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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_2826_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Malignant disease
- •Rheumatology
- •Water and electrolytes
- •Renal disease
- •Cardiovascular disease
- •Respiratory disease
- •Intensive care medicine
- •Poisoning, drug and alcohol abuse
- •Endocrinology
- •Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism
- •The special senses
- •Neurology
- •Dermatology
- •Elderly medicine and frailty
- •Abbreviations
- •Medical emergencies
- •Symptom Based
- •System Based
- •Infectious diseases and tropical medicine
- •Gastroenterology and nutrition
- •Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease
- •Diseases of the blood and haematological malignancies
- •Significant websites
- •Guidelines and evidence-based medicine
- •Medical calculators
- •Chapter-specific websites
- •Legally Valid Consent
- •Capacity
- •Information disclosure
- •Obtaining consent
- •Special circumstances
- •Adults who lack capacity to consent
- •Advance decisions
- •Children
- •Teaching
- •Human immunodeficiency virus testing
- •End-of-life decisions including assisted dying
- •Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- •Confidentiality
- •Communication
- •The medical interview
- •1. Building a relationship
- •2. Opening the discussion
- •3. Gathering information
- •4. Understanding the patient
- •5. Sharing information
- •6. Reaching agreement on management
- •7. Providing closing
- •Breaking bad news
- •Communication in difficult circumstances
- •When things go wrong
- •Complaints
- •Culture and communication
- •Patients with impaired faculties for communication
- •Medical record keeping
- •Team communication
- •2 Infectious diseases
- •Common investigations in infectious disease
- •Septicaemia
- •Pyrexia of unknown origin
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Common Viral Infections
- •Clinical features
- •Complications
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Herpes viruses
- •Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Varicella zoster virus
- •Varicella (chickenpox)
- •Herpes zoster (shingles)
- •Epstein–Barr virus infection
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Bacterial Infections
- •Lyme disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Rickettsia
- •Management
- •Treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria
- •Prevention and control
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management and prevention
- •Enterocolitis
- •Dengue fever
- •Schistosomiasis
- •Fever in the Returned Traveller
- •Approach to diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Aetiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Miscellaneous Viral Infections
- •Zika
- •MERS Co-V
- •Clostridium difficile
- •Pathology and clinical features
- •Management
- •Prevention of C. difficile infection
- •Travellers’ diarrhoea
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prevention
- •Clinical features
- •Intestinal amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
- •Amoebic liver abscess
- •Investigations
- •Serology
- •Colonic disease
- •Liver disease
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Pathophysiology and clinical features
- •Management
- •Prevention and control
- •Giardiasis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Helminthic Infections
- •Sexually Transmitted Infections
- •Gonorrhoea
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Chlamydia urethritis
- •Genital ulcers
- •Syphilis
- •Early stages
- •Primary infection
- •Secondary infection
- •Late stages
- •Tertiary syphilis
- •Congenital syphilis
- •Treponemal tests.
- •Non-treponemal tests.
