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4.4 X-ray crystallography
The ultimate technique for understanding crystalline complex structures is X-ray crystal-
lography. There have been several reports of crystalline forms of compounds produced by
natural CDs. Because practically all of the compounds generated with water-soluble CD de-
rivatives are amorphous, this approach is less suitable for analyzing them [125].
4.5 Surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy)
The surface appearances as well as the particle size of the complex are studied using SEM
or transmission electron microscopy. Even though there is a distinct difference in crystalliza-
tion state of the raw material and the product generated by coprecipitation, the creation of the
IC is indicated by the difference in crystallization state of the raw material and the product
visible under electron microscope.
Process factors such as rotation speed, vacuum applied, and technique utilized may affect
the form and size of the produced complexes. The purity grade of PHL is also significant in
determining the form, size, and stability of pharmacosomes. When low-quality lipids are
used to make PHL complexes, a greasy product is produced, resulting in PHL complexes
with big aggregates and a sticky character. However, very high purity grades (>90%) are
prone to oxidative degradation and so have a negative impact on the stability of PHL com-
plexes. In most research, PHLs with an average purity of around 80% were employed to pro-
duce PHL complexes.
4.5.1
13
C-NMR and
1
H-NMR
All of the flavonoid carbons are almost undetectable in the
13
C-NMR (nuclear magnetic
resonance) spectra of (þ)-catechin and its stoichiometric combination with distearoylphos-
phatidylcholine, especially when recorded in C6 D6 (solvent-deuteriated benzene) at room
temperature. The signals corresponding to the glycerol and choline portion of the lipid (be-
tween 60 and 80 ppm) are broadened and some are shifted, while most of the resonances
of fatty acid chains retain their original sharp-shaped line. In the NMR spectra of the complex,
all the signals of protons of PLs generally show the broadening with upfield shifting of
choline of trimethylammonium group (N-(CH
3
)
3
). Therefore, the complex shows a marked
change of the 1H-NMR signal corresponding to the atoms involved in the formation of the
complex [126]. The PHL complex with catechin revealed similar
1
H-NMR except the proton
of phenolic eOH, which shifted downfield indicating the interaction of PHL with phenolic
eOH of catechin [121].
5. Applications
The use of phyto-complexes as a delivery mechanism has a variety of applications and
opens up new avenues for the use of plant-based active ingredients in pharmaceutical and
medical research. The method solves the phytoconstituents’ poor solubility and bioavail-
ability issues. It’s a patented method of incorporating standardized phytoconstituents into
PHLs, CDs, or CHGS to create molecular complexes or ICs that are compatible. As a result,
5. Phyto-complexed systems as a versatile tool for the delivery of plant-based drugs128
https://t.me/med1917
phyto-complexing is a promising approach for herbal drugs that are poorly absorbed due to
their large molecular size or poor lipid solubility to pass through lipid-rich biological mem-
branes, resulting in poor bioavailability.
The process of making phytosomes [127] entails mixing a standardized plant extract with
PHLs to create lipid-compatible molecule s. This method allows herbal drugs to move more
smoothly from a hydrophilic environment to the lipid-friendly environment of the enterocyte
cell membrane, and then into the cell, eventually reaching the bloodstream. PHC, generated
from soybeans, is the most often used PHL. Phosphatidylcholine is a bifunctional molecule,
with a lipophilic phosphatidyl moiety and a hydrophilic choline moiety. Several study re-
ports have been published on the use of CDs for the complexation of phytochemicals that
can then be synthesized using sophisticated drug delivery systems. In addition to improving
solubilization, CDs protect bioactive compounds from environmental side effects (pH, light,
and temperature), extending their shelf life and loweri ng the concentrations of the drug
necessary to elicit a biological impact. Furthermore, CDs can change the behavior of the
encapsulated molecule, namely by altering the distribution rate, making the pharmacological
formulation with CDs “nonbioequivalent” to formulations without CDs. The capacity of CDs
to eliminate irritating or toxicological effects of the active substance by substituting some ex-
cipients, such as pH regulators or solubilizing agents, is another advantage of their use as
complexing agent. CHGS are chitosan or chitin degradation products produced by enzymatic
TABLE 5.3 Phyto-phospholipid complexes available in market.
Phytochemical Trade name Indication
Polyphenol (from Curcuma longa) Merinoselect Cancer chemo protective agent
Terpenes (from Centella asiatica) Centella Skin and Vein disorders
Flavonoids (from Crataegus sp.) Hawthorn Cardio-protective, antihypertensive, and nutraceutical
18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid (from
Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Glycyrrhiza Antiinflammatory
Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (from Camellia
sinensis)
Greenselect Systemic antioxidant. Protect against cancer and damage to
cholesterol.
Ginkgo levono glycosides (from Ginkgo
biloba)
Greenselect Protects brain and vascular lining
Polyphenols (from olive oil) Oleaselect Antiinflammatory and prevent harmful oxidation of LDL
cholesterol
Procyanidins (from Vitis vinifera) Leucoselect Antioxidant and anticancer
Proanthocyanidin A2 (from Chestnut bark) PA2 UV protectant, Antiaging and antiwrinkles
Extract of saw palmet to berries Sabalselect For normal functioning of prostate
Silybin (from silymarin) Silybin Antioxidant (protects liver and skin)
Zanthalene (from Zanthoxylum bungeanum) Zanthalene Antiirritant, Soothing, and antiitching
5. Applications 129
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or chemical hydrolysis. CHGS has a wide range of uses in a variety of industries, including
food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, clinical care, and the environment. CHGS has better solu-
bility than chitin and chitosan, which have outstanding qualities such as biodegradability,
biocompatibility, adsorptive capacities, and nontoxicity. Many researchers are interested in
using CHGS and its derivatives for numerous biomedical applications because of their
increased solubility and low viscosity.
Many therapeutic uses of phyto-complex [35, 128e131] have been investigated to analyze
the various advantages of phyto-complex, particularly their capacity to boost the bioavail-
ability of polar phytoconstituents. Table 5.3 summarizes the phyto-PHL complexes available
in the market.
6. Conclusion
Phyto-complexing is a patented technology that incorporates standardized plant extracts
or water-soluble phyto-constituents into PHLs, CDs, or CHGS to produce lipid-compatible
molecular complexes. Their major advantage in herbal industries includes enhanced absorp-
tion of lipid-insoluble phyto-constituents and reduced dose requirement by improving the
absorption and bioavailability of active constituents. Because phytochemicals are an infinite
resource for mankind on the planet, more research is needed into their complexation with
bioactive components, the types and factors that influence interactions, complex preparation
methodologies, characterization, and biological evaluation of established complexes in both
in vitro and in vivo models. With this understanding, we reasonably anticipate that PHLs,
CD, CHGS, and their derivatives will aid in the transport of phytochemicals to the designated
target, potentially resolving the toxicity problem associated with synthetic medications. Ac-
cording to the information gathered, complexation significantly improves the solubility,
bioavailability, and pharmacological action of a variety of phyto-constituents. As such, these
phyto-constituents have many biological actions; increasing their solubility and bioavail-
ability will be extremely beneficial, allowing them to be tested in clinical trials and can be
further investigated in human trials. As a result, there is a great deal of potential and need
to investigate complexation strategies with these diverse supplies of phyto-constituents in
preclinical and clinical investigations that result to therapeutically acceptable forms on the
commercial scale.
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