Yilgor, and Ahmet Alanay
19 Determination of the Fusion Levels in Adolescent
Idiopathic Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Aaron F. Zhu and Kenneth M. C. Cheung
20 Late Onset Neuromuscular Scoliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Federico Canavese
21 Postural Kyphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Federico Canavese and Alpaslan Şenköylü
22 Scheuermann’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Alpaslan Şenköylü
23 Cervical Kyphosis in Neurofibromatosis Type I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Federico Canavese
24 Congenital Kyphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Michael Ruf
25 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Yann Philippe Charles
26 Disc Bulging and Herniation in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . 159
Federico Canavese
27 Schmorl’s Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Federico Canavese
28 Congenital Torticollis (Torticollis Not Related to Trauma) . . . . . . . . . . 167
Federico Canavese
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