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Routes of acquisition
- •Pathogenesis of HIV infection
- •Natural history of HIV infection
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Human Immuodeficiency Virus
- •Monitoring
- •Management
- •Conditions due to immunodeficiency
- •Fungi
- •Protozoal infections
- •Viruses
- •Bacterial infection
- •Neoplasia
- •Prevention and control
- •Prognosis
- •Therapeutics
- •Antibacterials
- •β-Lactam antibacterials
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Cephalosporins
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Aminoglycosides
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Macrolides
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Metronidazole
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Quinolones
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Gastroenterology
- •Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disease
- •Dyspepsia and indigestion
- •Dysphagia
- •Vomiting
- •Flatulence
- •Diarrhoea and constipation
- •Steatorrhoea
- •Abdominal pain
- •Investigation of Gastrointestinal Disease
- •Endoscopy
- •Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD, ‘gastroscopy’)
- •Sigmoidoscopy
- •Colonoscopy
- •Imaging
- •Plain X-rays
- •Ultrasound
- •Computed tomography (CT) scan
- •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- •Positron emission tomography (PET)
- •Contrast studies
- •Oesophageal physiology testing
- •The Mouth
- •Mouth ulcers
- •Non-infective
- •Infective
- •Oral white patches
- •The tongue
- •Periodontal disorders
- •Salivary gland disorders
- •The Oesophagus
- •Symptoms of oesophageal disorders
- •Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Peptic stricture
- •Barrett’s oesophagus
- •Achalasia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Systemic sclerosis
- •Other oesophageal dysmotility disorders
- •Hiatus hernia
- •Benign oesophageal strictures
- •Oesophageal infection
- •Eosinophilic oesophagitis
- •Oesophageal perforation
- •Malignant oesophageal tumours
- •Pathology
- •Epidemiology and aetiological factors
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Benign oesophageal tumours
- •The Stomach and Duodenum
- •Helicobacter pylori infection
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinicopathological features
- •Diagnosis of infection
- •Management
- •Peptic ulcer disease
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Management of dyspepsia
- •Gastropathy
- •Gastritis
- •Gastric cancer
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Other gastric tumours
- •Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- •Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Aetiology
- •Management
- •Endoscopy
- •Post-endoscopy
- •Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Management
- •Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •The Small Intestine
- •Coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Other investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Dermatitis herpetiformis
- •Tropical sprue
- •Bacterial overgrowth
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Intestinal resection
- •Whipple’s disease
- •Miscellaneous Small Intestinal Conditions
- •Tuberculosis
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Protein-losing enteropathy
- •Meckel’s diverticulum
- •Intestinal ischaemia
- •Tumours of the small intestine
- •Malignant tumours
- •Benign small bowel tumours
- •Carcinoid tumours
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Genetic susceptibility
- •Environment
- •Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- •Host immune response
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Crohn’s disease
- •Ulcerative colitis
- •Radiology and imaging
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Medical
- •Induction of remission
- •Maintenance of remission
- •Surgery
- •Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease
- •Prognosis
- •Microscopic colitis
- •The Colon and Rectum
- •Constipation
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Faecal incontinence
- •Diverticular disease
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Miscellaneous conditions
- •Megacolon
- •Ischaemic colitis
- •Adenomatous polyps
- •Colon polyps and the polyposis syndromes
- •Colorectal cancer
- •Epidemiology
- •Inheritance
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Screening
- •Diarrhoea
- •Mechanisms of diarrhoea
- •Osmotic diarrhoea
- •Secretory diarrhoea
- •Inflammatory diarrhoea (mucosal destruction)
- •Motility related
- •Approach to the patient with diarrhoea
- •Investigation
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Functional Bowel Disorders
- •The Acute Abdomen
- •Acute appendicitis
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Acute peritonitis
- •Intestinal obstruction
- •The Peritoneum
- •Nutrition
- •Dietary requirements
- •Nutritional Support
- •Enteral nutrition
- •Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- •Monitoring of artificial nutrition
- •Refeeding syndrome
- •Disorders of BODY WEIGHT
- •Obesity
- •Anorexia nervosa
- •Therapeutics
- •Drugs for dyspepsia and peptic ulceration
- •Antacids
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •H2-receptor antagonists
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Proton pump inhibitors
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Constipation
- •Bulk-forming laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Stimulant laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Osmotic laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Bowel-cleansing solutions
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Diarrhoea
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Nausea and vomiting
- •Antihistamines
- •Indications
- •Mechanism of action
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Phenothiazines
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Domperidone and metoclopramide
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •5-HT3-receptor antagonists
