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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_2915_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Bone Metastases
271
30 Gy in 10 fractions
40 Gy in 20 fractions
20 Gy in 4 fractions
10 Gy in a single fraction
8 Gy in a single fraction
A single fraction of 8 Gy has been shown overall to be equivalent to multiple fraction
with higher doses. For large volumes, situations where long-term survival is expected, or
where long segments of spinal cord are included, a fractionated course of treatment may
reduce acute and late morbidity as well as the use of more sophisticated radiotherapy
treatment technique like IMRT.
Conclusion
• There are several options to treat painful bone metastases , such as; analgesic drugs,
bisphosphonates, kyphoplasty, radiopharmaceuticals, and radiotherapy.
• In this setting radiotherapy is the most common treatment modality.
• Sereral radnomized trial have been demonstrated that single-fraction radiotherapy
with 1 x 8 Gy is as effective for pain relief as multi-fraction regimens. Nevertheless,
single fraction radiotherapy results in a higher rate of re-treatment and fracture.
However, another single fraction of radiotherapy to the same region is both safe and
effective.
• Consequently, patients with painful bone metastases, low performance status and
with metastase to other organs, should be treated by single fractionation more than
multiple fraction radiotherapy.
• Multi-fraction long-course radiotherapy should be considered for both fracture and
local control in patients with a relatively favorable survival prognosis.
Index
A
accounting, 29, 30, 35, 81, 82, 85, 114, 132, 163,
202, 219, 241
actinic keratosis, 6, 8
acute myeloid leukemia, 226
adenocarcinoma, 49, 67, 132, 146, 147, 157, 159
adenoma, 133
adenopathy, 26, 52, 85, 118, 120, 121, 131, 133, 187,
201, 202, 215, 223
adipose, 5, 19
adolescents, 114
adults, 30, 169, 241, 264
adventitia, 168
adverse effects, 11, 27, 53, 58, 74, 161, 184, 245
aerodigestive tract, 66, 68, 85, 88, 98, 101
Africa, 114, 168
age, 18, 20, 30, 35, 63, 72, 82, 88, 114, 129, 130,
133, 135, 136, 144, 145, 146, 147, 154, 155, 157,
167, 175, 176, 184, 185, 201, 205, 215, 216, 220,
223, 231, 233, 241, 244, 245, 252
aggressiveness, 72, 132
agriculture, 232
airways, 66
Akan, 134
albumin, 205, 221, 234, 235
alcohol consumption, 45, 83, 98, 115
algorithm, 127
alters, 186
alveolus, 47, 58
amalgam, 48
amaurosis, 116
amines, 168
ampulla, 168
amputation, 39
analgesic, 256, 271
anatomic site, 204, 221
anatomy, vii, 20, 48, 58, 60, 66, 84, 99, 116, 131,
134, 145, 149, 165, 169, 185, 194, 212, 229
androgen, 143, 144, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 166
androgens, 30
anemia, 83, 98, 220, 231
angiofibroma, 117
angiosarcoma, 35
antibody, 22, 115
anticoagulant, 12
antigen, 115, 144, 147, 156, 157, 162, 215
anxiety, 153
aorta, 58, 124, 137
apex, 99, 143, 144, 148, 162
appendicular skeleton, 263
arsenic, 30, 31
artery, 51, 69, 87, 102, 103, 134, 243
arthritis, 200
articulation, 126
ascites, 202
Asia, 113, 114, 167, 199
aspiration, 29, 33, 63, 66, 67, 84, 204, 219, 220, 234
assessment, 8, 64, 85, 100, 113, 160, 187, 211, 228,
256
asymptomatic, 6, 81, 84, 143, 147, 169, 202, 207,
233
atrophy, 6, 116
audit, 253
autopsy, 144
autosomal dominant, 232
avascular epidermis via, 5, 19
awareness, 253
axial skeleton, 263
axilla, 26
bacillus, 174
bacillus Calmette-Guerin, 174
B
Index 274
back pain, 33, 201, 202, 253, 258
bacteria, 200
barriers, 75, 76, 125
