By directing therapy at correcting the underlying capillary hemodynamic disturbance, development of edema can be stopped or reversed. Lifestyle and dietary modification in conjunction with pharmacotherapy are useful in the long­term management. For the common systemic causes, treat­ment of the underlying condition is indicated. For those with chronic venous insufficiency, mechanical therapies such as leg elevation and compression stockings, as well as judicious diuretic therapy, are useful, although caution should be taken in those with peripheral arterial disease. Deep venous throm­bosis is treated with anticoagulation therapy and cellulitis with antibiotics. In medication-induced edema, the culprit medication should be discontinued if possible, and in those with heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome, cautious use of diuretics and salt restriction can be initiated. Caution to avoid volume depletion with diuretics must be exerted. Patients should be monitored for electrolyte disturbances and changes in urea and serum creatinine, watching for signs of volume depletion. For patients with nephrotic syndrome, higher doses of diuretics might be required. For those with diuretic resistance, the use of diuretic combinations could be required.