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Phytochemicals From Mangroves and Their Anti-Viral Applications
have an effective anti-viral nature. Hence, these identified compounds can be used for the repurposing of the drug against other related pathogenic viruses (Murugan et al., 2021; Mahmud et al., 2021;
Kharisma et al., 2021).
Figure 4. Year-wise publication of research article when searched in Google scholar (https://scholar.
google.com/) with the keyword antiviral compounds and Mangrove plant.
CONCLUSION
Traditionally the bioactive phytochemicals plants have been continuously exploited in the field of the
healthcare system for antiviral therapy. Plant product-based therapy is a preferred mode of medication
that is associated with less toxicity and minimal side effects. Several phytochemicals from the mangrove
source have been screened and identified for the treatment of pathogenic viruses such as influenza,
dengue, chikungunya, HIV, SARS-CoV-2 and so on. Mangrove plants have been used as a traditional
medicine for a long day, however, specifically the anti-viral compounds from the mangrove plant are
less exploited. In this chapter, a compressive review has been made to provide some of the important
information about the mangrove plants and their phytochemical constituents used as anti-viral agents.
Additionally, the common extraction and screening procedures that are frequently used for phytochemicals
have been presented. Also, the challenges and opportunities associated with the discovery of bioactive
compounds from mangrove plants have been discussed. Moreover, this chapter provides a thorough
analysis and discussion of different types of mangrove plants and their specific phytochemicals that
contain the metabolite having anti-viral properties by narrating the recent literature. It is expected that
the scientific analysis and screening of novel mangrove phytochemicals can be suitably used for the
development of potential antiviral drugs.
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Phytochemicals From Mangroves and Their Anti-Viral Applications
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by the OURIIP- SEED FUND grant, sponsored by Odisha State Higher
Education Council, Government of Odisha, India (OURIIP Seed fund -2020/06-Biotechnology).
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Chapter 19
Anticancer Effect of
tagala
and
Curcuma caesia
Acting Through Tumor
Necrosis Factor-α:
Mediated Nuclear Factor κB Pathway
Khetbadei Lysinia Hynniewta Hadem
North Eastern Hill University, India
Lakhon Kma
North Eastern Hill University, India
Rajeshwar N. Sharan
North Eastern Hill University, India
Arnab Sen
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Center for North East Region, India
Aristolochia
ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with a brief description of the events associated with carcinogenesis such as what
led a normal cell to transform into a pre-neoplastic one, their multiplication, and development into
cancer. The authors also described how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated endogenously
and from carcinogens, their role in carcinogenesis, and the link between inflammation and cancer.
Elucidation of how cancer arises contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms of action of
some natural products. Herbal natural products contain metabolites that exert a physiological action
on human body. These metabolites are used therapeutically in modern medical practices to prevent and
cure various diseases including cancer. This chapter discusses the anticancer property of two herbal
plants Aristolochia tagala Cham. and Curcuma caesia Roxb. in diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse liver
cancer and describes the most probable molecular mechanisms of action of the metabolites present in
these plants contributing to their anticancer effect.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5129-8.ch019
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Anticancer Eect of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia Acting Through Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
INTRODUCTION
Carcinogenesis is a term that describes the process that occurs during tumor cell transformation. Both
genetic and epigenetic factors are involved in the disruption of normal cell growth and its control leading
to the development of cancer. These factors play a role in each of the different stages of carcinogenesis
which are initiation, promotion and progression. A change in the genetic makeup of cell can lead to
alterations of four broad categories of cancer genes, namely the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of
tumor suppressors, evasion of apoptosis genes, and defective DNA repair genes (Malarkey et al., 2013).
Selective clonal expansion of mutated cells leads to the appearance of a benign lesion or preneoplastic
focus and rapid growth of these cells enhances the probability of accumulation of additional genetic
damage (Mehta, 1995; Gomes-Carneiro et al., 1997). Additional mutations and structural variation in
chromosomes lead to a formation of neoplastic and metastasized cells which are invasive, fast growing
and have biochemical, metabolically and morphological characteristics different from normal healthy
cells (Pitot & Dragan, 1991; Butterworthet al., 1998, Klaunig et al., 2000).
Endogenous and environmental factors are known to play a role in the progression of carcinogenesis
which involves different biochemical mechanism and genetic elements. Endogenous factors include unavoidable spontaneous mutations that arise as a result of random errors in DNA replication, hormonal
imbalance, growth factors and complex endogenous processes like ageing, inflammation, and obesity.
These factors are together influenced by the exogenous or environmental factors and hereditary (Pitot,
1991; Wu et al., 2018). Many environmental factors have been shown to be carcinogenic. The environ-
mental factors can be broadly divided into (a) Physical factors which comprises of ionizing radiations
(IR) and UV light (b) Chemical factors like benzo[α] pyrene, heterocyclic amine, ethyl alcohol, aflatoxin,
asbestos, cadmium, etc. and (c) Biological factors likehepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, epstein-Barr
virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1), human
papilloma virus (HPV).
ROS INVOLVEMENT IN CARCINOGENESIS
Reactive oxygen species collectively refers to radicals, ions or molecules that have a single unpaired
electron in their outermost shell of electrons. ROS are unstable and highly reactive. Superoxide (O
•
hydroxyl radical (
categorized as free oxygen radicals. Hydrogen peroxide (H
), organic hydroperoxides (ROOH), hypochloride (HOCl) etc. are categorized as non-radical ROS
(O
3
(Liou & Storz, 2010).
ROS are produced endogenously as byproducts of oxygen metabolism. During mitochondrial oxidative
metabolism, single electron reduction of O
The mitochondrial electron transport chain is the major contributor of endogenous ROS in mammalian
tissues (Saybaşili et al., 2001; St-Pierre et al., 2002; Klaunig & Kamendulis, 2004). Enzymatic reactions catalysed by NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenases and cylooxgenases within the cells
also contributes to the ROS pool (Babior, 1999; Griendling et al., 2000; Curtin et al., 2002; Schrader &
Fahimi, 2006; Sharan et al., 2011). Superoxide can be converted to hydrogen peroxide (H
al.,2008) and H
terbourn, 1995).
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OH), nitric oxide (NO•), organic radicals (R•), peroxyl radicals (ROO•), etc. are
), singlet oxygen (1O2), ozone/trioxygen
2O2
leads to the production of O
2
generated can be converted to hydroxyl free radicals via the Fenton reaction (Win-
2O2
•-
in the mitochondrial matrix.
2
) (Juarez et
2O2
•−
2
367
),