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- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •About This Book
- •Contents
- •1.2.2 Carabelli Sign
- •1.2.3 Corrigan Sign
- •1.2.4 Trélat Sign
- •List of Figures
- •List of Tables
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2.1 Burton Sign
- •1.2.5 Clarke Sign
- •1.2.6 Drummond Sign
- •1.2.7 Mueller (Müller) Sign
- •1.2.8 Shelly Sign
- •1.2.9 Fournier Sign
- •1.2.10 Krisowski (Krisovki) Sign
- •1.2.11 Koplik (Spot) Sign
- •1.2.12 Silex Sign
- •1.2.13 Forchheimer Sign
- •1.2.14 Comby Sign
- •1.2.15 Tresilian Sign
- •1.2.16 Castellani-Low Sign
- •1.2.17 Schultze Sign
- •1.2.18 Miécamp (Mirchamp) Sign
- •1.2.19 Filatov (Filatoff) Sign
- •1.2.20 Marfan Sign
- •1.2.21 Escherich Sign
- •1.2.22 Gaucher Sign
- •1.2.23 Hathcock Sign (Hathchock Sign)
- •1.2.24 Sterling-Okuniewski Sign
- •1.2.25 Jackson Sign
- •1.2.26 Biederman Sign
- •1.2.27 Gorlin Sign
- •1.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Eponymic Signs
- •2.2.1 Meltzer Sign
- •2.2.2 Roger Sign
- •2.2.3 Frimaudeau Sign
- •2.2.4 Boyce Sign
- •2.2.5 Clerf Sign
- •2.2.6 Heimlich Sign
- •2.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Eponymous Signs
- •3.2.1 Chaussier Sign
- •3.2.2 Fenwick Sign
- •3.2.3 Trousseau Sign
- •3.2.4 Lucas Sign
- •3.2.5 Reichmann Sign
- •3.2.6 Debove Sign
- •3.2.7 Troisier Sign
- •3.2.8 Rosenheim Sign
- •3.2.9 Mendel Sign
- •3.2.10 Bouchard Sign
- •3.2.11 Tansini Sign
- •3.2.12 Jonas Sign
- •3.2.13 Dubard Sign
- •3.2.14 Cole Sign
- •3.2.15 Haudek Sign
- •3.2.16 Günzburg Sign
- •3.2.17 Pottenger Sign
- •3.2.18 Zugsmith Sign
- •3.2.19 Brenner Sign
- •3.2.20 Prével Sign
- •3.2.21 Carman Sign
- •3.2.22 Henning Sign
- •3.2.23 Raw Sign
- •3.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Eponymous Signs
- •4.2.1 Dance Sign
- •4.2.2 Cruveilhier Sign
- •4.2.3 Blatin Sign
- •4.2.4 Cherchevsky Sign
- •4.2.5 Wahl Sign
- •4.2.6 Hirschsprung Sign
- •4.2.7 Gangolphe Sign
- •4.2.8 Schlange Sign
- •4.2.9 Mya Sign
- •4.2.10 Gersuny Sign
- •4.2.11 Bayer Sign
- •4.2.12 Bouveret Sign
- •4.2.24 Hintze Sign
- •4.2.13 Anschütz Sign
- •4.2.14 Nothnagel Sign
- •4.2.15 Lane Sign
- •4.2.16 Stierlin Sign
- •4.2.17 Cole Sign
- •4.2.18 Mathieu Sign
- •4.2.19 Butters Sign
- •4.2.20 Kloiber Sign
- •4.2.21 Hedri Sign
- •4.2.22 Gold Sign
- •4.2.23 Fleischner Sign
- •4.2.25 Burgess Sign
- •4.2.26 Fèvre Sign
- •4.2.27 Kantor Sign
- •4.2.28 Dennis Sign
- •4.2.29 Hunt Sign
- •4.2.30 Kinsella Sign
- •4.2.31 Patel Sign
- •4.2.32 Piulachs Sign
- •4.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Historical Background
- •5.3 Somatic Segmental Nerve Pathway Signs
- •5.4 Eponymous Signs
- •5.4.1 McBurney Sign (Point)
- •5.4.2 Perman Sign
- •5.4.3 Blumberg-Shchetkin Sign
- •5.4.3.1 Moritz Blumberg
- •5.4.3.2 Dmitri Shchetkin
- •5.4.4 Illoway Sign
- •5.4.5 Caden Sign
- •5.4.6 Chutro Sign
- •5.4.7 ten Horn Sign
- •5.4.8 Lanz Sign
- •5.4.9 Morris Sign
- •5.4.10 Cope Signs
- •5.4.11 Gregory Sign
- •5.4.12 Sattler Sign
- •5.4.13 Gray Sign
