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Further reading
[1] Malik Q, Ifthikhar H. Pharmacological intervention of phytochemical therapy for inflammatory and chronic dis-
eases. Biochemical Pharmacology 2020;9:272.
[2] Kane S, Goldberg MJ. Use of bromelain for mild ulcerativecolitis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;132:680.
[3] Ntyonga-Pono MP. COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for prevention and
treatment? The Pan African Medical Journal 2020;35(Suppl. 2).
[4] Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2020;8(4):420e2.
[5] Colunga Biancatelli RML, Berrill M, Catravas JD, Marik PE. Quercetin and vitamin C: an experimental, synergis-
tic therapy for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 related disease (COVID-19). Frontiers in Immu-
nology 2020;11:1451.
[6] Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Sathyapalan T, Majeed M, Jamialahmadi T, Al-Rasadi K, et al. Potential effects of
curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Phytotherapy Research 2020;34(11):2911e20.
[7] Glinsky GV. Tripartite combination of candidate pandemic mitigation agents: vitamin D, quercetin, and estradiol
manifest properties of medicinal agents for targeted mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic defined by genomics-
guided tracing of SARS-CoV-2 targets in human cells. Biomedicines 2020;8(5):129.
[8] Amaro MI, Rocha J, Vila-Real H, Eduardo-Figueira M, Mota-Filipe H, Bruno S, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity
of naringin and the biosynthesised naringenin by naringinase immobilized in microstructured materials in a
model of DSS-induced colitis in mice. Food Research International 2009;42:1010e7.
[9] Li Y, Yao J, Han C, Yang J, Chaudhry MT, Wang S, et al. Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients 2016;
15;8(3):167.
Further reading 451
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Index
‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’
A
Abraxane, 42e43
Absorption, 246
Albumin, 146
Alkaloids, 31e32, 280, 371
Alkaloids corporation,
289e292
Altered pharmacokinetics, 227
Alzheimer disease (AD)
medicinal plants, 398t
pathophysiology, 397
phytoconstituents, 397e398
Ames test, 222
Amphotericin B, plant actives/derivative delivery,
54te55t
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 401e402
Annona muricata, 302
Anticancer activity
berberine (BER), 372e373
polyphenols, 137e138
Anticancer drugs, 2
Antiinflammatory agents, 17e19
berberine (BER), 374
boswellic acid (BA), 19
cannabinoid derivatives, 19
curcumin (CUR), 17e18
Zingiber officinale,18e19
Antimicrobial activity, berberine (BER), 374
Antimicrobial infections, 22e23
Antioxidant activity
berberine (BER), 374
polyphenols, 136e137
Antioxidants, 276e277
Apigenin, plant actives/derivative delivery,
54te55t
Aristotelia chilensis, 160
Artemisinin, 117te118t
Atomization/spray-drying method, phyto-complexes,
122
Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG),
268
Ayurveda, 13e15, 148
B
Bacopa monnieri nanoparticles, 411
Bacterial cell, berberine (BER), 383e384
Badische Anilin- und SodaFabrik (BASF), 287e288
Baicalein, 7te8t
Berberine (BER), 7te8t, 22e23
carriers used, 377te378t
characteristics, 372e375
chemistry, 372
delivery approaches, 375e384
isolated and synthetic preparations, 371e372
limitations, 375
neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), 412
nonvesicular carriers
bacterial cell, 383e384
cellular derivatives, 383
ceramic carriers, 384
emulsions, 383
hydrogels, 382
inclusion complexes, 381e382
microemulsions, 383
microspheres, 380
nanoparticles, 380e381
nanoscaffolds, 384
polymeric micelle, 382e383
self-assembled polymer system, 382
solid dispersion, 381
solid solution, 381
pharmacology, 372e375, 373f
anticancer activity, 372e373
antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity, 374
antimicrobial activity, 374
hepatoprotective activity, 375
hypoglycemic effects, 373e374
hypolipidemic activity, 374
vesicular delivery system
liposomes, 376e379
phospholipid complexed vesicles, 379
Berberis aristata, antiinflammatory activity, 16e17
Bioactive nutraceuticals, 317e318
Bioenhancer, 194
Biotechnology, 79
453