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Liver Biochemistry and Liver Function Tests
- •Other Investigations in Liver and Biliary Disease
- •Symptoms and Signs of Liver Disease
- •Jaundice
- •Haemolytic jaundice
- •Congenital hyperbilirubinaemia
- •Cholestatic jaundice
- •Investigations
- •Hepatitis
- •Viral hepatitis
- •Hepatitis A
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Prophylaxis
- •Hepatitis B
- •Epidemiology
- •Viral structure
- •Acute HBV infection
- •Chronic HBV infection
- •Treatment of chronic infection: who to treat
- •Antiviral agents
- •Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection
- •Prophylaxis
- •Hepatitis D (delta or δ agent)
- •Hepatitis C
- •Hepatitis C virus
- •Chronic hepatitis C infection
- •Hepatitis E
- •Acute hepatic failure
- •Alcohol use
- •Screening for problem drinking
- •Consequences of alcohol use and dependence
- •Autoimmune hepatitis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Prognosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- •Cirrhosis
- •Investigations
- •Severity
- •Aetiology
- •Further investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Portal hypertension
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Variceal haemorrhage
- •Management
- •Ascites
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Portosystemic encephalopathy
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hepatorenal syndrome
- •Hepatopulmonary syndrome
- •Liver Transplantation
- •Types of Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis
- •Alcoholic cirrhosis
- •Primary biliary cholangitis
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Secondary biliary cirrhosis
- •Hereditary haemochromatosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
- •α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
- •Alcohol and the liver
- •Fatty change
- •Alcoholic hepatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Alcoholic cirrhosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- •Budd–Chiari Syndrome
- •Liver Abscess
- •Liver Disease in Pregnancy
- •Liver Tumours
- •Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Benign liver tumours
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Gallstones
- •Biliary pain
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute cholecystitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic cholecystitis
- •Acute cholangitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis)
- •The Pancreas
- •Pancreatitis
- •Acute pancreatitis
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •General supportive care
- •Complications
- •Chronic pancreatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Carcinoma of the Pancreas
- •Cancer of the bile ducts
- •Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Pancreas
- •5 Haematological disease
- •Anaemia
- •Microcytic anaemia
- •Iron deficiency
- •Causes of iron deficiency
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Anaemia of chronic disease
- •Sideroblastic anaemia
- •Macrocytic anaemia
- •Megaloblastic anaemia
- •Vitamin B12 deficiency
- •Pernicious anaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation of vitamin B12 deficiency
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Folate deficiency
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid.
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Anaemia caused by marrow failure (aplastic anaemia)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Haemolytic Anaemia
- •Inherited Haemolytic Anaemias
- •Membrane defects
- •Hereditary spherocytosis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hereditary elliptocytosis
- •Haemoglobin abnormalities
- •Thalassaemia
- •β-Thalassaemia
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •α-Thalassaemia
- •Sickle syndromes
- •Sickle cell anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Vaso-occlusion.
- •Anaemia.
- •Long-term problems.
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Red cell concentrates.
- •Platelet concentrates
- •Sickle cell trait
- •Metabolic red cell disorders
- •Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- •Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia
- •Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •‘Warm’ autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •‘Cold’ autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Drug-induced haemolysis
- •Non-immune haemolytic anaemia
- •Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- •Mechanical haemolytic anaemia
- •Myeloproliferative Disorders
- •Polycythaemia
- •Polycythaemia vera
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Secondary polycythaemia
- •Essential thrombocythaemia
- •Myelofibrosis (myelosclerosis)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Myelodysplasia
- •The Spleen
- •Splenomegaly
- •Blood Transfusion
- •Fresh frozen plasma
- •Cryoprecipitate
- •Factor VIII and IX concentrates
- •Albumin
- •Immunoglobulins
- •Neutrophil leucocytosis
- •Neutropenia
- •Vascular/platelet bleeding
- •Coagulation disorders
- •Blood groups
- •Procedure for blood transfusion
- •Complications of transfusing red blood cells
- •The White Cell
- •Neutrophils
- •Eosinophils
- •Monocytes
- •Lymphocytes
- •Haemostasis and Thrombosis
- •Haemostasis
- •Investigation of bleeding disorders
- •Platelet disorders
- •Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •First-line therapy.
- •Second-line therapy
- •Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- •Inherited coagulation disorders
- •Haemophilia A
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Haemophilia B (Christmas disease)
- •von Willebrand’s disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acquired coagulation disorders
- •Vitamin K deficiency
- •Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Liver disease
- •Thrombosis
- •Arterial thrombosis
- •Prevention
- •Treatment
- •Venous thrombosis
- •Prevention
- •Treatment
- •Treatment of established thromboembolism
- •Ferrous sulphate.
- •Folic acid.
- •Hydroxocobalamin.
- •Cyanocobalamin.
- •Phytomenadione.
- •Menadiol sodium phosphate
- •Aspirin.
- •Clopidogrel.
