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Essential Oils and Their Biological Applications
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Section 3
Advanced Biological
Technologies in Herbal Drug
Discovery
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Chapter 21
Implications and Future
Perspectives of Nanomedicine
and Plant-Based Biogenic
Nanoparticles (NPs) for
Cancer Management
Ajeet Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4393-8889
ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley of
Research, India
Neha Patwa
Kurukshetra University, India
G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Nikhil Mehta
Kurukshetra University, India
Ankita Gautam
Gautam Budha University, India
ABSTRACT
In the modern era of science, nanotechnology has the ability to circumvent numerous disadvantages of conservative healing preparations. Important progress has been made towards the use of tailored nano­materials (NMs) to treat the cancer with efficiency, specificity, and high sensitivity. Tailored NMs are operationalized with precise ligands that can predictably target the cancer cells and deliver encapsulated payloads meritoriously. Moreover, NMs can also be deliberated to increase the drug loading, controlled release, improved half-life, and selective distribution by altering their size, surface chemistry, composi­tion, and morphology. The conservative cancer treatments have provoked the event and applications of nanomaterials. The emerging evidence suggests that nanomedicines will provide the next-generation stages for anticancer remedies.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2583-9182
Gurukul Kangri University, India
Priyanka Mishra
University of Texas, USA
Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin
University of Texas, USA
Kanchan Joshi
Technology, India
Navneet Bithel
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5129-8.ch021
Copyright © 2022, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
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Implications and Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine and Plant-Based Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs)
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the globe with year 2020 recorded an estimated 10
million deaths. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned tremendous increase in the
cases by three folds in next two decades (Andleeb et al., 2021). Notwithstanding energies to alleviate
risk factors in latest decades; the occurrence of the cancer rises continuously (You & Henneberg, 2018).
Present principles of care combine precise performance of cancer with the radiation therapy and chemo-
therapy which known for significant adverse effects (Naidu et al.,2004), with most approaches directing
non-specifically any speedily dividing cells regardless of whether they are cancerous or not. Therefore,
it is domineering to improve the effective preparations that can address the contests and deliver choosy
targeting of the tumor sites devoid of substantial loss to the viability of the vigorous tissues (Navya et al.,
2019). In the model of medicine, nanomaterial-based medicine gaining popularity as for delivering drugs,
and development of nano-based implants, and to establish a novel in-vitro diagnostics (Shi et al.,2010).
Breast cancer (13.7%) is the most often reported cancer worldwide, followed by colorectal cancer (11%). Because these patients’ immune systems are severely impaired, present chemotherapies for these two main tumours frequently result in secondary problems such as infections by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. For the treatment of breast cancer, a variety of cytotoxic medications are utilised, includ­ing doxorubicin, cisplatin, and bleomycin; nevertheless, they all have downsides and are ineffective. Nanomedicine is concerned with the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for human use using precision-engineered nanoparticles. Nanotechnology and medicine have merged to create new therapeutic and pharmacological possibilities. Nanoparticles could be used to target and treat cancerous cells as anticancer nanomedicines. The NPs could be used as antiangiogenic, anticancer, antipermeability, and antiproliferative molecular probes. AgNPs have been claimed to have the highest degree of commercialization among nanoparticles, and have gained a reputation in sectors such as medi­cine and materials research. AgNPs have unique features that enable these nanomedicines to successfully manage a variety of pathological diseases. AgNPs are effective against hepatitis B, respiratory syncytial illness, herpes simplex infection type 1 and monkey pox infection due to their antiviral characteristics (Khan et al., 2021).
An extensive field of NMs has been prepared that could be exploited for development of anticancer medicines by manipulating the morphological and chemical features to control the functions of organic, biological, inorganic, and protein (range of 1–100 nm) based nanoparticles. The Nanocrystals, polymeric micelles, albumin and chitosan based nanoparticles and liposomal formulation, help to overpower such tasks. The use of nanomaterial and nanomaterial-based therapeutic agents hints to reduce the risk to the patients and upgraded their survival (Jabir et al., 2012).