- •5.4.14 Przewalsky Sign
- •5.4.15 Gray (Shoulder) Sign
- •5.4.16 Iliescu Sign
- •5.4.17 Chapman Sign
- •5.4.18 Sumner Sign
- •5.4.19 Brittain Sign
- •5.4.20 Fotheringham Sign
- •5.4.21 Mastin Sign
- •5.4.22 Richet - Netter Sign
- •5.4.22.1 Charles Richet
- •5.4.22.2 Henry Netter
- •5.4.23 Ben-Asher Sign
- •5.4.24 Markle Sign
- •5.4.25 Dunphy Sign
- •5.4.26 Piulachs Sign
- •5.5 Visceral Segmental Nerve Pathway Signs
- •5.6 Eponymous Sign
- •5.6.1 Meltzer Sign
- •5.6.2 Sherren Sign
- •5.6.3 Mackenzie Sign
- •5.6.4 Sicard Sign
- •5.6.5 Berthomier-Michelson Sign
- •5.6.5.1 André-Auguste Berthomier
- •5.6.6 Rovsing Sign
- •5.6.7 Chase Sign
- •5.6.8 Bastedo Sign
- •5.6.9 Caden Sign
- •5.6.10 Aaron Sign
- •5.6.11 Bassler Sign
- •5.6.12 Reder Sign
- •5.6.13 Owen Sign
- •5.6.14 Wachenheim Sign
- •5.6.15 Blaisdell Sign
- •5.6.16 Baldwin Sign
- •5.6.17 Rosenstein Sign
- •5.6.18 Kocher Sign
- •5.6.19 Sloan Sign
- •5.6.20 Gregory Sign
- •5.6.21 Soresi Sign
- •5.6.22 Tresidder Sign
- •5.6.23 Livingston sign
- •5.6.24 Klein Sign
- •5.6.25 Altschüler Sign
- •5.6.26 Alders Sign
- •5.6.27 Bryan Sign
- •5.6.28 Arapov Sign
- •5.6.29 Marek Sign
- •5.6.30 Ott Sign
- •5.6.31 Baron Sign
- •5.6.32 Donnelly Sign
- •5.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Miscellaneous Eponymous Signs
- •6.2.1 Hayem–Sonnenburg Sign
- •6.2.1.1 Georges Hayem
- •6.2.1.2 Eduard Sonnenburg
- •6.2.2 Roux Sign
- •6.2.3 Mannaberg Sign
- •6.2.4 Filatov Sign
- •6.2.5 Klemm Sign
- •6.2.6 Kahn Sign
- •6.2.7 Dubard Sign
- •6.2.8 Williams Sign
- •6.2.9 Hönck Sign
- •6.2.10 Widmer Sign
- •6.2.11 Przewalsky Sign
- •6.2.12 Volkovich Sign
- •6.2.13 Morris Sign
- •6.2.14 Lockwood Sign
- •6.2.15 Dott Sign
- •6.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2.1 Hanot Sign
- •7.2.2 Rosenbach Sign
- •7.2.3 Courvoisier Sign
- •7.2.4 Rovighi Sign
- •7.2.5 Boas Sign
- •7.2.6 Naunyn Sign
- •7.2.7 Lennhoff Sign
- •7.2.8 Mayo-Robson Sign
- •7.2.9 Gilbert Sign
- •7.2.9.1 Augstin Nicolas Gilbert
- •7.2.9.2 Pierre Émile Auguste Lereboullet
- •7.2.10 Kayser–Fleischer Sign (Ring)
- •7.2.10.1 Bernhard Kayser
- •7.2.10.2 Bruno Fleischer
- •7.2.11 Murphy Sign
- •7.2.12 Abrahams Sign
- •7.2.13 Finsterer Sign
- •7.2.14 Milkó Sign
- •7.2.15 Grocco Sign
- •7.2.16 Lesieur Sign
- •7.2.17 Frank Sign
- •7.2.18 Ortner Sign
- •7.2.19 Riesman Sign
- •7.2.20 Carmalt-Jones Sign
- •7.2.21 Kenawy Sign
- •7.2.22 Čičovački Sign
- •7.2.23 Gruenwald Sign
- •7.2.24 Tanyol Sign
- •7.2.24.1 Hasib Tanyol
- •7.2.24.2 Hyman Menduke
- •7.2.25 Coronel Sign
- •7.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Splenic Eponyms
- •8.2.1 Debove Sign
- •8.2.2 Pitts Sign
- •8.2.3 Ballance Sign
- •8.2.4 Pagniello Sign
- •8.2.5 Castronuovo Sign
- •8.2.6 Sailer Sign
- •8.2.7 Saegesser Sign
- •8.2.8 Nixon Sign
- •8.2.9 Castell Sign
- •8.2.10 Hedri Sign
- •8.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 Eponymic Signs
- •9.2.1 Fitz Sign
- •9.2.2 Körte Sign
- •9.2.3 Halsted Sign
- •9.2.4 Mayo-Robson Sign
- •9.2.5 Löwi Sign
- •9.2.6 Goblet Sign