- •Therapeutics
- •Oral iron
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Folic acid
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Vitamin K
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Drugs affecting haemostasis
- •Antiplatelet agents
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Thrombin inhibitors
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Warfarin.
- •Drug interactions.
- •Alteplase.
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Oral anticoagulants
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
- •Mechanism of action
- •Preparations and indications
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •Fibrinolytic drugs
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •6 Malignant disease
- •Diagnosis of Malignancy
- •Cancer treatment
- •Chemotherapy
- •Radiotherapy
- •Endocrine therapy
- •Biological therapy
- •Myeloablative Therapy and Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
- •Oncological emergencies
- •The leukaemias
- •Aetiology
- •Acute leukaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Treatment
- •Acute myeloid leukaemia
- •Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
- •Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- •Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •The Lymphomas
- •Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •The Paraproteinaemias
- •Multiple myeloma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
- •Management of pain
- •Palliation of nausea and vomiting
- •Care of the dying patient
- •Palliative Medicine and Symptom Control
- •7 Rheumatology
- •The Normal Joint
- •Musculoskeletal Symptoms
- •Common Investigations in Musculoskeletal Disease
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Synovial fluid analysis
- •Common Regional Musculoskeletal Problems
- •Back Pain
- •Lumbar back pain
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Intervertebral Disc Disease
- •Acute disc disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic disc disease
- •Mechanical problems
- •Spondylolisthesis
- •Spinal stenosis
- •Neck pain
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathology and pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Osteoarthritis
- •Inflammatory Arthritis
- •Rheumatoid arthritis
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology and pathogenesis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Non-articular manifestations
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •The Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
- •Axial spondylarthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Psoriatic arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Reactive arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Enteropathic arthritis
- •Crystal Arthritis
- •Gout and hyperuricaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pseudogout (pyrophosphate arthropathy)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Infection of Bones and Joints
- •Septic arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Specific types of bacterial arthritis
- •Osteomyelitis
- •Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
- •Systemic lupus erythematosus
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Antiphospholipid syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Limited cutaneous scleroderma (LcSSc, 70% of cases)
- •Diffuse cutaneous scleroderma (DcSSc, 30% of cases)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Sjögren’s syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •‘Overlap’ syndrome and undifferentiated autoimmune rheumatic disease
- •Systemic Inflammatory Vasculitis
- •Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Takayasu’s arteritis
- •Polyarteritis nodosa
- •Kawasaki disease
- •Microscopic polyarteritis (polyangiitis)
- •Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- •Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- •Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis
- •Behçet’s disease
- •Diseases of Bone
- •Control of calcium and bone metabolism
- •Vitamin D
- •Parathyroid hormone
- •Osteoporosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Assessment of fracture risk
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Osteomalacia and vitamin D deficiency
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Therapeutics
- •Anti-inflammatories and pain relief
- •Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
- •Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Gastrointestinal toxicity.
- •Other side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Drugs affecting bone metabolism
- •Bisphosphonates
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Calcium
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Vitamin D
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Water and Electrolyte Requirements
- •Body Fluid Compartments
- •Distribution of extracellular fluid
- •Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- •Osteonecrosis
- •Paget’s disease
- •Aetiology
- •Intravenous fluids in clinical practice
- •Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis
- •Regulation of extracellular volume
