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Benecial Eects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds
Cardio-protective Activity
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by accumulation of leukocytes in the
vascular wall. Platelets coaggregate with leukocytes via P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)
and P-selectin contacts and play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and
thrombosis (Davi and Patrono, 2007; Aukrust et al., 2010). Gallic acid has been discovered to have anti-
atherosclerotic activity by limiting platelet activation and its association with leukocytes which is likely
2+
to be through decreasing intracellular Ca
and Akt/GSK3β (Chang et al., 2012). It has been found that ferulic acid substantially inhibited copper
ion-induced LDL oxidation and promoted cholesterol absorption and breakdown in the liver (Zang et
al., 2000). Park et al. (2011) found that phenolic acids decreased oxidized LDL absorption in murine
macrophages by downregulating membrane expression of SR-B1, a membrane receptor on macrophages
that is responsible for the internalization of oxidized LDL and causes cellular cholesterol buildup (Yue
et al., 2010). Likewise, phenolics acids also increase cholesterol efflux in lipid-loaded macrophages by
promoting membrane receptor ABCA1 expression. ABCA1 is a membrane transporter prevalent in macrophages that plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis, hence guarding against atherosclerosis
(Xu et al., 2009). The most prevalent cardiovascular condition is hypertension, which is mostly caused
by lifestyle and food factors (Kumar et al., 2014). Nitric oxide (NO) is important in the physiologic
regulation of blood pressure and myocardial damage. Alterations in NO synthesis or bioavailability can
produce vasoconstriction and might be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Vanillic acid has
been shown to reduce against cardiovascular complications aroused due to hypertension (Opie et al.,
2006). Vanillic acid hypertension and left ventricular function in hypertensive rat models produced by
Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertensive rat models. L-NAME inhibits NO
synthase activity, resulting in hypertension and arteriosclerosis (Souza et al., 2001; Pechànovà et al.,
2004; Mishra and Vinayak, 2011). Vanillic acid has cardioprotective effect, as evidenced by decreased
cardiac marker enzymes (CK, CK-MB, and LDH), left ventricular functions, improved tissue nitric oxide
metabolite levels, and upregulated mRNA expression of eNOS in L-NAME induced hypertensive rat.
mobilization via regulating the signals of PKCα/p38MAPK
Phenolic Acids in Cancer Cure and Treatment
Cancer is one of the world’s biggest health issues, and according to a World Health Organization (WHO)
report, cancer kills about twice as many people each year as AIDS, malaria, and TB combined (Reddy
et al., 2003). Epidemiology research suggests that a diet high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables
decreases the risk of various cancers, implying that particular dietary antioxidants might be useful agents
for cancer incidence and mortality prevention. Phenolic acids and their derivatives, such as hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, play an important role in cancer prevention and therapy. (Huang
and Zhang, 2010; Kumar et al., 2019; Badhani, 2015; Rocha et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2016; Kumar
et al., 2017; Kumar and Goel, 2019). Plant phenolics may provide a chance in this area, and between
the 1940s and 2006, more than half of all anticancer prescription medications authorized globally were
natural compounds or their derivatives, with several clinical trials ongoing (Efferth et al., 2007). In fact,
phenolic acids reduce tumor initiation through several mechanisms, including preventing the formation
of genotoxic molecules and inhibiting the activity of mutagen-transforming enzymes (Frassinetti et al.,
2012; Sloczynska et al., 2014); regulating heme-containing phase I enzymes (Rodeiro et al., 2009; Basheer and Kerem, 2015), carcinogen-detoxifying phase II enzymes (Munday and Munday, 2004; Kou et
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Benecial Eects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds
al., 2013), and also stop the DNA adducts formation (Lu et al., 2008). The majority of phenolics work
at various stages to treat or inhibit the various diseases (Choi et al., 2014).
Phenolic Acids as Antidiabetic Agent
Diabetes has been recognized as an oxidative stress condition, the result of an imbalance between the
generation of free radicals and the ability of the individual to oxidize them. Oxidative stress is widely
connected with organ damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are inadequately neutralized by antioxidants, resulting in inflammation and a range of metabolic diseases (Furukawa et al.,
2004). Antioxidants reduce free radical activity through a variety of methods, and phenolic substances,
particularly phenolic acids (which have a high antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity), operate
against oxidative stress and associated obstacles by blocking the ROS generating enzymes. The phenolic
acids have an effect on the function of the glucose and insulin receptors (have a crucial role in diabetes).
Through PI3K/Akt activated protein kinase pathways, they increase the expression of glucose transporter
2 (GLUT2) in pancreatic β-cells (which create insulin) and boost the translocation of glucose transporter
4 (GLUT4). Chlorogenic and ferulic acids both stimulate transporters and act as anti-diabetic drugs (Jung
et al., 2007; Prasad et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2011; Ong and Hsu, 2013; Cherng et al., 2013; Gandhi et al.,
2014). The best phenolic acid property is the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase (two important
enzymes responsible for the conversion of dietary carbohydrates into glucose) (Hanhineva et al., 2010).
Therapy of Skin Disorders
Plant phenolics, whether gained through food or skin application, may assist individuals by alleviating
symptoms and inhibiting the development of certain skin problems, according to research (Dzialo et
al., 2016). Polyphenols’ most prevalent properties—antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial—indicate that they deserve to be recognized in natural medicine and may be extremely beneficial
in the treatment of many skin issues. These three features are the major possible modes of action against
diverse skin conditions. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is linked to molecule’s annular
structure, conjugated double bonds and the presence of functional groups in the ring. The antioxidant
activity of phenolics is achieved through a variety of mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of
ROS formation, ROS trapping, and the extinction of singlet oxygen, as well as the reduction of chelated
metal ions (which are catalysts for reactions leading to the formation of ROS), interrupting the cascade
of free radical reactions in lipid peroxidation, and protecting other antioxidant-active compounds.
