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Interdisciplinary Cancer Research 4
Nima Rezaei Editor
Gastrointestinal
Cancers: An
Interdisciplinary
Approach
Interdisciplinary Cancer Research
Volume 4
Series Editor
Nima Rezaei
Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research
Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
Editorial Board Members
Atif A. Ahmed, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
Rodrigo Aguiar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Maria R. Ambrosio, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Mehmet Artac, Department of Medical Oncology, Necmettin Erbakan University,
Konya, Türkiye
Tanya N. Augustine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Rolf Bambauer, Institute for Blood Purification, Homburg, Germany
Ajaz Ahmad Bhat, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research
Center, Doha, Qatar
Luca Bertolaccini, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Chiara Bianchini, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Milena Cavic, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Sakti Chakrabarti, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
William C. S. Cho, Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
Anna M. Czarnecka, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of
Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
Cátia Domingues, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
A. Emre Eşkazan, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
Jawad Fares, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Carlos E. Fonseca Alves, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Pascaline Fru, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Jessica Da Gama Duarte, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute,
Heidelberg, Australia
Mónica C. García, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
Melissa A. H. Gener, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
José Antonio Estrada Guadarrama, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México,
Toluca, Mexico
Kristian M. Hargadon, Gilmer Hall, Hargadon Laboratory, Hampden–Sydney
College, Hampden Sydney, VA, USA
Paul Holvoet, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Vladimir Jurisic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia
Yearul Kabir, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Theodora Katsila, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
Jorg Kleeff, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
Chao Liang, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Mei Lan Tan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Weijie Li, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
Sonia Prado López, Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität
Wien, Vienna, Austria
Muzafar A. Macha, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora,
India
Natalia Malara, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
Adile Orhan, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Heriberto Prado-Garcia, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío
Villegas”, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
Judith Pérez-Velázquez, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
Wafaa M. Rashed, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
Francesca Sanguedolce, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Rosalinda Sorrentino, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
Irina Zh. Shubina, N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology,
Moscow, Russia
Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre de Araujo, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao
Carlos, Brazil
Ana Isabel Torres-Suárez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Jakub Włodarczyk, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Joe Poh Sheng Yeong, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Marta A. Toscano, Hospital de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Dr. Arturo Oñativia,
Salta, Argentina
Tak-Wah Wong, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
Jun Yin, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
Bin Yu, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
The “Interdisciplinary Cancer Research” series publishes comprehensive volumes
on different cancers and presents the most updated and peer-reviewed articles on
human cancers. Over the past decade, increased cancer research has greatly
improved our understanding of the nature of cancerous cells which has led to the
development of more effective therapeutic strategies to treat cancers. This translational series is of special value to researchers and practitioners working on cell
biology, immunology, hematology, biochemistry, genetics, oncology and related
fields.
Nima Rezaei
https://t.me/med1917
Editor
Gastrointestinal Cancers:
An Interdisciplinary
Approach
Editor
https://t.me/med1917
Nima Rezaei
Department of Clinical Immunology
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm, Sweden
Cancer Immunology Project (CIP)
Universal Scientific Education and
Research Network (USERN)
Stockholm, Sweden
ISSN 2731-4561 ISSN 2731-457X (electronic)
Interdisciplinary Cancer Research
ISBN 978-3-031-48370-7 ISBN 978-3-031-48371-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48371-4
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Paper in this product is recyclable.
Preface
https://t.me/med1917
Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, with
about one fourth of global cancer incidence and about one third of all cancer-related
death.
The Interdisciplinary Cancer Research series publishes comprehensive volumes
on different cancers. It plans to present the most updated and peer-reviewed interdisciplinary chapters on cancers. This interdisciplinary book series is of special value
to researchers and practitioners working on cell biology, immunology, hematology,
biochemistry, genetics, oncology, and related fields. This is the main concept of
Cancer Immunology Project (CIP) and Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), which are two active interest groups of the
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN).
Gastrointestinal cancers include esophageal canc er, gastric cancer, colorectal
cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer, which all, except the last one, are covered
in this volume. Liver cancer will be discussed in the next volume.
The fourth volume of the book, entitled Gastrointestina l Cancers: An Inter disci-
plinary Approach, starts with an introduction on gastrointestinal cancers, which
requires interdis ciplinary approach. Microenvironment and the role of microbiotaimmunity axis are discussed in Chap. 2. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in
gastrointestinal cancer, from a basic to a clinical approach, is explained in
Chap. 3. Meanwhile metabolomics of gastrointestinal cancers, deregulation of
immune system in gastric cancer development, and the role of H. pylori in gastric
cancer are presented in Chaps. 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. Role of tumor microenvironment in gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers is the subject of Chaps. 9 and
10, while the interplay between immunity and gut microbiota in colon cancer is
discussed in Chap. 11. Chapter 12 presents the importance of immunotherapy,
including CAR-T cell in gastrointestinal cancers. Development of nanocarriers for
the treatment of colorectal cancer is explained in Chap. 13, while challenges of oncotherapeutics in colorectal cancer are discussed in Chap. 14. After discussion on
weight loss and malnutrition following esophageal cancer in Chap. 15, pancreatic
cancer and its treatment is discussed in Chaps. 16 and 17.
vii
viii Preface
https://t.me/med1917
I hope that this interdisciplinary book will be comprehensible, cogent, and of
special value for researchers, oncologists, and gastroenterologists who wish to
extend their knowledge on gastrointestinal cancer and its treatment.
Stockholm, Sweden Nima Rezaei
Contents
https://t.me/med1917
Interdisciplinary Approach in Gastrointestinal Cancers ............. 1
Khashayar Danandeh, Maryam Balibegloo, and Nima Rezaei
Gastrointestinal Cancers: What Is the Real Board
of Microenvironment and the Role of Microbiota–Immunity Axis? .... 17
Edda Russo, Federico Boem, Lavinia Curini, and Amedeo Amedei
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastrointestinal Cancer:
From a Basic to a Clinical Approach ........................... 45
Simona Gurzu and Ioan Jung
Metabolomics of Gastrointestinal Cancers ....................... 69
Giulia Nannini, Gaia Meoni, Leonardo Tenori, and Amedeo Amedei
Deregulation of Immune System in Gastric Cancer Development,
How Immune Nutrition Might Restore the Functions
of Immune Cells ........................................... 101
Luigi Spagnoli, Federica Petrelli, Bruno Perotti, Marco Arganini,
and Maria Raffaella Ambrosio
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors, Pathogenicity,
and Gastric Cancer ........................................ 117
Alaa M. Elgohary, Nourhan M. Gomaa, Mohamed A. Ibrahim,
Hagar S. Ahmed, Shimaa M. Ibraheem, and Mustafa H. Frag
Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori .......................... 133
Irena Mladenova
Role of Neuromodulators in Regulation of the Tumor
Microenvironment of Gastric and Colorectal Cancers .............. 151
Debanjan Chakroborty and Chandrani Sarkar
The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Colon Cancer ............ 187
Caterina Fattorini, Marco Arganini, Andrea Cavazzana,
and Maria Raffaella Ambrosio
ixix
x Contents
https://t.me/med1917
Unraveling the Esophageal Cancer Tumor Microenvironment:
Insights and Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies ................. 215
Inamu Rashid Khan, Faizyana Ali, Sheema Hashem, Alanoud Abdulla,
Sabah Nisar, Tariq Masoodi, Ammira S. Al-Shabeeb Akil, Ajaz A. Bhat,
and Muzafar A. Macha
The Interplay Between Immunity and Gut Microbiota
in Colon Cancer ........................................... 233
Lara Malaspina, Federica Petrelli, Bruno Perotti, Marco Arganini,
and Maria Raffaella Ambrosio
Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancer Focusing
on CAR-T Cell Therapy ..................................... 251
Asma Mousavi, Faeze Gharibpoor, Sepideh Razi, and Nima Rezaei
Development of Biocompatible Nanocarriers for the Treatment
of Colorectal Cancer ........................................ 269
Bibi Noorheen Haleema Mooneerah Neeroa,
Nurshafida Adzlin Shamsul Anuar, Brianna, Mostafa Yusefi,
Kamyar Shameli, and Sin-Yeang Teow
Challenges of Onco-therapeutics in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer .... 291
Katie Doogan, Alexandra M. Zaborowski, and Des C. Winter
Unintentional Weight Loss and Malnutrition After Esophageal
Cancer and Treatment ...................................... 305
Alexis Sudlow, Annelie Shaw, Clare Corish, and Carel W. le Roux
Current Clinical Landscape of Immunotherapeutic Approaches
in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment ............................... 327
Pooya Farhangnia, Shamim Mollazadeh Ghomi,
Shabnam Mollazadehghomi, and Ali-Akbar Delbandi
The Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer
and Challenges to Immunotherapy ............................. 381
Adile Orhan
Index ................................................... 403
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