basal cell carcinoma, 3, 5, 8, 18, 20
basal layer, 8
base, 9, 13, 51, 58, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 79, 93,
100, 102, 109, 115, 116, 124, 134, 137, 143, 148,
162, 163, 166, 168, 179, 247
basement membrane, 242
beams, 12, 13, 28, 60, 78, 93, 109, 137, 165, 247,
248, 260, 269
behaviors, 202
benefits, 27, 29, 37, 38, 191
benign, 17, 18, 129, 130, 131, 133, 254, 255
Bilateral, 76, 93, 108, 110, 119
biological behavior, 81
biopsy, 8, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 33, 49, 63, 66, 68,
81, 84, 97, 100, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153,
154, 157, 160, 186, 187, 219, 220, 234, 243, 246
Blacks, 145
bladder cancer, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181
bleeding, 6, 22, 47, 48, 65, 100, 131, 153, 186, 243
blindness, 126
blood, 5, 19, 116, 118, 188, 194, 204, 205, 212, 220,
221, 229, 231, 242, 254
body mass index, 145
bone, 5, 8, 9, 19, 24, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 52, 55, 56,
76, 87, 118, 132, 136, 139, 148, 150, 165, 170,
191, 202, 203, 204, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 229,
231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 253, 254, 261,
262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271
bone form, 254, 262
bone marrow, 5, 19, 202, 204, 215, 218, 219, 220,
232, 237, 263
bone marrow biopsy, 204, 215
bone scan, 118, 148, 170, 254, 261, 265, 269
bones, 33, 40, 233, 234, 237, 261, 262, 267
bowel, 153, 162, 164, 165, 179, 202, 253, 269
brachytherapy, 37, 52, 53, 54, 143, 144, 152, 153,
154, 159, 160
brain, 18, 23, 24, 94, 112, 191, 241, 242, 243, 244,
245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 266
brain stem, 94, 112
brain tumor, 243, 246
brainstem, 125, 126
breast cancer, 258, 262
buccal mucosa, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56
burn, 17
C
calcification, 33
calcium, 220, 234, 235
cancer death, 143
candidates, 11, 37, 74, 92, 107, 237, 246
candidiasis, 65
carcinogenesis, 97
carcinoid syndrome, 102
carcinoid tumor, 102
carcinoma, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 49, 52, 53, 54,
56, 57, 58, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85,
86, 90, 91, 92, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 114,
115, 116, 117, 119, 130, 132, 137, 146, 167, 171,
172, 173, 179, 184, 185, 188, 189
cartilage, 61, 77, 92, 94, 100, 102, 103, 107, 111,
112
categorization, 17
category a, 121
Caucasians, 184
cauda equina, 251, 252
CD30, 215
cell surface, 216
central nervous system, 202, 244
central nervous system (CNS), 202, 244
challenges, 55
chemical, 168
chemicals, 31, 64, 82, 98, 200
chemotherapy, 3, 12, 29, 38, 39, 41, 56, 57, 58, 60,
61, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97,
105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 122, 123, 124, 127,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 188, 191, 192,
193, 195, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 216,
222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 236
Chicago, 135
childhood, 5, 30, 130
children, 30
China, 113, 114, 115
chondrosarcoma, 30
choriocarcinoma, 188, 189, 242
chromosome, 236
chronic irritation, 6
cigarette smoking, 47, 65, 83, 99
circulation, 242
CIS, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175
classification, vii, 34, 117, 120, 121, 134, 152, 172,
173, 193, 203, 204, 205, 213, 218
clinical examination, 259
clinical oncology, 28
clinical presentation, vii, 32, 202
clinical symptoms, 23
clinical trials, 17, 122, 161, 166, 175, 225
closure, 52