- •Abnormalities of extracellular volume
- •Increased extracellular volume
- •Clinical features
- •Aetiology
- •Management
- •Decreased extracellular volume
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Plasma Osmolality and Disorders of Sodium Regulation
- •Regulation of body water content
- •Hyponatraemia
- •Hyponatraemia resulting from salt loss (hypovolaemic hyponatraemia)
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hyponatraemia resulting from water excess (dilutional hyponatraemia)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Central pontine myelinolysis
- •Hypernatraemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Disorders of Potassium Regulation
- •Hypokalaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hyperkalaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Disorders of Magnesium Regulation
- •Hypomagnesaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hypermagnesaemia
- •Disorders of Acid–Base Balance
- •Respiratory acidosis
- •Respiratory alkalosis
- •Metabolic acidosis
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis (the anion gap)
- •Lactic acidosis
- •Diabetic ketoacidosis
- •Renal tubular acidosis
- •Uraemic acidosis
- •Metabolic alkalosis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Therapeutics
- •Diuretics
- •Thiazide diuretics
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Loop diuretics
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Potassium-sparing diuretics and aldosterone antagonists
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •9 Renal disease
- •Presenting Features Of Renal Disease
- •Dysuria
- •Polyuria and nocturia
- •Oliguria
- •Haematuria
- •Pain
- •Investigation Of Renal Disease
- •Blood tests
- •Glomerular filtration rate
- •Urine dipstick testing
- •Proteinuria
- •Haematuria
- •Glycosuria
- •Urine microscopy
- •White cells
- •Red cells
- •Casts
- •Bacteria
- •Imaging techniques
- •Transcutaneous renal biopsy
- •Glomerular Diseases
- •Normal glomerular structure
- •Pathogenesis and terms in glomerular disease
- •Classification and presentation of glomerulopathies
- •Aetiology
- •Nephrotic syndrome with ‘bland’ urine sediments
- •Nephrotic syndrome with ‘active’ urine sediments (mixed nephrotic/nephritic)
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnoses
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •General oedema
- •Specific treatment
- •Complications
- •Nephrotic Syndrome
- •Acute glomerulonephritis (acute nephritic syndrome)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- •Urinary Tract Infection
- •Pathogenesis
- •Risk factors for UTI
- •Clinical features
- •Natural history
- •Investigations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment of single isolated attack
- •Recurrent infection.
- •Management
- •UTI in pregnancy
- •Abacteriuric frequency or dysuria (‘urethral syndrome’)
- •Bacterial prostatitis
- •Tuberculosis of the urinary tract
- •Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
- •Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
- •Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
- •Hypertension and the Kidney
- •Essential hypertension
- •Renal hypertension
- •Bilateral renal disease
- •Renovascular disease
- •Options for renal artery imaging
- •Management
- •Aetiology
- •Calcium stones
- •Uric acid stones
- •Infection-induced stones
- •Cystine stones
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Renal Calculi and Nephrocalcinosis
- •Nephrocalcinosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical and biochemical features
- •Urinary Tract Obstruction
- •Acute Kidney Injury
- •Investigation of the uraemic emergency
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Aetiology
- •Chronic Kidney Disease
- •Clinical features and investigations
- •Differentiating AKI from CKD
- •Management
- •Renoprotection
- •Reduce cardiovascular risk
- •Correction of complications
- •Referral to a nephrologist
- •Renal Replacement Therapy
- •Dialysis
- •Haemodialysis
- •Peritoneal dialysis
- •Haemofiltration
- •Complications of all long-term dialysis
- •Transplantation
- •Cystic Renal Disease
- •Solitary and multiple renal cysts
- •Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Medullary sponge kidney
- •Tumours of the Kidney and Genitourinary Tract
- •Renal cell carcinoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Urothelial tumours
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Diseases Of The Prostate Gland
- •Benign enlargement of the prostate gland
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prostatic carcinoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Screening
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Testicular Tumour
- •Urinary Incontinence
- •Normal bladder physiology
- •Stress incontinence
- •Urge incontinence
- •Overflow incontinence
- •Neurological causes
- •Chest pain
- •Dyspnoea
- •Palpitations
- •Syncope
- •Other symptoms
- •Investigations in Cardiac Disease
- •The chest X-ray
- •ECG waveform and definitions (Fig. 10.5)
- •The Electrocardiogram
- •Exercise electrocardiography
- •24-hour ambulatory taped electrocardiography
- •Tilt testing
- •Echocardiography