- •9.2.7 Frostberg (Inverted 3) Sign
- •9.2.8 Mallet-Guy Sign
- •9.2.9 Imrie Sign
- •9.2.10 Baid Sign
- •9.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Eponymic Signs
- •10.2.1 Hippocratic Facies (Sign)
- •10.2.2 Stokes Sign
- •10.2.3 Duchenne Sign
- •10.2.4 Pfuhl–Jaffé Sign
- •10.2.4.1 Eduard Pfuhl
- •10.2.4.2 Karl Jaffé
- •10.2.5 Federici Sign
- •10.2.6 Thomayer (Toma) Sign
- •10.2.7 Clark Sign
- •10.2.8 Fürbringer Sign
- •10.2.9 Bolognini Sign
- •10.2.10 Cushing Sign
- •10.2.11 Strauss Sign
- •10.2.12 Landau Sign
- •10.2.13 Lennander Sign
- •10.2.14 Bryant Sign
- •10.2.15 Morel Sign
- •10.2.16 Kehr Sign
- •10.2.17 Barnard Sign
- •10.2.18 Blumer Sign
- •10.2.19 Brown Sign
- •10.2.20 Chilaiditi Sign
- •10.2.21 Oehlecker Sign
- •10.2.22 Claybrook Sign
- •10.2.23 Drachter Sign
- •10.2.24 Douglas Sign (Douglas Cry)
- •10.2.25 Danforth Sign
- •10.2.26 D’Amato Sign
- •10.2.27 Chapman Sign
- •10.2.28 Blaxland Sign
- •10.2.29 Butler–Carlson Sign
- •10.2.29.1 Edmund Butler
- •10.2.29.2 Everett Carlson
- •10.2.30 Leotta Sign
- •10.2.31 Lian–Odinet Sign
- •10.2.31.1 Camille Lian
- •10.2.31.2 Jacques Odinet
- •10.2.33 Rob Sign
- •10.2.34 Robertson Sign
- •10.2.35 Way Sign
- •10.2.36 Dew Sign
- •10.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Eponymous Signs
- •11.2.1 Auenbrugger Sign
- •11.2.2 Rosenbach Sign
- •11.2.3 Simon Sign
- •11.2.4 Guinard Sign
- •11.2.5 Demons Sign
- •11.2.6 Hartmann Sign
- •11.2.7 Sergent Sign
- •11.2.8 Beevor Sign
- •11.2.9 Ransohoff Sign
- •11.2.10 Livierato Sign
- •11.2.11 Cruveilhier–Baumgarten Sign
- •11.2.11.1 Jean Cruveilhier
- •11.2.11.2 Paul Clemens von Baumgarten
- •11.2.12 Hofstätter Sign
- •11.2.13 Wynter Sign
- •11.2.14 Delbet Sign
- •11.2.15 Ligat Sign
- •11.2.16 Handley Sign
- •11.2.17 Willan Sign
- •11.2.18 Cullen Sign
- •11.2.19 Grey Turner Sign
- •11.2.20 Hellendall Sign
- •11.2.21 Schlesinger Sign
- •11.2.22 Barkman Sign
- •11.2.23 Jeans Sign
- •11.2.24 Carnett Sign
- •11.2.25 Fothergill Sign
- •11.2.26 Co Tui-Meyer Sign
- •11.2.26.1 Jacob Meyer
- •11.2.27 Mortola Sign
- •11.2.28 Raw Sign
- •11.2.29 Holman Sign
- •11.2.30 Fox Sign
- •11.2.31 Tixier Sign
- •11.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Eponymous Signs
- •12.2.1 Laugier Sign
- •12.2.2 Howship–Romberg Sign
- •12.2.2.1 John Howship
- •12.2.2.2 Moritz Romberg
- •12.2.3 Ladd Sign
- •12.2.4 Hannington-Kiff Sign
- •12.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •Epilogue
- •Index

xii
The authors also wish to acknowledge the journal Clinical Medicine & Research,
which published an earlier version of a portion of this work that now presents a
novel approach in its current form.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Kirchenko N, Mazza JJ, Yale SH.Abdominal
physical signs and medical eponyms, part I: physical examination of palpation,
1876–1907. Clin Med Res. 2018;16(3–4):83–91. https://doi.org/10.3121/
cmr.2018.1423.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs and medical eponyms: movements and compression. Clin Med Res.