clusters, 171
CNS, 202, 244, 245
cochlea, 139
Index 275
collagen, 5, 19
colon, 167, 242
colon cancer, 167
combination therapy, 224
commissure, 52, 102
common symptoms, 81, 83, 84, 186
comorbidity, 88, 157
comparative analysis, 57, 73, 90, 108
complete blood count, 118, 215, 234
complications, 27, 53, 105, 266, 267
composition, 132
compounds, 58, 74, 168
compression, 147, 231, 234, 243, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 267, 268
compression fracture, 255
computed tomography, 8, 67, 85, 101, 119, 134, 187,
215, 225
computer, 58, 121, 162, 241
computerised tomography (CT), 170
configuration, 39
connective tissue, 5, 19, 36, 173
Consensus, 164, 165, 172, 190, 193, 194
consent, 58, 74
conservation, 104
consolidation, 226, 230
constipation, 233
consumption, 88, 115
contamination, 186
contiguity, 218
contour, 19, 76, 164
controlled studies, 156, 232
controlled trials, 39, 123, 157
controversial, 17, 107, 115, 159, 175, 209, 226
cooperation, 191
coronary arteries, 212, 229
correlations, 220
cortex, 102
cortical bone, 263
corticosteroids, 251, 257
cosmetic, 12, 14, 52
cost, 169, 255, 267
cost effectiveness, 267
cough, 202, 218
counseling, 220
covering, 109, 252
cranial nerve, 113, 116, 119
creatinine, 234, 235
cricoid cartilage, 83, 85, 87, 94, 99, 109, 111
cricothyroid membrane, 99
cryosurgery, 12
cryptorchidism, 185
CSS, 27
CT scan, 8, 23, 29, 33, 34, 39, 48, 49, 58, 60, 66, 67,
75, 76, 85, 93, 94, 97, 100, 101, 109, 113, 116,
118, 124, 125, 133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 149, 162,
163, 164, 170, 171, 179, 180, 187, 188, 194, 204,
210, 212, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 229, 234, 237,
244, 247, 248, 254, 259, 265, 269
culture, 147
cure, 11, 12, 64, 152, 184, 211, 228, 231
cycles, 39, 92, 106, 122, 124, 177, 178, 193, 208,
209, 210, 215, 223, 224, 225, 226
cyclophosphamide, 177, 207, 208, 215, 223
cystectomy, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
cystitis, 169
cystoscopy, 167, 169, 170, 174
cytogenetics, 234, 236
cytology, 67, 170
cytoplasm, 171
D
database, 82, 130
deaths, 4, 18, 30, 38, 39, 46, 64, 72, 98, 157, 161,
167, 178, 183
decision-making process, 82
defects, 53
deficiencies, 64, 83, 98, 200
deficit, 259
demyelination, 243
dendritic cell, 232
Denmark, 184, 189
dentures, 45, 47, 75
depression, 220
deprivation, 143, 144, 153, 156, 158, 159
depth, 3, 10, 12, 13, 23, 25, 48, 56, 63, 68
dermis, 5, 10, 19, 22, 24
destruction, 3, 46, 92, 107, 234, 253, 261, 262, 265,
267
detection, 32, 49, 83, 98, 115, 144, 145, 148, 150,
156, 169, 181, 242, 254
developed countries, 231
developing brain, 241
diagnostic criteria, 233
diaphragm, 204, 221
diarrhea, 193
diet, 113, 146
differential diagnosis, 49, 68, 233, 243, 264
diffusion, 5, 19
dioxin, 30
discomfort, 65, 169
diseases, 30, 114, 195, 202, 203, 212, 213, 230, 231,
237
disorder, 5, 215
displacement, 179, 251
Index 276
distress, 256
distribution, 20, 28, 31, 40, 77, 94, 110, 111, 114,
138, 180, 181, 184, 189, 210, 227, 248, 249, 260
dizziness, 249
DNA, 5, 19, 115, 121, 216
DNA repair, 5
docetaxel, 58, 74, 91, 92, 106, 107, 153
drainage, 15, 27, 45, 48, 83, 104, 132, 151, 186, 190
drug therapy, 261
drugs, 168, 271
DSM, 157
dysarthria, 48
dysphagia, 45, 47, 81, 83, 97, 98, 100
dysplasia, 49, 68
dyspnea, 47, 202, 218
dysuria, 147, 169
E
eczema, 8
edema, 30, 33, 244, 245, 254, 256
education, 216
effusion, 202, 204
Egypt, 171
elastic leaves, 5, 19, 185
electron, 12, 13, 14, 27, 124, 269
electrophoresis, 234
emergency, 251
emission, 101
endoscope, 118
