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58 T. B. dos Santos et al.
Nano-Se foliar spray (10 mg/L) in filed cultivated tea plants (C. sentences (L.)
O. Kuntze) could enhance tea tolerance to pesticide-induced oxidative stress. The
remediation mechanism involved is mainly that nano-Se application improved the
antioxidative defense system (AsA-GSH cycle), reducing the ROS accumulation
and MDA content in green tea. In this context, Se supplementation enhanced
secondary metabolite levels in tea leaves (total phenols and flavonoids).
Se-biofortification positively influenced nutrients , such as tea polyphenols and
catechins. The amino acid levels were further strengthened by regulation of the
GS-GOGAT cycle. These nutrients help improve green tea’s aroma, flavor, and
nutritional value (Li et al.
2021).
In addition, Si role in reinforcing the plant antioxidant defense system has mainly
been reported in different abiotic stress conditions (Liang et al. 2007). Si improves
plant tolerance, related to enhancements in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxi-
dant content (Shi et al.
2005), and reductions in MDA content, which is the end
product of lipid peroxidation (Liang et al. 2003). It is known that the Si application
improves the mechanical strength of leaves, light absorption, plant growth, photo-
synthesis capacity, and evapotranspiration (Siddiqui et al.
2014). Improved nitrogen
assimilation, nitrate reductase activity, and use efficiency of nitrogen and phospho-
rus may further contribute to a higher source-sink potential in Si-treated plants
(Detmann et al.
2012; Mukarram et al. 2021).
Foliar spraying of Si (1 mM) increased the leaf weight, grain yield, total phenol,
and leaf flavonoid content in purslane (Portulaca oleracea). In addition, Si fertiliza-
tion promoted an increase of up to 2.5-folds in dopamine, a known antioxidant
substance, such as glutathione, luteolin, quercetin, and catechin. These responses
were correlated to a higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments and phospho-
rus in leaves (Mohammadi Azni et al. 2021).
Pereira et al. (2018) investigated whether Si and Se could reduce cadmium
(Cd) toxicity in ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata Spreng Pedersen) and attenuate the
oxidative stress promoted by this metal. Both Se and Si announced the activation
of SOD and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes in the roots and shoots, which may have
contributed to lower lipid peroxidation. In addition, the Cd concentrations in the
tissues were reduced in the presence of Se or Si. The role of Si in the amelioration of
salt hazards in the medicinal Honeysuckle plant (Lonicera japonica L.) relied on
ionic osmotic adjustment and improvement of growth, SOD, and CAT activities,
chlorogenic acid production and stability of chloroplasts ultrastructures (Gengmao
et al. 2015). Abou-Sreea et al. (2022) also reported improvements in physiological
attributes, growth, yield, and total anthocyanin in roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa
L.) in response to potassium silicate under salinity conditions.
Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) have more pronounced effects on plant growth and
physiology than Si (Tripathi et al.
2016; Rastogi et al. 2019). The small size of
nanoparticles can improve their chemical and physical properties compared with
bulk materials (Khadem Moghadam et al. 2019). The amorphous nature of SiNPs
increases their solubility in water, augments their bio-availability, and probably its
action in plant metabolic activity (Ahmed et al. 2022). SiO
2
NPs foliar application
encourages photosynthesis by modulating photosystem II activity, photochemical
https://t.me/medicina_free
efficiency, electron transport rate (ETR), stomatal conductance, and the content of
chlorophyll (Siddiqui et al. 2014; Xie et al. 2012). Interestingly, SiNPs can benefit
the plant system without stress (Mukarram et al. 2021).
4 Resilience Mechanism of Medicinal Plants Under Harsh Environment 59
A positive influence of
SiNPs was noted on the lemongrass (Cymbopogon
flexuosus Steud. Wats) photosynthesis. Leaves treated with SiNPs 150 mg L
-1
experienced maximized enhancement in photosystem II (PSII). In the sense, efficient
photochemical quenching with enhanced ETR might have resulted in the minimized
loss of photons through heat (NPQ) in SiNPs-treated leaves. As a result, actual PSII
efficiency, maximum PSII efficiency, and intrinsic PSII ef ficiency (Fv/Fm, Fv /Fm ,
and ΦPSII) were upregulated. There was an increase in EO production, particularly
citral and g eranial (Mukarram et al.
2021).
Moreover, Ahmed et al. (2022) tested nanoparticles of Si, Zn, and titanium (Ti) in
their oxide forms (SiO
2
, ZnO, and TiO
2
) in vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nasch).
Nanoparticles treated plants showed increased PSII activity parameters, photosyn-
thetic pigments, and carbonic anhydrase activity, which might cause proficient
utilization of the light by the plants, and thereby efficient CO
2
fixation have resulted
in enhancing the content of carbohydrate in the shoot. All these aspects were
reflected in enhanced root biomass and EO content. In addition, the three
nanoparticles used in the current study showed considerable enhancement in the
content of Khusimol—a major aroma compound of vetiver EO.
4.14 Final Remarks
Currently, the scientific community is aware of climate change and the main effects
that it triggers in plants related to growth and development. This chapter briefly
highlights the main impacts and effects of climate change on medicinal plants and
their resilience in adapting to these conditions. Adaptation efforts to attenuate and
mitigate such effects have been performed for significant cultures in the last years, in
maize (Zea mays L. (Vaughan et al. 2018)), coffee (Coffea arabica L. (Gomes et al.
2020; dos Santos et al.
2022b)), soybean (Glycine max L. (Xiong et al. 2021)),
leaving aside medicinal plants. For example, the M. piperita and C. roseus under
drought and heat stress can lead to growth and biomass accumulation (Alhaithloul
et al. 2019). According to Tomaz et al. (2022
) the Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum
(Willd.) Hochr. may become extinct by the year 2070, resulting from climate
change. These plants, among others, provide important benefits linked to human
health. We must question whether such adversities caused by environmental
weathering can trigger an enormous decline in biomass production, having the effect
of a significant change in the quality and quantity of the chemical content of these
plants. This question raises the alarm of scientists about the safety of medicines.
However, changes in ecophysiology, such as osmolytes and secondary metabolites
in medicinal plants, may contribute to the maintenance of growth under stress
conditions (drought, salinity, heat stress, nitrogen deficiency, and aluminum toxicity,
among other stresses). This results in a significant improvement in water potential,
avoiding possible toxic effects on the plant triggered by ROS and better
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understanding the role played by activities of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT,
and POD, for example.
60 T. B. dos Santos et al.
Some questions must be asked, and we should answer them considerin
g this
scenario: (1) Do the combined effects of climate change stress cause adverse effects
in development and on biomass in the medicinal plant? (2) Can abiotic stresses affect
the resistance and resilience of medicinal plants? (3) Are there any genetic variations
and epigenetic factors that can modify the response of a medicinal plant when under
adverse conditions? Currently, researchers have to provide the community with
resources and biotechnological tools (Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transforma-
tion; quorum sensing; identification of new genes; CRISPR/Cas9; metabolomics
studies; miRNAs involved in metabolites biosynthesis, among others) that make it
possible to conserve the genetic resources of these species medicinal plants, to
continue ensuring their production even in adverse conditions.
Acknowledgments We thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
(FAPESP, project number 2021/07166-8) for support.
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