- •Cardiac nuclear imaging
- •Cardiac computed tomography
- •Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
- •Positron emission tomography
- •Cardiac catheterization
- •Cardiac Arrhythmias
- •General principles of management of arrhythmias
- •Sinus rhythms
- •Sinus arrhythmia
- •Bradycardias and heart block
- •Sinus bradycardia
- •Neurally mediated syndromes
- •Heart block
- •Atrioventricular block
- •Bundle branch block
- •Supraventricular tachycardias
- •Sinus tachycardia
- •Atrioventricular junctional tachycardias
- •Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT)
- •Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT)
- •Symptoms
- •Acute management
- •Long-term management
- •Atrial tachyarrhythmias
- •Atrial fibrillation
- •Management
- •Assessment for anticoagulation
- •Atrial flutter
- •Ventricular tachyarrhythmias
- •Ventricular ectopic premature beats (extrasystoles)
- •Sustained ventricular tachycardia
- •Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
- •Ventricular fibrillation
- •Long QT syndrome
- •Cardiac arrest
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Venous return (preload)
- •Outflow resistance (afterload)
- •Myocardial contractility
- •Neurohormonal and sympathetic system activation: salt and water retention
- •Natriuretic peptides
- •Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
- •Clinical features
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Treatment of chronic heart failure
- •Heart Failure
- •Drug treatment
- •Non-pharmacological treatment
- •Acute heart failure
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Irreversible risk factors for coronary artery disease
- •Potentially changeable risk factors
- •Estimation of cardiovascular risk
- •Ischaemic Heart Disease
- •Angina
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute coronary syndromes
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment of NSTEMI and unstable angina
- •Risk stratification
- •ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications (Table 10.10)
- •Disturbances of rate, rhythm and conduction (p. 411)
- •Post-ACS drug therapy and assessment
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Rheumatic Fever
- •Chronic rheumatic heart disease
- •Valvular Heart Disease
- •Prosthetic heart valves
- •Mitral stenosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Mitral regurgitation
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prolapsing (‘floppy’) mitral valve
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Aortic stenosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Aortic regurgitation
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease
- •Infective endocarditis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Diagnostic criteria
- •Management
- •Surgery
- •Pulmonary Heart Disease
- •Pulmonary hypertension
- •Aetiology
Medical emergencies
Several chapters include emergency boxes, which give an ‘at a glance’
overview of the management of these emergency scenarios. These are
highlighted in red text:
SYMPTOM BASED
Acute chest pain 398
Acute breathlessness 493–494
Coma 714–719
Delirium (acute confusional state) 807–810
Fever in the returned traveller 23–34
Headache 690–692
Shock 560: Emergency Box 12.2
SYSTEM BASED
Infectious diseases and tropical medicine
Septicaemia 14
Fever in the returned traveller 23–34
Malaria 25–28
Gastroenterology and nutrition
Oesophageal perforation 81
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding 91: Emergency Box 3.1
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding 93–94
Intestinal ischaemia 100
Acute severe colitis 108: Emergency Box 3.2
The acute abdomen 121–123
Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease
Acute hepatic failure 157–160
Management of alcohol withdrawal in hospital 160: Emergency Box 4.1
Bleeding oesophageal varices 165–167
Acute cholecystitis 183
Acute cholangitis 184
Acute pancreatitis 186–189
Diseases of the blood and haematological malignancies
Fever in the neutropenic patient 205: Emergency Box 5.1
Sickle cell crisis 213: Emergency Box 5.2
Warfarin excess 243–244
Malignant disease
Superior vena cava obstruction 252
Acute tumour lysis syndrome 252
Spinal cord compression 755–757
Hypercalcaemia 632–635
x Medical emergencies
Rheumatology
Septic arthritis 294–295
Acute monoarthritis 296: Emergency Box 7.1
Giant cell arteritis 305; 754–755
Water and electrolytes
Hyponatraemia 332: Emergency Box 8.1
Hypernatraemia 332-333
Hypokalaemia 333–335
Hyperkalaemia 337: Emergency Box 8.2
Hypomagnesaemia 336–338
Hypermagnesaemia 338
Disorders of acid–base balance 338–343
Renal disease
Renal colic 370–375
Acute Kidney injury 375–382
Acute kidney injury 381: Emergency Box 9.1
Cardiovascular disease
Acute chest pain 398
Cardiac arrhythmias 410–426
Cardiac arrest 425–426: Emergency Box 10.1
Acute heart failure 436: Emergency Box 10.2
Acute coronary syndrome 444: Emergency Box 10.3
ST elevation myocardial infarction 447: Emergency Box 10.4
Pulmonary embolism 466: Emergency Box 10.5
Pericardial tamponade 472–473
Severe hypertension 478
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm 478–479
Aortic dissection 479