endoscopy, 118, 119, 148
endothelium, 242
energy, 14
enlargement, 33, 186
enrollment, 224
environment, 18
epidemiologic, 46
epidemiology, vii, 23, 31, 82, 115
epidermis, 5, 8, 19, 22, 25
epididymis, 185
epididymitis, 183, 186
epiglottis, 51, 69, 94, 99, 111
epithelium, 5, 19, 101, 115
Epstein-Barr virus, 114, 115, 200, 215, 217
erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 204
esophagus, 83, 87, 88, 94, 102, 103, 112
ESR, 204, 215, 219, 221
estrogen, 145
etiology, 20, 46, 169, 216, 218
Europe, 82, 98, 114, 145, 167
evidence, vii, 6, 9, 26, 37, 38, 39, 46, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 87, 89,
90, 91, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 113, 124, 134,
136, 150, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161,
170, 173, 175, 177, 178, 192, 193, 206, 207, 209,
222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 233, 246, 247, 256, 257,
258, 259, 268
evolution, 97
examinations, 85, 119, 155
excision, 11, 12, 17, 23, 26, 29, 36, 38, 39, 52, 53,
55, 60, 138, 175, 246
excretion, 5, 19
expertise, 88, 245
exposure, 3, 4, 17, 19, 23, 30, 31, 55, 82, 98, 113,
168, 200, 225, 232, 265
exstrophy, 171
exudate, 7
F
facial nerve, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138
false positive, 86
families, 18, 19, 130, 215
family history, 18, 19
fascia, 32, 35, 87, 185
fat, 100, 163, 170, 172, 175, 185
FDA, 17
female rat, 46, 64, 114, 219
femur, 40, 262, 268, 269
fertility, 194, 220
fever, 147, 204, 205, 218, 219, 233
fibers, 185
fibrosarcoma, 32, 35
fibrosis, 38, 168
films, 75, 270
first generation, 115
fish, 115
fixation, 84, 87, 100, 102, 103, 131, 137, 153, 257,
267
flank, 169
fluid, 147
fluorescence, 234
fluorine, 101
follicle, 203
food, 83, 98, 115, 232
Food and Drug Administration, 17
foramen, 125, 135, 194, 252
Ford, 67
formation, 19
formula, 152, 158
fractures, 33, 267, 268
fragments, 253
France, 82, 114, 115
freedom, 37, 156, 206, 222, 224, 225, 226
fusion, 85, 93, 109, 179
Index 277
G
gastrointestinal tract, 202
general anesthesia, 169
genes, 3, 18, 19, 47
gland, 94, 111, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135,
138, 143, 144, 148, 159, 163
glottis, 99, 101, 102, 109
glucocorticoid, 245, 257
glucocorticoids, 256, 257
GPA, 245
grades, 207
grading, 8, 34, 147
grouping, 152, 172
growth, 19, 20, 23, 24, 81, 83, 132, 171, 263
guidance, 159, 166
guidelines, 49, 60, 77, 94, 112, 148, 265
H
H. pylori, 200
hair, 9, 17, 18
half-life, 188
head and neck cancer, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, 58, 64, 65,
66, 67, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91,
98, 99, 101, 108, 114, 122, 129, 130, 139, 212,
229
headache, 116, 243, 249
healing, 38
health, 5, 11, 178
health status, 11
hearing loss, 126
hematuria, 147, 167, 169, 170
hemisphere, 114
hemoglobin, 104, 235
hemoptysis, 65, 100, 204
herniorrhaphy, 186
herpes, 233
herpes zoster, 233
histology, vii, 34, 117, 136, 168, 171, 188, 215, 241,
256, 266
history, 20, 31, 48, 81, 83, 84, 88, 97, 98, 100, 115,
117, 119, 133, 143, 145, 152, 154, 161, 170, 185,
200, 201, 203, 216, 219, 234, 253, 265, 269
HIV, 30, 202, 216, 220
HIV test, 220
HIV-1, 30
HLA, 114, 115
HM, 158
homogeneity, 60, 61, 78, 93
Hong Kong, 114, 115
hormones, 146
host, 17
HPV, 5, 46, 65, 69, 83, 98
human, 5, 30, 45, 46, 83, 98, 262
human immunodeficiency virus, 30
human papilloma virus, 45, 83, 98
humoral immunity, 233
hybrid, 224, 225, 226
hybridization, 236
hydrocele, 183, 186
hydronephrosis, 174
hygiene, 65
hyoid, 87
hypercalcemia, 231, 233
hyperesthesia, 116
