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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_2866_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Chapter 1. Screening/Physical Exam/Health…
21
a
B March 2021
a
a
B June 2017
A January 2019
(continued)
The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung
cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)
in adults aged 50–80years who have a 20-pack-year
smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within
the past 15years. Screening should be discontinued once
Lung cancer: screening:
adults aged 50–80years
who have a 20-pack-year
smoking history and
currently smoke or have
a person has not smoked for 15years or develops a
health problem that substantially limits life expectancy
or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians screen for
obesity in children and adolescents 6years and older
and offer or refer them to comprehensive, intensive
quit within the past 15years
Obesity in children and
adolescents: screening:
children and adolescents
behavioral interventions to promote improvements in
weight status
The USPSTF recommends prophylactic ocular topical
medication for all newborns to prevent gonococcal
ophthalmia neonatorum
6years and older
Ocular prophylaxis for
gonococcal ophthalmia
neonatorum: preventive
medication: newborns
22
J. Conigliaro and S. Kapoor
a
Release date of
current
recommendation
B June 2018
a
B June 2018
B February 2019
a
B August 2021
T . (continued)
Topic Description Grade
The USPSTF recommends screening for osteoporosis
with bone measurement testing to prevent osteoporotic
fractures in postmenopausal women younger than
65years who are at increased risk of osteoporosis, as
determined by a formal clinical risk assessment tool. See
the Clinical Considerations section for information on
risk assessment.
Osteoporosis to prevent
fractures: screening:
postmenopausal women
younger than 65years
at increased risk of
osteoporosis
The USPSTF recommends screening for osteoporosis
with bone measurement testing to prevent osteoporotic
fractures in women 65years and older
Osteoporosis to prevent
fractures: screening: women
65years and older
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians provide or
refer pregnant and postpartum persons who are at
increased risk of perinatal depression to counseling
interventions
The USPSTF recommends screening for prediabetes
and type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35–70years who
Perinatal depression:
preventive interventions:
pregnant and postpartum
persons
Prediabetes and type
2 diabetes: screening:
have overweight or obesity. Clinicians should offer or
refer patients with prediabetes to effective preventive
interventions
asymptomatic adults aged
35–70years who have
overweight or obesity
Chapter 1. Screening/Physical Exam/Health…
23
a
a
B April 2017
B December 2021
a
B December 2021
(continued)
A June 2019
The USPSTF recommends screening for preeclampsia
in pregnant women with blood pressure measurements
throughout pregnancy
Preeclampsia: screening:
pregnant woman
The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians
prescribe oral fluoride supplementation starting at age
6months for children whose water supply is deficient in
fluoride
The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians
apply fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all
infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth
eruption
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians offer
preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with effective
antiretroviral therapy to persons who are at high risk of
Prevention of dental caries
in children younger than
5years: screening and
interventions: children
younger than 5years
Prevention of dental caries
in children younger than
5years: screening and
interventions: children
younger than 5years
Prevention of human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection:
HIV acquisition. See the Clinical Considerations section
for information about identification of persons at high
risk and selection of effective antiretroviral therapy
preexposure prophylaxis:
persons at high risk of HIV
acquisition
24
J. Conigliaro and S. Kapoor
a
Release date of
current
recommendation
A February 2004
a
B February 2004
a
B August 2020
a
B March 2018
T . (continued)
Topic Description Grade
The USPSTF strongly recommends Rh(D) blood typing
and antibody testing for all pregnant women during
their first visit for pregnancy-related care
The USPSTF recommends repeated Rh(D) antibody
testing for all unsensitized Rh(D)-negative women at
24–28weeks’ gestation, unless the biological father is
known to be Rh(D)-negative
The USPSTF recommends behavioral counseling for
all sexually active adolescents and for adults who are
Rh(D) incompatibility:
screening: pregnant women,
during the first pregnancy-
related care visit
Rh(D) incompatibility:
screening: unsensitized
Rh(D)-negative pregnant
women
Sexually transmitted
infections: behavioral
at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections
(STIs). See the Practice Considerations section for more
information on populations at increased risk for acquiring
STIs
The USPSTF recommends counseling young adults,
adolescents, children, and parents of young children
about minimizing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
counseling: sexually active
adolescents and adults at
increased risk
Skin cancer prevention:
behavioral counseling:
young adults, adolescents,
for persons aged 6months to 24years with fair skin
types to reduce their risk of skin cancer
children, and parents of
young children
Chapter 1. Screening/Physical Exam/Health…
a
25
a
B November 2016
A June 2016
(continued)
The USPSTF recommends that adults without a history
of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (i.e., symptomatic
coronary artery disease or ischemic stroke) use a low- to
moderate-dose statin for the prevention of CVD events
and mortality when all of the following criteria are
met: (1) they are aged 40–75years; (2) they have one
or more CVD risk factors (i.e., dyslipidemia, diabetes,
hypertension, or smoking); and (3) they have a calculated
10-year risk of a cardiovascular event of 10% or greater.