Many metallic NPs have been designed for treatment of cancer, with copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn), being the most common. The creation of ROS in cellular compartments is credited with these NPs’ anticancer potential, which is responsible for activation of the necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic death pathways (Andleeb et al., 2021). The pharmacokinetics of nano therapeutics has been discovered in preclinical and clinical trials across species. Only a few researchers have compared data from different animal models for the determination of the safety and effectiveness of the nanoparticles in humans (Gerlowski & Jain, 1986).
Nanoparticles are classified based on their dimensions. Materials with zero dimensions are larger than 100 nm measured on the nanoscale. Thin films or manufactured surfaces or coatings are one-dimensional
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Implications and Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine and Plant-Based Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs)
NMs. Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires, and nanopolymers are two-dimensional nanoparticles. The quantum dots, fullerenes, and dendrimersare three-dimensional nanoparticles (Haque et al., 2010).
EFFECT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The level of tumor addition and in vivo distribution of NMs is determined by their form and size (Sun et al., 2014). Three distinct sizes and two different shapes of siRNA-conjugated gold nano structures
(13 nm sphere, 50 nm sphere, and 40 nm) has been designed to test the in vitro response of U87 glioma cells affecting the expression of isocitratedehydrogenase-1 (Yueet al.,2017). The surface charge of NMs directs their applicability and biological effectiveness (Navya & Daima, 2016). Usually, positively charged NMs may assume proficiently at membranes of the cells due to presence of opposite charge on the cell surface (Zhao et al., 2011).
To prepare NMs for the specific biomedical claims, surface chemistry strategy is crucial. Engineered non materials reduce toxicity and boost stability in addition to modifying the surface corona (Navya & Daima, 2016).
NANOMATERIAL AS DRUG DELIVERY AGENTS
35.3.1 Inorganic NPs
Amongst the inorganic NMs, metal NPs and metal oxides have expanded notable deliberation because of their extraordinary possessions and current development in the central consideration through the progress of pioneering methods. Inorganic nanoparticles with precise characteristics have recently been produced and used in biological applications, particularly in cancer treatment and management. Metal nanoparticles and metal oxides have risen to prominence among inorganic nanomaterials due to their unique features and recent advances in fundamental understanding through the development of novel methodologies. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles and carbon-based nanostructures are two other prominent nanomaterials that play an important role in medication delivery. Table 35.1 shows a variety of inorganic nanocarriers that can be used to deliver anticancer treatments (Gautam et al., 2021).
Metal Nanoparticle and Metal-oxides
Because of their controlled form and size, biocompatibility, and smooth surface functioning, metal and metal oxides NPs have gained popularity as the vehicles for drug delivery. The tunable size and shape, biocompatibility, and ease of surface functionalization, of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles make them most valuable materials for drug delivery. Noble metal nanostructures, especially Au nanopar­ticles, are commonly employed for medication delivery. Wan et al. (2018) investigated the anticancer properties of docetaxel conjugated Au doped apatite in vitro. The substance was found to have enhanced bioavailability at the location, as well as higher cytotoxicity against human liver cancer cells HepG2. Furthermore, a fluorescent photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug has been developed comprising of Pc4 coated Au nanoparticles that increase the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis due to the presence of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA-1) ligand that helps in targeting of the disease biomarkers
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Implications and Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine and Plant-Based Biogenic Nanoparticles (NPs)
Figure 1. Classification of organic, inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles and their application in treat­ment and detection of cancer.
resulting in the increased tumour residence time. In vitro and in vivo studies have been used to assess the efficacy of a theranostics for prostate cancer (Navyav et al., 2019; Gautam et al., 2021).
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
The decent metal nanostructures, predominantly AuNPs, are extensively applied for conveying drugs. Au nanoparticles coated with two different anticancer medications have been shown to not only extend drug circulation time but also improve drug targeting and lower the chance of drug resistance (Safwat et al., 2018).
Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
AgNPs have also been shown to be anticancer agents that can be used to treat a variety of cancers (Kumar et al., 2016). Silver (Ag) nanoparticles, like Au nanoparticles, have been shown to be effective anticancer
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