Deep venous thrombosis 480
Respiratory disease
Acute breathlessness 493
Massive haemoptysis 493
Inhaled foreign body 502
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease 507–508
Acute severe asthma 520: Emergency Box 11.1
Pneumonia 519–526
Pneumothorax 547–548
Intensive care medicine
Anaphylaxis 559: Emergency Box 12.1
Shock 560: Emergency Box 12.2
Sepsis 558
Respiratory failure 565–569
Poisoning, drug and alcohol abuse
Drug overdose 572–583
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 159
Medical emergencies xi
Alcohol withdrawal 159–160
Delirium tremens 160
Endocrinology
Pituitary apoplexy 593: Emergency Box 14.1
Myxoedema coma 601: Emergency Box 14.2
Thyroid crisis 604
Addisonian crisis 618: Emergency Box 14.3
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion 630–631
Hypercalcaemia 634: Emergency Box 14.4
Hypocalcaemia 635–636
Hypophosphataemia 637–638
Hypothermia 640: Emergency Box 14.5
Hyperthermia 639–641
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism
Hypoglycaemia 652–653
Diabetic ketoacidosis 656: Emergency Box 15.1
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state 657
The special senses
Epistaxis 681
Stridor 682
The red eye 682–686
Sudden loss of vision 689: Emergency Box 16.1
Neurology
Headache 690–691
Coma 714–719
Transient ischaemic attack 720–722
Acute stroke 725: Emergency Box 17.1
Intracranial haemorrhage 726–729
Status epilepticus 733: Emergency Box 17.2
Bacterial meningitis 745: Emergency Box 17.3
Encephalitis 744–746
Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) 305; 754–755
Spinal cord compression 755–757
Guillain–Barré syndrome 766–767
Dermatology
Necrotizing fasciitis 779
Gas gangrene 779
Angio-oedema 784
Bullous disease 790
Elderly medicine and frailty
Frailty 796
Advanced care planning 799–802
Falls 803–806
Delirium (acute confusional state) 807–810
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Abbreviations
AAT α1-antitrypsin
ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ABV alcohol by volume
ABVD chemotherapy involving doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine,
dacarbazine
ACBT active cycle of breathing technique
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio
ACS acute coronary syndrome
ACT artemisinin combination therapy
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ADA American Diabetes Association
ADC AIDS–dementia complex
ADH antidiuretic hormone
ADP adenosine diphosphate
ADPKD autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease
AED automated external defibrillator
AEDs antiepileptic drugs
AF atrial fibrillation
AFP α-fetoprotein
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIH autoimmune hepatitis
AKI acute kidney injury
AKIN Acute Kidney Injury Network
ALL acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALS advanced life support
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AMAs antimitochondrial antibodies
AML acute myeloid leukaemia
AMP adenosine monophosphate
ANA antinuclear antibodies
ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
ANF antinuclear factor
xiv Abbreviations
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
anti-AChR autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors
antibodies
anti-CCP cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
anti-HBc anti-hepatitis B core antibody
anti-HBe anti-hepatitis e antibody
anti-HBs anti-hepatitis B surface antibody
anti-MuSK antibodies against a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase
antibodies
APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
APML acute promyelocytic leukaemia
APTT activated partial thromboplastin time
ARA angiotensin II receptor antagonist
ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers
ARD autoimmune rheumatic disease
ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome
ARR aldosterone:renin ratio
ART antiretroviral therapy
ARVs antiretrovirals
5-ASA aminosalicylic acid
AST aspartate aminotransferase
AT antithrombin
AT angiotensin
AT1 receptor type 1 subtype of the angiotensin II receptor
ATN acute tubular necrosis
ATRA all-trans-retinoic acid
ATS amphetamine-type stimulants
AV atrioventricular
AVF augmented vector foot (the name of an ECG lead)
AVL augmented vector left (the name of an ECG lead)
AVMs arteriovenous malformations
AVNRT atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia
AVPU score Alert, responds to Voice, responds to Pain, Unresponsive
AVR augmented vector right (the name of an ECG lead)
AVRT atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia
AXR abdominal X-ray
BCC basal cell carcinoma
BCG bacille Calmette–Guérin
β-hCG β-human chorionic gonadotrophin
BHL bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Abbreviations xv
BiPAP bilevel positive airway pressure
BLS basic life support
BMD bone mineral density
BMI body mass index
BMT bone marrow transplantation
BNP brain natriuretic peptide
BODE body mass index, degree of airflow obstruction — FEV1,
dyspnoea, exercise capacity
BP blood pressure
BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy
BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy
CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
CAD coronary artery disease