hyperplasia, 147, 148
hypertrophy, 147
hypodermis, 5, 19
I
ideal, 41
IFN, 174
iliac crest, 220
image,33, 75, 93, 95, 109, 124, 164, 166, 187
imaging modalities, 66, 85, 101, 169
immigrants, 115
immobilization, 13, 75, 162, 237
immune function, 19
immunodeficiency, 200
immunofixation, 234
immunoglobulin, 115, 234
immunohistochemistry, 34
immunosuppression, 5
immunotherapy, 174
implants, 53
impotence, 153
improvements, 57, 73, 90, 108, 154, 166
in situ hybridization, 234
incidence, 3, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26, 28, 45, 46, 48, 52, 53,
64, 68, 79, 82, 83, 98, 103, 104, 113, 114, 115,
118, 130, 144, 145, 146, 156, 167, 184, 185, 188,
199, 215, 216, 231, 242, 246, 252, 261
income, 72
indentation, 251
India, 54
Indians, 114, 115
individuals, 4, 130, 215, 232, 233
indolent, 4, 199, 201, 202, 206, 207, 212, 213
induction, 58, 63, 71, 73, 74, 91, 92, 106, 107, 121,
123, 124, 178, 226, 236
induction chemotherapy, 58, 63, 73, 74, 92, 107,
121, 123, 124
induration, 147, 186
Index 278
industry, 168, 232
infarction, 186, 243
infection, 7, 45, 65, 147, 175, 216, 217, 232, 233
inferior vena cava, 190
inflammation, 5, 148, 232
inflammatory disease, 232
inguinal, 26, 165, 185, 186, 191, 194, 195, 218, 219
institutions, 89, 155, 208
integrity, 261, 262, 267
interferons, 3, 17
intervention, 154
intracerebral hemorrhage, 245
intravenous pyelogram, 170
intravenously, 256
intravesical chemotherapy, 174
introitus, 83
ionizing radiation, 4, 30, 130, 133
Iowa, 78
ipsilateral, 9, 51, 59, 63, 68, 69, 76, 87, 93, 94, 103,
109, 111, 134, 137, 138, 139, 183, 186, 192, 193,
194
iridium, 37, 160
iron, 83, 98
irradiation, 12, 27, 30, 52, 53, 55, 57, 60, 72, 73, 77,
79, 91, 93, 95, 108, 111, 130, 139, 159, 161, 178,
185, 192, 206, 210, 211, 212, 213, 222, 223, 224,
227, 229, 237, 247, 248, 249
irritability, 169, 175
ischium, 162
issues, 243
J
Japan, 145
joints, 126, 264, 265
K
Kaposi sarcoma, 30
keratin, 117
keratinocytes, 5, 8, 19
keratosis, 20
kidney, 202, 262, 265
kidneys, 211, 228
L
labeling, 236
laboratory tests, 119
lactate dehydrogenase, 204, 205, 234
Langerhans cells, 5, 19
laparotomy, 220, 222, 223
laryngeal cancer, 58, 89, 92, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103,
104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 134
laryngectomy, 91, 92, 97, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
112
laryngoscopy, 66, 101
larynx, 45, 46, 48, 51, 57, 58, 61, 64, 65, 69, 73, 74,
77, 81, 83, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116,
130, 247
lasers, 162, 210, 227
laterality, 63, 68, 113
lead, 175, 194, 233, 262
legs, 12, 20, 179, 194
lentigo, 20, 27
lesions, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 37, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 67,
68, 76, 81, 82, 84, 86, 104, 110, 113, 130, 170,
172, 187, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 243, 244, 246,
248, 249, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 269
leukemia, 200, 203, 231
leukopenia, 192, 231, 233
leukoplakia, 48, 49, 68
levator, 150
lichen, 49, 68
life expectancy, 152, 231, 258, 267
lifetime, 17, 144
ligament, 165
light, 5, 19, 159, 234, 235
liver, 7, 24, 35, 118, 132, 191, 202, 204, 211, 219,
228, 266
liver function tests, 118
localization, 244
low risk, 12, 13, 59, 93, 109, 153, 170
lower extremity, 19, 29, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41
lower lip, 47, 48, 52
lumbar spine, 252
lung cancer, 188, 241, 242, 251, 252, 262, 266
lung metastases, 34, 191
lying, 137, 164, 194, 210, 227