2018;16(3–4):76–82. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2018.1422.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs and medical eponyms, part II: physical examination of palpation,
1907–1926. Clin Med Res. 2019;17(1–2):47–54. https://doi.org/10.3121/
cmr.2018.1426.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs of inspection and medical eponyms. Clin Med Res. 2019;17(3–4):115–26.
https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2019.1420.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs and medical eponyms, part III: physical examination of palpation,
1926–1976. Clin Med Res. 2019;17(3–4):107–14. https://doi.org/10.3121/
cmr.2018.1427.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs and medical eponyms, part I: percussion, 1871–1900. Clin Med Res.
2020;18(1):42–7. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2018.1428.
• Rastogi V, Singh D, Tekiner H, Ye F, Mazza JJ, Yale SH. Abdominal physical
signs and medical eponyms, part II: percussion and auscultation, 1924–1980.
Clin Med Res. 2020;18(2–3):102–8. https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2018.1429.
Acknowledgments

xiii
About This Book
The word eponym is derived from Greek origin, meaning “named after.” It is
traditionally bestowed posthumously to honor an individual(s) contribution to the
art of medicine and humanity. Eponyms remain controversial and contentious, and
there has been a move to replace them in lieu of more descriptive terms. We
acknowledge the limitations of eponyms, including issues related to misattribution
and misclassication. Interestingly, despite their long-standing presence in medicine
and medical discourse, there has been limited interest and attempts to identify ways
to teach and study them. Often lost is the failure to recognize that signs intended to
provide a better means to identify ways to diagnose and understand disease at a time
when physicians only had available at their disposal the powers of observation,
palpation, percussion, and auscultation. Thus, signs provide the means to diagnose;
they make an inference about a disease. By doing so, a sign, in some cases, also
explains the pathophysiologic disease process. We believe this essential art must be
preserved, learned, and studied further.
This book serves as the source text for learners, teachers, practicing physicians,
and medical historians interested in learning physical examination signs of the
gastrointestinal tract. The focus is on the historical aspect of the named signs and
pathophysiologic mechanisms required to elicit a positive test. We propose that
eponyms be taught so learners can better associate the name with the sign. The
approach we outlined in this book involves providing historical information
chronologically about that person(s)‘s accomplishment and the sign in a manner
that gives meaning and signicance and thereby titillates a learner’s interest for
further study. Our goal is to guide the reader to appreciate how these bedside signs
provide a more profound understanding of the mechanism of disease. They become
more than simply rote memorization but a fundamental tool for applying a direct
hands-on assessment that involves how observing, engaging, listening, and touching
the patient aids in diagnosis. These techniques also provide the additional benet of
better connecting the practitioner to the patients and maintaining the art of
medicine, which has unfortunately rapidly lost its foothold within the medical

xiv
community. In summary, the book intends to pass on this knowledge to students and
advanced learners in order for them to appreciate further the fundamental and
time-honored aspects of the patient-physician interaction.
