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2020_ME
Essentials of
Kumar & Clark’s
Clinical Medicine
ESSENTIALS
Series Editors
PROFESSOR DAME PARVEEN J KUMAR
CBE, BSC, MD, DM(HC), FRCP (L&E), FRCPATH,
Professor of Medicine and Education, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL;
Honorary Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, Barts Health NHS Trust and Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London, UK and
DR MICHAEL L CLARK
MD, FRCP,
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, and Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
Content Strategist: Alex Mortimer Content Development Specialist: Laurie Gower Project Manager: Andrew Riley Designer: Amy Buxton Illustration Manager: Teresa McBryan
ESSENTIALS OF
Kumar & Clark’s
Clinical Medicine
Seventh Edition
EDITED BY
NICOLA ZAMMITT
MBCHB, BSC(MED SCI), MD, FRCP(EDIN)
Consultant Physician and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
EUAN A SANDILANDS
MBCHB, BSC(HONS), MD, FRCP(EDIN)
Consultant Physician and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney 2021
Elsevier
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
First edition 1995 Second edition 2000 Third edition 2003 Fourth edition 2007 Fifth edition 2012 Sixth edition 2018 Seventh edition 2022
ISBN 9780702082795 Int’l ISBN 9780702082801
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Printed in Scotland Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Preface vii Medical emergencies ix Abbreviations xiii Significant websites xxvii
1 Ethics and communication 1
2 Infectious diseases 12
3 Gastroenterology and nutrition 66
4 Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease 135
5 Haematological disease 193
6 Malignant disease 247
7 Rheumatology 267
8 Water, electrolytes and acid–base balance 320
9 Renal disease 345
10 Cardiovascular disease 398
11 Respiratory disease 491
12 Critical care medicine 553
13 Clinical pharmacology and toxicology 571
14 Endocrine disease 584
15 Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism 644
16 The special senses 677
17 Neurology 690
18 Dermatology 777
19 Elderly medicine and frailty 794
Normal values 817 Dictionary of terms 820 Index 831
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Preface

Nicola Zammitt and Euan Sandilands
This is the seventh edition of Essentials of Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine. This small medical textbook includes pathophysiology as the basis to under­standing the clinical features and treatment for a range of disease processes. The book is based on its parent textbook, Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine, from which we have taken these core principles. A key feature of the book is that its size makes it a convenient portable reference.
The sixth edition won the internal medicine category in the 2019 British Medical Association book awards. To build on that success, this seventh edition has been updated, in line with changes in clinical medicine and with its parent text. Both textbooks now include chapters on Medicine for the Elderly, to reflect the importance of an understanding of multi-disciplinary working, multi-morbidity and anticipatory care planning in modern medicine. The therapeutics sections at the end of each chapter have been updated to focus primarily on information relating to drug classes rather than individual drugs and their doses. It is beyond the scope of this book to provide an exhaustive drug list to cover prescribing in all patient groups. Finally, the evolving COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly changed the practice of medicine and our knowledge and understanding of this disease process is continually evolving. We have therefore chosen to focus on the principles of management and on sources of up to date information while avoiding describing fine details of management which may change in the coming months.
The current edition would never have evolved into the form you see today without Anne Ballinger, who edited the first five editions. Mike Clark and Parveen Kumar, the editors of Clinical Medicine, have offered support and assistance throughout all previous editions. However, Clinical Medicine is now under new editorial leadership and for this seventh edition, Essentials of Clinical Medicine also has a new editor; Dr Euan Sandilands. We believe that these changes have allowed us to produce an invigorated textbook and hope you find it a useful, user-friendly and enjoyable resource.
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