(Samoylenko et al., 2013; Liaudanskas et al., 2014; Alov et al., 2015; Andjelkovic et al., 2006). Skin is
well equipped with two crucial means of defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes (catalase,
glutathione peroxidase and peroxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic molecules (vitamins, ubiquinone,
glutathione) (Dudonne et al., 2011). Nevertheless, the endogenous defense system against ROS is frequently inadequate. Thus, it is recommended to increase the amount of natural antioxidants through
the diet or external application. Polyphenols have critical roles in the regulation of pro-inflammatory
mediators, the neutralization of free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), and hence the prevention of lipid peroxidation (Rhein et al., 2010). Phenolic compounds also
have significant antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial properties (Czemplik et al., 2011). Many types of
infections or diseases, including the dermal kind, are treated with a broad activity spectrum antibiotic.
A broad activity spectrum antibiotic is used to treat a wide range of infections and illnesses, including
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Benecial Eects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds
cutaneous infections. It may have a detrimental impact on the skin’s natural microflora and lead to resistance in many bacterial strains (Pinho et al., 2014). More than 90% of staphylococci, pneumococci
and enterococci isolated from serious infections have been found to be resistant to antibiotics; thus,
the demand for antibacterial products is still rising. These medications can be used to treat multi strain
bacterial infections without creating a detrimental effect on human tissues at the same time (Czemplik
et al., 2011). The mechanism of action of phenolics on cell membranes may explain their antibacterial
characteristics (Wu et al., 2013).
The epidermal skin cells have the ability to self-renew and replace dead cells indefinitely. The human
epidermal turnover period is believed to be between 40 and 56 days. Unfortunately, the ability to regenerate cells declines significantly with age (Koster, 2009). Some physiologically active substances, such as
phenolic chemicals, can, however, impede or even reverse this process. Dzialo et al. (2016) investigated
phenolic compounds’ possible anti-aging efficacy by examining their transcriptional effects on genes
involved in oxidative stress protection, cell renewal, and inflammatory response pathways. Only the
gene associated with inflammatory processes exhibited a reduction among the genes studied, which is
consistent with the stimulating and protecting effects of phenolics. More crucially, skin renewal genes
involved in proliferation, differentiation, survival, and DNA synthesis (which are known to be downregulated in normal NHDF cells) were upregulated about 2-fold; hence, they demonstrated effective
gene transcription modulation (Dudonne et al., 2011).
PERSONAL CARE FORMULATIONS
MOSO oil’s high antioxidant activity may be used to create body creams with higher antioxidant activity, antibacterial and antifungal activity, and superior free radical inhibition (Ojiako and Okeke, 2013).
The phenolic chemicals found in MOSO, on the other hand, may participate in the anti-inflammatory
cascade through their antioxidant activity. This connection is mostly associated with their capacity to
scavenge free radicals, hence reducing cellular harm (Biesalski, 2007). MOSO also provides softness
and smoothness to dry and rough skin. The efficacy of lovastatin and Moringa oleifera were compared,
and a rabbit research trial was done. The feed was supplemented with 6 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg every
day. After 120 days of testing, both MOSO and lovastatin were shown to lower blood cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins), and LDL cholesterol. Moringa oleifera
supplemented diets resulted in decreased fat in the liver, heart, and aorta of rabbits. Faecal examination
demonstrated that cholesterol concentrations were greater in Moringa supplemented diet cases than in
the control group (which did not get Moringa supplemented diet) (Mehta et al., 2003).
Unlike other vegetable oils, MOSO was reported to be endowed with antiseptic effects, and to possess
anti-rash characteristics. It also fights black heads, improves the strength of hairs, acts as anti-dandruff
and prevents split ends. It is important to mention that MOSO a rich source of vitamin C prevents scurvy,
guards bones, and calms the nervous system (Monica, 2005).
CONCLUSION
Due to the composition of lipid-soluble bioactives, interesting evidence on their impact to human health
has been published. Indeed, the fatty acid profile (particularly omega-9) and high-value minor lipid com-
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Benecial Eects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Bioactive Compounds
ponents (i.e., tocols, sterols, glycolipids, phospholipids, aroma compounds, and phenolics) demonstrate
health-promoting properties and positively affect our body’s biological activities. Moringa oleifera seeds
have been described as an unconventional oil source rich in bioactive and nutraceutical components
such as linoleic acid, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and phenolic compounds. Such
phytochemicals are endowed with diverse biological activities mainly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
and antimicrobial properties and possess several health benefits, such anti-cardiovascular diseases, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hepatoprotective, therapy of skin disorders and was used on personal care
formulations. In fact, oleic acid the major fatty acid of MOSO is responsible for healthy Mediterranean
diet, especially for the prevention of breast cancer. In addition, β-sitosterol structurally resembles cholesterol which has been proven to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and elevates antioxidants
making it effective antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, neuroprotective and chemopreventive agent. Now experimental studies on β-sitosterol gives clear evidence that the compound can be used as supplements
to fight against life threatening diseases.
These properties allow to the valorization of Moringa oleifera seed oil at diverse industrial, medicinal,
and pharmaceutical scales.
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