Signs are quoted as initially described and translated to English from the original
references in French, German, Spanish, Polish, or Russian. Testimonies about the
person’s character who described the sign, if available, were intended to give the
reader an appreciation and perspective for those authors’ humanistic qualities that
are of utmost relevance to the art of medicine. We included information about these
physicians’ other accomplishments, acknowledging that the sign represented a
minor role in their overall contribution(s) to medicine and society at large. If
available, the sign’s sensitivity, specicity, and predictive value in clinical practice
were included.
We envision a scenario whereby students are taught these signs and techniques
as demonstrated by the teacher. The learner practices and demonstrates the method
with feedback provided by the teacher. Students learn to perfect the technique
through training and are later reassessed. The teacher also provides information
regarding the pathophysiologic mechanism required for a positive test and an
opportunity to assess their knowledge and understanding of the role of the sign in
clinical practice. Illustrations within the text provide a visual representation of the
correct location and demonstrate how to perform the sign. We believe that this
method of teaching and learning is more meaningful to the student in that they will
be able to associate the name with the person’s historical features, the sign, and its
pathophysiologic mechanism(s). This teaching method thus provides a more
meaningful learning experience in an applied learning environment whereby the
learner understands the application of the physical examination in diagnostic
decision-making.
The book covers the entire alimentary canal and intra-abdominal organs. The
signs are presented chronologically in each chapter based on the year of publication.
A table at the end of each chapter includes the name, the date the sign was rst
presented or published, and a summary of how the learner should perform the signs
as the method for diagnosing. We intended this structure to serve as a quick resource
for clinicians and students, whereby the information is more accessible without
having to read that section of the book. Eponymic signs are organized based on the
organ the disease primarily affects. For example, the Kayser-Fleischer sign is an
ocular nding seen in patients with Wilson disease—a condition that primarily
affects the liver and other organ systems (e.g., red blood cells and kidneys). The
eponym, in this case, is found within the chapter on liver disease. This book
represents a compilation of eponymic signs on the components of the
gastrointestinal tract arranged sequentially using an organ system approach. The
oral cavity is the rst chapter since it represents the entry to the gastrointestinal tract.
Signs are rarely pathognomonic and should be thought of as a tool to supplement
and not supplant other more advanced imaging or laboratory tests. We recommend
that these signs be studied pragmatically prior to expunging them from medical
About This Book

xv
discourse. Once we better understand their validity and utility, further research can
be conducted to identify the best teaching method for learners. Teachers and
learners can use this book to guide students to advance their diagnostic skills. It is
also a valuable guide for academic clinical researchers interested in advancing the
science of medicine to study these signs further to fully understand their role in
clinical practice.
About This Book

xvii
1 Oral Cavity Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Eponymously Named Signs of the Oral Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Burton Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Carabelli Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Corrigan Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4 Trélat Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 Clarke Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.6 Drummond Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.7 Mueller (Müller) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.8 Shelly Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.9 Fournier Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.10 Krisowski (Krisovki) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.11 Koplik (Spot) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.12 Silex Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.13 Forchheimer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.14 Comby Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.15 Tresilian Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2.16 Castellani-Low Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.17 Schultze Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.18 Miécamp (Mirchamp) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.19 Filatov (Filatoff) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.20 Marfan Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.21 Escherich Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.22 Gaucher Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2.23 Hathcock Sign (Hathchock Sign). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.24 Sterling-Okuniewski Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.25 Jackson Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.26 Biederman Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.27 Gorlin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Contents

xviii
1.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2 Oropharynx and Esophagus Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Eponymic Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.1 Meltzer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.2 Roger Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.3 Frimaudeau Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.4 Boyce Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.5 Clerf Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2.6 Heimlich Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Stomach Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Eponymous Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.1 Chaussier Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.2 Fenwick Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.3 Trousseau Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.4 Lucas Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.5 Reichmann Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.6 Debove Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.7 Troisier Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.8 Rosenheim Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.2.9 Mendel Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.10 Bouchard Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.11 Tansini Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.12 Jonas Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2.13 Dubard Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.14 Cole Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.15 Haudek Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.16 Günzburg Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.17 Pottenger Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.18 Zugsmith Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.2.19 Brenner Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.20 Prével Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.2.21 Carman Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2.22 Henning Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.2.23 Raw Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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4 Small and Large Bowel Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Eponymous Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.1 Dance Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.2 Cruveilhier Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.3 Blatin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.4 Cherchevsky Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.5 Wahl Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2.6 Hirschsprung Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2.7 Gangolphe Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.8 Schlange Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2.9 Mya Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.2.10 Gersuny Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2.11 Bayer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.12 Bouveret Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.13 Anschütz Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2.14 Nothnagel Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.2.15 Lane Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.16 Stierlin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.2.17 Cole Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.18 Mathieu Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.19 Butters Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.20 Kloiber Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.21 Hedri Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.22 Gold Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.23 Fleischner Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.24 Hintze Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.25 Burgess Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.26 Fèvre Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.2.27 Kantor Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.2.28 Dennis Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.2.29 Hunt Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.2.30 Kinsella Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.31 Patel Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.32 Piulachs Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5 Appendicitis: Somatic and Visceral Nerve Reflexes Signs:
Mechanisms and Pathophysiologic Approach in Acute
and Chronic Disease
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.1.1 Somatic and Visceral Reexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.3 Somatic Segmental Nerve Pathway Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
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5.4 Eponymous Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4.1 McBurney Sign (Point) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4.2 Perman Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4.3 Blumberg-Shchetkin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.4.4 Illoway Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4.5 Caden Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4.6 Chutro Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.4.7 ten Horn Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.4.8 Lanz Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.4.9 Morris Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.4.10 Cope Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.4.11 Gregory Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4.12 Sattler Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.4.13 Gray Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.4.14 Przewalsky Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.4.15 Gray (Shoulder) Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.4.16 Iliescu Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.4.17 Chapman Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.18 Sumner Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.19 Brittain Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4.20 Fotheringham Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4.21 Mastin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.4.22 Richet - Netter Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.4.23 Ben-Asher Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.4.24 Markle Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.4.25 Dunphy Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.4.26 Piulachs Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.5 Visceral Segmental Nerve Pathway Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.6 Eponymous Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.6.1 Meltzer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.6.2 Sherren Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.6.3 Mackenzie Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.6.4 Sicard Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.6.5 Berthomier-Michelson Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.6.6 Rovsing Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.6.7 Chase Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.6.8 Bastedo Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.6.9 Caden Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.6.10 Aaron Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.6.11 Bassler Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.6.12 Reder Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.6.13 Owen Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.6.14 Wachenheim Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.6.15 Blaisdell Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.6.16 Baldwin Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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5.6.17 Rosenstein Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.6.18 Kocher Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.6.19 Sloan Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.6.20 Gregory Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.6.21 Soresi Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.6.22 Tresidder Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.6.23 Livingston sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.6.24 Klein Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.6.25 Altschüler Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.6.26 Alders Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.6.27 Bryan Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.6.28 Arapov Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.6.29 Marek Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.6.30 Ott Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.6.31 Baron Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.6.32 Donnelly Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6 Miscellaneous Non-reflex Signs in Appendicitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.2 Miscellaneous Eponymous Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.2.1 Hayem–Sonnenburg Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.2.2 Roux Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.2.3 Mannaberg Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.2.4 Filatov Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.2.5 Klemm Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.2.6 Kahn Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
6.2.7 Dubard Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.2.8 Williams Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.2.9 Hönck Sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.2.10 Widmer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.2.11 Przewalsky Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.2.12 Volkovich Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.2.13 Morris Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.2.14 Lockwood Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.2.15 Dott Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
6.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7 Liver and Biliary Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.2 Liver and Biliary Eponymous Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.2.1 Hanot Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.2.2 Rosenbach Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.2.3 Courvoisier Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
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7.2.4 Rovighi Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.2.5 Boas Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.2.6 Naunyn Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.2.7 Lennhoff Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.2.8 Mayo-Robson Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.2.9 Gilbert Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
7.2.10 Kayser–Fleischer Sign (Ring) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.2.11 Murphy Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.2.12 Abrahams Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.2.13 Finsterer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.2.14 Milkó Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.2.15 Grocco Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.2.16 Lesieur Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.2.17 Frank Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.2.18 Ortner Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.2.19 Riesman Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.2.20 Carmalt-Jones Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.2.21 Kenawy Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.2.22 Čičovački Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.2.23 Gruenwald Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.2.24 Tanyol Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.2.25 Coronel Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8 Spleen Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.2 Splenic Eponyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.2.1 Debove Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.2.2 Pitts Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.2.3 Ballance Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.2.4 Pagniello Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.2.5 Castronuovo Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.2.6 Sailer Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.2.7 Saegesser Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.2.8 Nixon Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.2.9 Castell Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8.2.10 Hedri Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.3 Summary of Bedside Methods to Determine Spleen Size . . . . . . . . 288
8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9 Pancreas Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
9.2 Eponymic Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.2.1 Fitz Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.2.2 Körte Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Contents
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана