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Borago officinalis, antioxidant property, 19e21
Boswellic acid (BA), 19
Botanicals
clinical issues, 261e264
adverse reactions, 263
botanical nomenclature standardization, 263e264
clinical trials, 261e262
controls, 261e262
inclusion criteria, 261e262
pharmacokinetic evaluation, 262e263
ethical issues
intellectual property, 266
quality control, 264e265
risk assessment, 265e266
health claims, 259
issues and solutions, 260f
raw materials, 259e260
regulation needs, 261
regulatory issues
Australia, 268
in Canada, 268
in China, 269
in European Union, 270
guidelines, 267t
in India, 269
in Japan, 269e270
in United Kingdom, 270
United States of America, 267e268
WHO guidelines, 266e267
sources, 83te84t, 369te370t
Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay, 221
Broccoli, 303
Bromelain, 433e434
Butyrate, 431e432
C
Caffeic acid, 52
Camellia sinensis, neuropharmacological effects, 22
Camptothecin-derived compounds, 34e35
Canadian Food and Drug Act, 268
Capsaicin, 51
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 147, 412
Carcinogenicity tests, 223
Cardioprotection activity, polyphenols, 137
Carotenoids, 279
Caryophyllus aromaticus L., 304
Cassia angustifolia, 304
Caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME), 164e165
Celastrol, 400e401
Cellular derivatives, berberine (BER), 383
Cellular DNA repair machinery, 276e277
Ceramic carriers, berberine (BER), 384
Chemical antagonism, 300
Chemomarkers, 91
Chengdu biopurify phytochemicals Ltd., 288
Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), 269
Chip-based high throughput herbal screening, 324
Chitin, 120f
Chitooligosaccharide, 120f
complex, 113te115t
Chitosan, 120f
Chronic toxicity, 221
Chrysin, 7te8t, 436e438
Cineole-enriched nanoemulsion, 93
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 304
Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV), 164e165
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), 164e165
Clinical trials, 262
Clove, 304
Clove oil nanoemulsions, 93
Complexation
complexes, 112
molecular complexes, 115e119
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
(CONSORT) standards, 262
Contaminants, 219e220, 230e231
C# Open Source Managed Operating System
(COSMOS) standard, 287e288
Coprecipitation technique, phyto-complexes, 121
COVID-19
naringenin, 434e435
phytopharmaceuticals, 428
Cremophor, 42e43
Critical quality control parameters, 212e213
Cubosomes, 145, 410
Cucurbitacin B (CuB), 16e17
Curcumin (CUR), 7te8t, 117te118t, 181
antiinflammatory properties, 17e18
for inflammatory disorders, 429e430
mucoadhesive microparticles, 196
Cutaneous melanoma, 338t
Cyclodextrin complexes (CDs), 115e116, 117te118t
Cyclodextrin phyto-complex, 113t
e115t
Cytokine storm, 428
Cytotoxicity tests, 222
D
Danio rerio,60
Daunorubicin, plant actives/derivative delivery,
54te55t
Dendrimer, 147, 410
Dermis, 336
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
(DSHEA), 3, 267e268
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
phyto-complexes, 123
Index454
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Diffusion flux, 347
Dihydroartemisinin, 117te118t
Dihydromyricetin, 117te118t
DNA markers, 91
Dose range, 83te84t
Doxorubicin, plant actives/derivative delivery,
54te55t
Drug approval, 63
Drug development, 80f
Drug interactions
pharmaceutical interactions, 301
pharmacodynamic interactions, 299e300
pharmacokinetic interactions, 300e301
Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 209e210
Drvayaguna, 288e289
E
Electrosome, 177t
Emulsions, 85te86t, 92e93
berberine (BER), 383
Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect,
42e43
Enzimosomes, 176
Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), 88
Enzymosome, 177t
Epidermis, 336
Epigallocatechin gallate, 402
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)-ethosomes,
52
Ethnomedicine, 159
Ethnopharmacological approach, 2
Ethosomes, 52
herbal control drug delivery, 168e175
neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), 406
Exointeractions and endointeractions theory, 235
Exosome, 177t
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), 176
F
Fick’s diffusion law, 346
Flavonoids, 32, 400e401
Folate-decorated poly (ethylene glycol)-
polycaprolactone nanoparticles, 165e166
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 123
G
Gene mutation test, 222
Genetic markers, 91
Genistein, for inflammatory disorders, 430e431
Genotoxicity test, 222
Geranium wilfordii extract (GWE), 325e326
Gingerol phytosomes, 52e53
Ginseng, 402
Ginseng fruit saponins (GFS) extract loaded
proliposome, 94
Ginsenosides, 400e401
Global phytochemical market, 282e283
Glycyrrhizin, 432f
Good agricultural and collection practices (GACP),
212e213
H
Health Protection Branch (HPB), 268
Heavy metal contamination, 219e220
Hepatoprotective activity, berberine (BER), 375
Herbal bioactive compounds
applications, 160e163
Aristotelia chilensis, 160
classification and obtention, 159e160
human disease treatment, 158
pharmaceutical industry, 158e159
Quillaja saponaria Mol., 160
Herbal drug-herbal drug interaction, 216
Herbal drug interaction
antagonistic associations, 243e244
coadministered allopathic drugs, 250e251
Co-compound Q10, 248e249
drug disposal, 248e249
educational program, 250
elderly persons, 243e244
enzymes responsible, 251, 252t
herbal medicines, 243e244
mechanism, 251e253, 254t
pharmacodynamic interactions, 245, 247
pharmacokinetic interactions, 244e247
absorption, 246
distribution, 246
excretion, 247
metabolism, 247
self-medication, 247e248
spice-drug associations, 249
types, 244e245
Herbal drugs market, 5te6t
Herbal extracts
efficacy and safety issues, 89e91
safety assessment, 90t
standardization, 89e91
Herbal ingredients, 81t, 368t
Herbal medicine, 1
advantages, 12
in global market, 13e15
Indian scenario/Asian continent scenario, 15e16
phytocompounds, 12e13
plant parts, 12
research efforts, 23
safety and efficacy, 24
Index 455
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Herbochip
biotinylated protein target, 324
Geranium wilfordii extract (GWE), 325e326
nerve growth factor (NGF), 325e326
screening process, 325f
technical advantage, 324
Herbs extraction
enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), 88
hollow fiber extraction, 88
microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), 87
novel techniques, 87e89
phytonics process, 88
pressured liquid extraction (PLE), 88e89
pulsed electric field extraction (PEFE) technique, 89
solid-phase extraction (SPE), 87
supercritical fluid extraction methods (SFE), 87
ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE), 87e88
High pressure homogenization, 100
High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 278
Hollow fiber extraction, 88
Huntington disease (HD)
natural compounds and herbs, 400e401
neurodegeneration, 400
Huperzine A, 17
Hybrid herbal nanomaterials, 178t
Hybrid nanocarrier, neurodegenerative disorders
(NDs), 412e413
Hybrid nanoparticles, 55e56
Hydrogels, 146, 382
Hygroscopicity, 215
Hypericum perforatum, 305
Hypoglycemic effects, berberine (BER), 373e374
Hypolipidemic activity, berberine (BER), 374
I
Immunotoxicity and antigenicity tests, 223e224
Inclusion complexes (ICs), 115, 381e382
India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), 15e16
Indian Drug Manufacturers Association (IDMA), 269
Indian phytochemical business, 288e289
Indian scenario/Asian continent scenario, medicinal
plant export, 15e16
Inflammation, 17e18
Inflammatory disorders
antiinflammatory phytochemicals, 427t
bromelain, 433e434
butyrate, 431e432
chrysin, 436e438
curcumin, 429e430
genistein, 430e431
inflammatory markers regulation, 428
licorice, 432
mangiferin, 438e439
naringenin (NAR), 434e435
naringin, 435e436
proanthocyanidins (PAC), 432e433
quercetin, 430
resveratrol (RES), 428e429
chronic inflammation, 425e426
medications used, 426
Innate immunity, 425
Inorganic nanoparticles
herbal control drug delivery, 176e179
polyphenol-loaded, melanoma treatment, 352
Intellectual property, botanicals, 266
International Conference on Drug Regulatory
Authorities (ICDRA), 266e267
Invasomes, 176
K
Kemin industries Inc, 284
Kneading method, phyto-complexes, 121
Kothari phytochemicals international, 292e293
L
Langerhans and dendritic cells, 336
Laxative effect, 216
Legal status of herbal drugs, 237t
Leukocyte vascular permeability, 425
Licorice, 432
Lipid-based micelles, 51
