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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5386_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Preface
- •1.1: Polymer Chains Behavior in Solutions
- •1.1.1: Basic Interaction of Polymer Chain in Solution
- •1.2.1: Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers
- •1.2.2: Self-Assembly of Liposomes
- •1.2.2.1: Formation of liposomes
- •1.1.2: Solubility of Polymer
- •1.1.2.1: Solubility parameter
- •1.1.2.2: Real polymer solutions
- •1.1.3.1: Dynamics of self-assembly
- •1.1.3.2: Free energy of self-assembly systems
- •1.1.3.3: Basic morphology of self-assembly systems
- •1.2.2.2: Phase behaviors of lipid bilayers
- •1.3: Stability of Nanosystems in Solutions
- •1.3.1: DLVO Theory
- •1.3.1.1: Interaction energy between nanoparticles
- •1.3.1.2: Effects of DLVO theory
- •1.3.3: Limitations of Classical DLVO
- •1.4: The Powerful Tool for Study of Nano Physical Pharmaceutics
- •1.4.1.1: Scattering by a small particle
- •1.4.2.1: Power spectrum of scattered light
- •2.1: Classification of Micelle
- •2.1.1: Ionic Surfactant Micelle
- •2.1.2: Non-Ionic Surfactant Micelle
- •2.1.3: Mixed Micelle
- •2.2: Preparation of Micelles
- •2.3: Effects on Micelle Assembly
- •2.3.1: Critical Micelle Concentration
- •2.3.2: Mechanism of Micellization
- •2.3.3: Influence of the Surfactant Structure on CMC
- •2.3.3.1: Volume of hydrophobic groups
- •2.3.3.2: Chemical structure and volume of hydrophilic groups
- •2.3.4: Influence of External Conditions on CMC
- •2.3.4.1: Temperature
- •2.3.4.2: Electrolytes
- •2.3.4.3: Organic substances
- •2.4: Structure and Stability of Polymeric Micelles
- •2.4.1: Thermodynamical Stability
- •2.4.2: Structural Stability
- •2.4.3: Micelle Structural Tailoring
- •2.5: NPP of Polymeric Micelles in Drug Delivery
- •2.5.1: Physiochemical Properties of Micelles
- •2.5.1.2: Critical micelle concentration
- •2.5.1.3: Zeta potential
- •2.5.2: Stability of Micelles
- •2.5.3: Drug-Loading Profile of Micelles
- •2.5.4: Endocytosis of Micelles
- •2.5.5: Drug Release Behavior of Micelles
- •2.5.6.1: pH-responsive micelles
- •2.5.6.2: Redox-responsive micelles
- •2.5.6.3: Temperature-responsive micelles
- •2.5.6.4: Photo-responsive micelles
- •2.6: Summary and Perspective
- •3.1: Classification of Liposome
- •3.2: Preparation of Liposomes
- •3.2.2: Reverse-Phase Evaporation Method
- •3.2.3: Injection Method
- •3.2.4: Detergent Depletion Method
- •3.3: Theory of Liposome Formation
- •3.4: NPP of Liposomes in Drug Delivery
- •3.4.1: Physiochemical Properties of Liposome
- •3.4.1.1: Size of liposome
- •3.4.1.2: Phase transition temperature of liposome
- •3.4.1.3: Membrane permeability of liposome
- •3.4.1.4: Membrane charge of liposome
- •3.4.2: Drug-Loading Behavior of Liposome
- •3.4.3: Stability of Drug-Loaded Liposome
- •3.4.3.1: Physical stability of drug-loaded liposome
- •3.4.3.2: Chemical stability of drug-loaded liposome
- •3.4.4: Clearance and in vivo Circulation of Liposome
- •3.4.5: Targeting Ability of Liposome
- •3.4.6: Drug Release Behavior of Liposome
- •3.5: Summary and Perspective
- •4.1: Classification of Inorganic Nanoparticles
- •4.3.1: Nucleation Mechanism of Inorganic Nanoparticles
- •4.3.2: Growth Mechanism of Inorganic Nanoparticles
- •4.3.3: Morphology Control Strategy
- •4.3.3.1: Control of nucleation rate
- •4.3.3.2: Control of growth phases
- •4.3.4: Dynamic Stability
- •4.3.4.1: Brownian motion
- •4.3.4.2: Sedimentation and sedimentation equilibrium
- •4.3.4.3: Interparticle interactions
- •4.3.5: Thermodynamic Stability
- •4.3.5.1: Electrical double layer theory and zeta potential
- •4.3.5.2: Electrolyte
- •4.3.5.3: DLVO theory
- •4.3.5.4: Stability in aqueous system
- •4.3.5.5: Impact of polymer compounds on stability
- •4.4: NPP of Inorganic Particles
- •4.4.1: Properties of Inorganic Nanoparticles
- •4.4.1.1: Electronic and optical properties
- •4.4.1.2: Magnetism
- •4.4.1.3: Mechanical properties
- •4.4.1.4: Thermal properties
- •4.4.2: Biological Application of Inorganic Nanoparticles
- •4.4.2.1: Au nanoparticles
- •4.4.2.2: Magnetic nanoparticles
- •4.4.2.3: Quantum dots
- •4.4.2.4: Carbon nanotubes
- •4.4.2.5: MXene
- •4.5: Summary and Perspective
- •5.1: Classification of Nanogels
- •5.2: Preparation of Nanogels
- •5.2.1: Non-Covalent Bonding Method
- •5.2.2: Chemical Cross-Linking Reaction
- •5.2.3: Template Method
- •5.3: Mechanism of Nanogel Formation
- •5.3.1: Cross-Linking of Nanogel
- •5.3.1.1: Gelation theory of nonlinear polycondensation
- •5.3.3: Structure and Stability of Nanogel
- •5.4: NPP of Nanogels in Drug Delivery
- •5.4.1: Physiochemical Properties of Nanogels
- •5.4.1.1: Expansion of nanogels
- •5.4.1.2: Swelling mechanism
- •5.4.1.3: Affecting factors of nanogel swelling
- •5.4.1.4: Thixotropy and desizing effect of nanogels
- •5.4.2: In vivo Circulation of Nanogels
- •5.4.3: Drug Release Behavior of Nanogels
- •5.4.4: Factors Affecting the Release of Drug-Loaded Nanogels
- •5.4.4.1: Drug-loading methods
- •5.4.4.2: Medium pH
- •5.4.4.3: Solvent
- •5.4.4.4: Particle size
- •5.4.4.5: Surface charge
- •5.4.5.1: Temperature-responsive nanogels
- •5.4.5.2: pH-responsive nanogels
- •5.4.5.3: Glucose-responsive nanogels
- •5.4.5.4: Photoresponsive nanogels
- •5.4.5.5: Other stimulation-responsive nanogels
- •5.4.6.1: Delivery of small-molecule therapeutic drugs
- •5.4.6.2: Delivery of oligonucleotides
- •5.4.6.3: Delivery of therapeutic proteins
- •5.5: Summary and Perspective
- •6.1: Classification of Microspheres
- •6.2: Preparation of Microspheres
- •6.2.1: Emulsification: Chemical Cross-Linking Method
- •6.2.2: Solvent Evaporation
- •6.2.3: Phase Separation
- •6.2.4: Salting-Out Method
- •6.2.5: Spray Drying
- •6.2.6: Ultrasound Method
- •6.2.7: Supercritical Fluid Method
- •6.3: Mechanism of Microsphere Formation
- •6.3.1: Stability of Nano-Microspheres and DLVO Theory
- •6.3.2: Factors Affect the Potential Energy
- •6.3.3: Factors Affect the Stability of Microspheres
- •6.3.3.1: Properties of polymers
- •6.3.3.2: Surface charge of microspheres
- •6.4: NPP of Microspheres
- •6.4.1: Physicochemical Properties of Microspheres
- •6.4.1.2: Factors affecting the particle size of microspheres
- •6.4.3: Drug Release Behavior of Microspheres
- •6.4.3.1: Mechanism of drug release by microspheres
- •6.4.3.2: PLA microspheres delivery system
- •6.4.4: Route of Administration of Microspheres
- •6.4.4.1: Cavity administration
- •6.4.4.2: Injection administration
- •6.4.4.3: Administration by arterial embolism
- •6.4.4.4: Magnetic microsphere administration
- •6.4.4.5: Oral administration
- •6.4.4.6: Mucosal administration
- •6.4.4.7: Ocular administration
- •6.4.5: Biological Application of Microspheres
- •6.4.5.1: Sustained-release microsphere formulation
- •6.5: Summary and Perspective
- •Index