lymph node, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
35, 50, 51, 54, 56, 57, 63, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75,
76, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 101, 103, 108, 109, 113,
116, 118, 119, 120, 124, 127, 129, 132, 134, 135,
136, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 157, 159, 161, 162,
164, 165, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 180, 181,
183, 190, 193, 194, 201, 204, 210, 212, 217, 218,
219, 220, 221, 227, 229, 230
lymphadenopathy, 7, 59, 93, 138, 186, 191, 218, 219
lymphatic system, 218
lymphedema, 26
lymphoid, 201, 203, 206, 216, 219, 222, 223
lymphoid tissue, 201
Index 279
lymphoma, 117, 130, 146, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203,
204, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 220,
221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 244,
251, 258
M
magnetic resonance imaging, 8, 85, 97, 100, 134,
242
magnitude, 9, 185
majority, 20, 52, 53, 60, 63, 65, 68, 81, 85, 86, 95,
101, 102, 114, 133, 143, 147, 152, 158, 199, 262
malaise, 233
Malaysia, 114
malignancy, 33, 49, 64, 66, 68, 69, 84, 88, 92, 114,
130, 131, 132, 133, 199, 253
malignant cells, 8
malignant melanoma, 4, 24, 27
malignant tumors, 112, 130, 137
management, 7, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38, 41, 54, 63, 114,
119, 122, 136, 170, 184, 187, 190, 199, 231, 235,
241, 255, 261, 263, 267
mandible, 9, 11, 51, 54, 59, 69, 94, 112, 131, 134
mantle, 222, 224, 228
mapping, 26
marijuana, 65
marrow, 220, 233, 234, 265
mass, 32, 33, 63, 65, 67, 84, 86, 100, 115, 118, 129,
131, 133, 145, 147, 173, 183, 186, 187, 204, 218,
251, 253, 259
mastoid, 131
matter, iv, 38, 252
maxilla, 9
measurement, 147, 149, 234
meat, 64
media, 265
median, 18, 27, 32, 37, 39, 56, 71, 105, 154, 155,
156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 176, 177, 178, 192, 193,
206, 207, 224, 225, 231, 235, 236, 241, 246, 257,
258, 259, 262, 266
mediastinum, 85, 204, 212, 218, 221, 229
medical, vii, 30, 36, 113, 185, 200, 204, 231, 251
medical history, 113, 185, 200
melanin, 5, 19
melanoma, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 28, 86, 102, 188, 242, 259
membranes, 202
memory, 243
mesoderm, 5, 19
meta-analysis, 38, 39, 47, 65, 67, 83, 85, 99, 101,
122, 156, 157, 175, 177, 226
metastasis, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 39, 45, 50, 51, 55, 56,
63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 81, 85, 86, 87, 100, 101,
103, 104, 114, 118, 119, 120, 127, 132, 134, 135,
150, 151, 153, 155, 161, 170, 172, 173, 181, 219,
242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249, 251, 253, 262, 263,
264, 265
metastatic disease, 3, 24, 32, 160, 173, 258, 264, 265
Middle East, 168
mineralization, 100
mitosis, 9
models, 151, 152
mole, 19, 20
molecular biology, 97
molecular targeting, 79
monoclonal antibody, 208
monosomy, 236
morbidity, 29, 36, 37, 56, 70, 155, 159, 175, 241,
271
morphology, 34
mortality, 11, 46, 52, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157,
241
mortality rate, 156
mouth ulcers, 45, 47
MRI, 8, 23, 29, 33, 36, 39, 48, 49, 58, 66, 67, 75, 85,
93, 97, 100, 101, 109, 113, 118, 133, 138, 143,
149, 162, 163, 170, 171, 179, 212, 229, 234, 242,
243, 244, 251, 254, 255, 259, 266, 269
mucosa, 55, 60, 99, 102, 137, 168, 171, 174, 201
mucous membrane, 116
multiple myeloma, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237,
238, 263
multiple nodes, 118
multivariate, 70, 136, 137, 158
multivariate analysis,56, 70, 136, 137, 158
muscle-invasive disease, 174
muscles, 32, 65, 102, 103, 150, 163
musculoskeletal, 264
mutations, 3, 5
N
nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120,
121, 123, 127
nasopharynx, 45, 48, 51, 65, 69, 113, 115, 116, 118,
119, 121, 125, 202
national origin, 117
nausea, 192, 193, 233, 243, 249
neck cancer, 48, 66, 139
necrosis, 34, 61, 77, 94, 112, 243
negative neck, 45, 50, 70, 86, 90, 104, 108
neoplasm, 5, 8, 183, 186
nerve, 34, 35, 48, 52, 131, 133, 135, 137, 252
nervous system, 18, 202, 244
neuralgia, 116
neurologic symptom, 243, 257
Index 280
neuropathy, 126
neurosurgery, 247
neurotoxicity, 248
neutral, 247
neutropenia, 91, 106
nevus, 5
nocturia, 147
nodal involvement, 7, 10, 24, 45, 48, 52, 76, 166,
190, 218
nodes, 10, 17, 24, 25, 26, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66,
68, 69, 75, 76, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 99, 103,
104, 109, 110, 111, 120, 124, 126, 132, 133, 134,
135, 164, 165, 172, 173, 186, 190, 194, 202, 204,
206, 211, 218, 220, 221, 229
nodules, 6, 20, 21, 22, 24, 147
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206,
209
nonsmokers, 46
North America, 82, 114, 167, 215
NPC, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123,
124
nucleus, 171
nutrition, 5, 19, 83, 98
O
obesity, 145, 146
obstruction, 113, 115, 131, 169, 174
odynophagia, 45, 47, 97, 100
opiates, 251
opportunities, 79
oral cavity, 27, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 88, 90, 108, 124,
204, 269
orbit, 9, 119, 124, 202, 247
orchitis, 185
organ, 3, 19, 45, 57, 58, 61, 63, 73, 77, 81, 82, 89,
91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 104, 105, 107, 111, 112, 136,
164, 173, 176, 179, 181, 204, 207, 212, 221, 229,
233, 234, 267
organs, 13, 40, 94, 112, 126, 138, 162, 165, 170,
172, 210, 211, 227, 228, 265, 271
osteogenic sarcoma, 30
osteomyelitis, 5
otitis media, 113, 115
outpatient, 265
ovarian cancer, 265
P
paclitaxel, 177
pain, 6, 32, 47, 48, 83, 84, 113, 116, 129, 131, 147,
170, 186, 201, 202, 218, 219, 220, 231, 232, 233,
234, 253, 256, 257, 259, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268,
269, 271
palate, 45, 47, 48, 51, 58, 65, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 116
palliative, 153, 207, 249, 258, 268
palpation, 6, 8, 23, 66
pancreatic cancer, 188, 252
panendoscopy, 81, 84, 97, 100
papillary dermis, 5, 19, 22
parallel, 93, 111, 143, 148
paralysis, 116, 131, 133, 135
parenchyma, 170
parotid, 7, 61, 77, 93, 94, 111, 112, 126, 130, 132,
133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139
parotid gland, 7, 93, 94, 111, 112, 126, 130, 133,
136, 137
pathogenesis, 218
pathologic diagnosis, 187
pathology, vii, 14, 38
pathophysiology, 263
pathways, 68
pelvic floor, 163
pelvis, 23, 143, 149, 151, 158, 159, 162, 169, 170,
173, 179, 183, 193, 194, 204, 215, 219, 234, 261,
262, 265
penetrance, 18
peripheral blood, 234
peritoneum, 168, 175
permission, iv
permit, 105
personality, 243
PET, 34, 48, 49, 58, 66, 85, 93, 101, 109, 118, 133,
187, 188, 204, 210, 212, 220, 227, 229, 234
PET scan, 34, 188, 204, 212, 220, 229
pharynx, 65, 116, 204, 269
phenotype, 17, 199
Philadelphia, 200, 202
physicians, vii, 253
pigmentation, 6, 21, 22, 23
pituitary gland, 126
plaque, 3, 6
plasma cells, 233, 234
platelet count, 219
platinum, 58, 74, 79, 177, 193
Platinum, 177
pleural effusion, 202
plexus, 61, 65, 77, 94, 112, 164, 254
polymerase chain reaction, 115
poor performance, 69, 74, 258
population, 4, 5, 11, 19, 20, 64, 65, 89, 115, 145,
156, 168, 185, 233, 252, 265
porphyrins, 12