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CBD common bile duct
CCF congestive cardiac failure
CCU coronary care unit
CD cluster differentiation
CD Crohn’s disease
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDI Cranial diabetes insipidus
CEA Carcinoembryonic antigen
CF cystic fibrosis
CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide
CHADS2 congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years,
score diabetes mellitus and previous stroke or transient ischaemic
attack
CHD coronary heart disease
CHOP + R chemo-immunotherapy involving cyclophosphamide,
hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone and rituximab
CJD Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
CK creatine kinase
CKD chronic kidney disease
CK-MB the MB isoform of creatine kinase (CK)
CLL chronic lymphatic leukaemia
CML chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance
xvi Abbreviations
CMV cytomegalovirus
CNS central nervous system
COHb carboxyhaemoglobin
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease-19
COX cyclo-oxygenase
CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cr creatinine
CRC colorectal cancer
CREST Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Esophageal involvement,
syndrome Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia
CRH corticotrophin-releasing hormone
CRP C-reactive protein
CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT computed tomography
CTH corticotrophin-releasing hormone
CTPA CT pulmonary angiogram
CTZ chemoreceptor trigger zone
CVC central venous catheter
CVP central venous pressure
CVS cardiovascular system
CXR chest X-ray
DAEC diffusely adhering E. coli
DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns
DaT dopamine transporter
DBS deep brain stimulation
DCM dilated cardiomyopathy
DcSSc diffuse cutaneous scleroderma
DCT direct Coombs’ test
δ-ALA δ-aminolaevulinic acid
DHF dengue haemorrhagic fever
DI diabetes insipidus
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIDMOAD hereditary association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus,
syndrome optic atrophy and deafness
DIPJs distal interphalangeal joints
DKA diabetic ketoacidosis
DM dermatomyositis
Abbreviations xvii
DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNACPR do not attempt CPR
DOACs Direct oral anticoagulants
DOTS directly observed therapy
DPLD diffuse parenchymal lung diseases
DPTA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
ds double-stranded
DSH deliberate self-harm
DU duodenal ulcer
DVLA Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
DVT deep venous thrombosis
DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
EABV effective arterial blood volume
EAggEC enteroaggregative E. coli
EB epidermolysis bullosa
EBNA Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen
EBV Epstein–Barr virus
ECG electrocardiogram
EDR extensively drug-resistant
EEG electroencephalogram
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
EHEC enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
EIA enzyme-linked immunoassay
EIEC enteroinvasive E. coli
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM erythema migrans
EM erythema multiforme
EMA endomysial antibodies
EMD electromechanical dissociation
EMG electromyography, electromyogram
EMR endoscopic mucosal resection
ENT ear, nose and throat
EPEC enteropathogenic E. coli
EPR electronic patient record
ERC European Resuscitation Council
ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESKD end-stage kidney disease
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESWL extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ETEC enterotoxigenic E. coli
xviii Abbreviations
EUS endoscopic ultrasound
FAST Face, Arm, Speech, Time
FAT fluorescent antibody test
FBC full blood count
FCU first catch urine
FDG fluorodeoxyglucose
FDPs fibrin degradation products
FEV forced expiratory volume
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FFP fresh frozen plasma
FNA fine-needle aspiration
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FVC forced vital capacity
GABA γ-aminobutyric acid
γ-GT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase
GBM glomerular basement membrane
GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome
GCA giant cell arteritis
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale
G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GFR glomerular filtration rate
GH growth hormone
GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone
GI gastrointestinal
GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumour
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
GMC General Medical Council
GnRH gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
GORD gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Gp glycoprotein
GPA granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)
G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol
GRACE Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events
GTN glyceryl trinitrate
GTT glucose tolerance test
GU gastric ulcer
GVHD graft-versus-host disease
H haemagglutinin
HAV hepatitis A virus
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