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Switzerland AG 2023
S. H. Yale et al., Gastrointestinal Eponymic Signs,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33673-7_6
Chapter 6
Miscellaneous Non-reex Signs
inAppendicitis
6.1 Introduction
In the late nineteenth century, physicians began recognizing the relationship between
elevated white blood cells, serobrinous exudate, and adhesions as markers of the
inammatory response. A variety of other ndings detected in patients with appen-
dicitis included detecting air within the colon or rectum, the texture of the abdomi-
nal muscles, and accentuation of the pulmonic component to the second heart sound.
This chapter describes appendiceal signs whose pathogenesis is not based on the
activation of cerebrospinal or visceral nerve pathways. The signs are reported
chronologically from the date they were rst reported.
6.2 Miscellaneous Eponymous Signs
6.2.1 Hayem–Sonnenburg Sign
6.2.1.1 Georges Hayem
Georges Hayem (1841–1933) was born in Paris, France, completed the boarding
school competitive examination in 1863, and began his externship that same year
[1]. He was appointed to the Hôpital des Enfants Malades (Hospital of the Sick
Children), Paris, in 1864, followed by Lariboisière Hospital in the same city [2]. He
was an assistant to Alfred Vulpian (1826–1887) and an intern at the Salpêtrière
Hospital in 1865. Hayem was elected to the French Academy of Medicine, Paris, in
1866, received the Gold Medal in 1867, and served as its president in 1918 [3, 4].
He received his medical degree in 1868 with the thesis titled Études sur les diverses
formes d’encéphalite: anatomie et physiologie pathologiques (Study of the Various
Forms of Encephalitis: Pathological Anatomy and Physiology). Hayem completed