134
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Ndx ×
pr r − r g
A
Ad
cRT c
−Ad
=− ARTdc =− ART
dN
L
RT ln
=−p
r
r − r
−x
N
gLx
N
4.3.4.3 Interparticle interactions

Effects on Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation
135
Va
Vr
Va Vr

136
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.3.5 Thermodynamic Stability
particles in an electrolyte solution as described by DLVO theory. Cited from
reference [34] in Chapter 1.

Effects on Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation
137
4.3.5.1 Electrical double layer theory and zeta potential
Figure 4.4 Schematic of the electrical double layer formed in aqueous solution.

138
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.3.5.2 Electrolyte
The z
j j
z
z

Effects on Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation
139
> C
> K > Na
> Cl

140
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.3.5.3 DLVO theory

Effects on Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation
141
Va Vr
H
r
Va
va =−
Ar
H
A
v
H
v ≈ kr j
−kH
r e
k is a constant, e
j
H
C
V
= k
r
p(−k
C
)
C k
C
V
r
k

142
Nano Physical Pharmaceutics of Inorganic Nanoparticles
r
j
r
v = va vr
dv
=, v =
dH
The concentration C
is the concentration when v
C k
=⋅
g
Az
C k
is the constant, A γ
A
γ
z
C 1/z6
4.3.5.4 Stability in aqueous system

Effects on Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation
143
k
A
AD C −C
k =
L
D
L C C
s
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