Lipid-based nanoparticles, 45e53, 47t
Lipid-based systems, 85te86t
benefits, 91
emulsion system, 92e93
parameters, 91e92
particulate system, 94e95
as plant actives and extract carriers
emulsion, 97te99t
high pressure homogenization, 100
melt dispersion techniques, 100
paclitaxel-loaded lipid emulsion, 96
particulate systems, 96, 100e102, 101f
quercetin incorporation, 96
silybin, 96
solvent evaporation method, 100
vesicular and particulate lipid-based system,
97te99t
whole plant, 95e96
properties, 82
tissue-derived lipids, 91e92
types, 92f
vesicular system, 93e94
Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), 50e51, 85te86t
Lipid nanoparticles, 85te86t, 145, 200e201
Lipids, 82
Index456
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Lipid solubility and molecular size, 82
Liposomes
clinical success, 45
coated liposomes, 48
herbal control drug delivery, 168
magnetic resveratrol-loaded liposomes, 48
myricetin, 45
neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), 406
phytopharmaceuticals delivery, 201e202
polyphenol-loaded, melanoma treatment, 349
topical applications, 48
vincristine-loaded liposomes, 45e48
Lipospheres, 85te86t
Luteolin, 7te8t
Lycopene, 400e401
Lyophilization/freeze-drying method, phyto-
complexes, 122
M
Macropinocytosis, 164
Magnetic resveratrol-loaded liposomes, 48
Maize zeins, 58
Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration
test, 222e224
Mammalian cell gene mutation test, 222e224
Mangiferin, 117te118t, 438e439
Marketing herbal product, 198e199, 199f
Market potential
global phytochemical market, 282e283
phytochemicals and phytoconstituents, 281e282
Alkaloids corporation, 289e292
Badische Anilin- und SodaFabrik (BASF), 287e288
Chengdu biopurify phytochemicals Ltd., 288
Indian market, 288e289, 290te292t
International market, 285te286t
Kemin industries Inc, 284
Kothari phytochemicals international, 292e293
Naturex, 284e287
Nektium, 288
Organic herb Inc., 288
Sydler, 289
worldwide demands, 282
Mechanical trituration, 120
Medication formulation, 82
Medicinal herbs, 161te163t
Medicinal plant-related challenges, 225
Melanocytes, 336
Melanoma
categories, 337
diagnosis, 334e335, 337
pathophysiology, 336e353
polyphenols for
anticancer mechanisms, 339e341
chemical structure, 339, 340f
drug delivery systems, 347e352
epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 341, 341f
mechanism of action, 339e341
melanoma cell lines, 342
nanocarrier formulations, 343f
nanoencapsulation, transdermal delivery, 342e345,
345t
nanoparticles penetration, 345e347
nanoparticulate system, 344
passive and active targeting, 344
transcellular route, 347
transdermal delivery. See Transdermal delivery;
polyphenols
radiotherapy, 338e339
staging, 338, 339f
therapeutic approaches, 336e353
UV radiation and oxidative stress, 337f
Melt dispersion techniques, 100
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), 411e412
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs), 144e145, 201
classification, 53
hybrid nanoparticles, 55e
56
magnetic properties, 53
medical applications, 53
neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), 411
plant actives/derivative delivery, 54te55t
Micelles, 147
Microbe contamination, 230e231
Microemulsions, berberine (BER), 383
Microfluidic devices, 316e317
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems
herbochip, 324e327
multi-organ-on-a-chip, 323f
chip-based high throughput herbal screening, 324
cyclophosphamide (CP) cytotoxicity, 323f
drug pharmacokinetics studies, 321e324
ginsenosides compound (CP) cytotoxicity, 323f
herbal drug separation, 321e324
Micronucleus test, 222e224
Microspheres, berberine (BER), 380
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), 87, 277e278
Microwave irradiation method, phyto-complexes, 121
Milling/cogrinding method, phyto-complexes, 121
Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW), 269e270
Molecular complexes
chitooligosaccharide complex, 119
cyclodextrin complexes (CDs), 115e116
inclusion complexes (ICs), 115
noncovalent interactions, 115
phospholipid complexes, 118
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 412
Myricetin, 45
Index 457
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