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Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.4.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
4.4.2.5 MXene
in vitro
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Figure 4.8 SEM images of (a) MXene. (b) delaminated MXene, respectively.
4.5 Summary and Perspective
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Chapter 5
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Nanogel
Delivery System
Xiaoling Pan,
a
Jing Liu,b Xiangling Gu,b Na Fan,b Wan Sun,
b
and Wei Li
a
a
Department of Nanomedicine, Naval Medical University,
Shanghai 200433, China
b
College of Medicine and Nursing, Dezhou University,
Shandong 253023, China
liwei_dds@163.com
5.1 Classification of Nanogels
Nanogel is an intramolecularly cross-linked polymer gel in the
form of nanoparticles (1–1000 nm in diameter). And the internal
structure of nanogel is a typical network structure, which can be
dispersed into nanometer-sized hydrogel particles in an aqueous
solution (Fig. 5.1). Nanogels are developed from hydrogels and
have the common characteristics of hydrogels and nanoparticles.
Like hydrogels, nanogels have a high water content and can
shrink or swell according to changes in external conditions; like
nanoparticles, nanogels have a small particle size and a large
polymer constituting the gel, they can be divided into chemical
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics
Edited by Wei Li
Copyright © 2025 Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ISBN 978-981-4968-52-2 (Hardcover), 978-1-003-51393-3 (eBook)
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162
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Nanogel Delivery System
cross-linking and physical cross-linking. The former is a threedimensional network structure formed by covalent cross-linking
between polymer chains. The cross-linking bond is generally
strong, and the system can only expand but cannot melt or dissolve.
The latter is a three-dimensional network structure formed by
non-covalent bonds, including hydrogen bond, Coulomb force,
coordination bond, etc. [1]. Most natural gels are cross-linked by
hydrogen bonding between polymer segments, but they are easily
damaged by heating and other means.
Figure 5.1 Scheme illustrates the 3-D network structure of a nanogel
swollen by water.
5.2 Preparation of Nanogels
5.2.1 Non-Covalent Bonding Method
In an aqueous environment and under mild conditions, polymers
can be formed into nanogels by physical cross-linking [2].
Various nanogels have been prepared using physical selfassembly between polymers, usually by controlling aggregation
between hydrophilic polymers through hydrophobic, electrostatic
interactions or hydrogen bonding. Because of its simplicity and
mild conditions, this preparation method is mostly used to
encapsulate biological macromolecules such as proteins by
Preparation of Nanogels
163
interactions between hydrophilic polymers for preparing nanogels
coated with biological macromolecules. For example, Starch
prepare 20–30 nm nanogels through intermolecular hydrophobic
molecules. Researchers studied the self-assembly of dextran
b-cyclodextrin, using their interaction
to wrap proteins in water-based media [4]. In this way, self-
formed and stable for a long time. Similarly, nanogels comprising
ovalbumin and lysozyme or chitosan can be prepared from
proteins with opposite charges [5, 6]. Such self-assembled
proteins are usually ovalbumin, lysozyme or transferrin, and most
of the polymers used to prepare nanogels are natural polymers,
such as chitosan, glucan, and b-cyclodextrin.
5.2.2 Chemical Cross-Linking Reaction
In normal or reverse-phase microemulsion polymerization,
nanogels can be obtained by adding a cross-linking agent to the
system to initiate the polymerization of micromolecular monomers,
or to initiate the cross-linking reaction of functional groups on the
side chains of polymers [7]. This provides a means to modify the
structure and properties of nanogels by chemical synthesis under
method are that it can control the nanogel structure, has good
stability, and has a wide range of applications, which provides
conditions for preparing functionalized nanogels.
Some studies have reported that reverse-phase (water-inoil) microemulsion was used as a medium for polymerization to
form nanogels, and monomers with dual functional groups were
introduced as cross-linking agents to obtain a stable nanogel
network. Unstable bonds are usually introduced into the nanogels.
During the preparation of such polymers, unstable bonds are
usually introduced into the nanogel in order to release the drug
after the unstable bonds are broken. For example, a reversedphase microemulsion is used to prepare polyacrylamide nanogels
by free radical polymerization for encapsulating and transporting
proteins and DNA, and an acid-sensitive acetal cross-linking agent