Statin use for the primary
prevention of cardiovascular
disease in adults:
Ppreventive medication:
adults aged 40–75years
with no history of CVD, one
or more CVD risk factors,
and a calculated 10-year
CVD event risk of 10% or
Identification of dyslipidemia and calculation of 10-year
CVD event risk requires universal lipids screening in
greater
adults aged 40–75years. See the “Clinical Considerations”
section for more information on lipids screening and the
assessment of cardiovascular risk
The USPSTF recommends screening for syphilis
infection in persons who are at increased risk for
infection
Syphilis infection in
nonpregnant adults and
adolescents: screening:
asymptomatic, nonpregnant
adults and adolescents who
are at increased risk for
syphilis infection
26
J. Conigliaro and S. Kapoor
a
Release date of
current
recommendation
a
a
a
A September 2018
The USPSTF recommends early screening for syphilis
A January 2021
infection in all pregnant women
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all adults
about tobacco use, advise them to stop using tobacco,
and provide behavioral interventions and US Food and
A January 2021
Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmacotherapy
for cessation to nonpregnant adults who use tobacco
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians ask all
pregnant persons about tobacco use, advise them to stop
B April 2020
using tobacco, and provide behavioral interventions for
cessation to pregnant persons who use tobacco
The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians
provide interventions, including education or brief
counseling, to prevent initiation of tobacco use among
school-aged children and adolescents
T . (continued)
Topic Description Grade
Syphilis infection in
pregnant women: screening:
pregnant women
Tobacco smoking cessation
in adults, including pregnant
persons: interventions:
nonpregnant adults
Tobacco smoking cessation
in adults, including pregnant
persons: interventions:
pregnant persons
Tobacco use in children and
adolescents: Primary care
interventions: school-aged
children and adolescents
who have not started to use
tobacco
Chapter 1. Screening/Physical Exam/Health…
27
a
B November 2018
B June 2020
a
(continued)
B September 2017
The USPSTF recommends screening for unhealthy
alcohol use in primary care settings in adults 18years or
older, including pregnant women, and providing persons
engaged in risky or hazardous drinking with brief
behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy
alcohol use
The USPSTF recommends screening by asking questions
about unhealthy drug use in adults age 18years or older.
Unhealthy alcohol use in
adolescents and adults:
screening and behavioral
counseling interventions:
adults 18years or older,
including pregnant women
Unhealthy drug use:
Sscreening: adults age
Screening should be implemented when services for
accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate
care can be offered or referred. (Screening refers to
asking questions about unhealthy drug use, not testing
biological specimens.)
The USPSTF recommends vision screening at least once
in all children aged 3–5years to detect amblyopia or its
risk factors
18years or older
Vision in children ages
6months to 5years:
screening: children aged
3–5years
28
J. Conigliaro and S. Kapoor
a
Release date of
current
recommendation
B September 2018
T . (continued)
Topic Description Grade
The USPSTF recommends that clinicians offer or
refer adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or
higher (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by
height in meters squared) to intensive, multicomponent
behavioral interventions
Weight loss to prevent
obesity-related morbidity
and mortality in adults:
behavioral interventions:
Previous recommendation was an “A” or “B”
adults
a
Chapter 1. Screening/Physical Exam/Health…
Offer or provide this service
Offer or provide this service
Offer or provide this service for
selected patients depending on
individual circumstances
Discourage the use of this service
Read the clinical considerations
section of UPSTF recommendation
29
statement. If the service is offered,
patients should understand the
uncertainty about the balance of
benefits and harms
that the net benefit is substantial
that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate
T . USPTF grade denitions [10]
Grade Definition Suggestions for practice
A The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty
B The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty
certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial
this service to individual patients based on professional
judgment and patient preferences. There is at least moderate
certainty that the net benefit is small
C The USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing
moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit
or that the harms outweigh the benefits
insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the
service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting,
and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined
D The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is
I Statement The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is
30
J. Conigliaro and S. Kapoor
encourage conversations about issues that are very relevant
to a patient’s health and the care delivered. This approach
yields a better understanding of the individual patient and
allows for thoughtful accounting of impact that may be
driven by social determinants, behavioral health, substance
use, and other health behaviors.
The use of evidence-based screening tools in this realm has
increasingly become the standard. The standardization of
behavioral health (depression, anxiety) and substance use
(alcohol, drugs, and tobacco) screenings has been well studied
[13, 14]. In efforts to better understand the “whole patient,”
the clinician can take active steps in aligning screening strategies with focused examinations and additional testing, toward
the maintenance of overall health.
Effective communication is a key factor in discussing
screening tools/exams with patients to provide unbiased
information on both the benefits and the harms of screening
and to demonstrate a respect for autonomy [15, 16]. The conscious act of normalizing the use of screening tests and
assessments is critical when discussing the risks, benefits, and
potential results that may be associated. Though part of
everyday routine for the average clinician, for the patient, a
screening test/assessment can be a cause for added stress and
uneasiness and can affect the relationship. Normalizing the
process and transparently explaining to patients the reason
behind certain assessments (alcohol/drug use assessments,
depression screening, etc.) can prevent feelings of embarrassment and shame. Skillful communication can prevent the
patient from becoming defensive or feeling singled out and
will hopefully open the door for sharing of important information. Simple approaches, like “I am going to ask you a few
questions that I ask of all my patients” or “Based on what we
have been discussing and the physical exam, I recommend
that we send you for a chest X-ray and possibly a CT scan,”
can help address/alleviate potential stigma and assumptions
and help clarify why certain testing is suggested [17, 18]. Of
note, lab tests and imaging, where results will not be commu-