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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_2826_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Malignant disease
- •Rheumatology
- •Water and electrolytes
- •Renal disease
- •Cardiovascular disease
- •Respiratory disease
- •Intensive care medicine
- •Poisoning, drug and alcohol abuse
- •Endocrinology
- •Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism
- •The special senses
- •Neurology
- •Dermatology
- •Elderly medicine and frailty
- •Abbreviations
- •Medical emergencies
- •Symptom Based
- •System Based
- •Infectious diseases and tropical medicine
- •Gastroenterology and nutrition
- •Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease
- •Diseases of the blood and haematological malignancies
- •Significant websites
- •Guidelines and evidence-based medicine
- •Medical calculators
- •Chapter-specific websites
- •Legally Valid Consent
- •Capacity
- •Information disclosure
- •Obtaining consent
- •Special circumstances
- •Adults who lack capacity to consent
- •Advance decisions
- •Children
- •Teaching
- •Human immunodeficiency virus testing
- •End-of-life decisions including assisted dying
- •Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- •Confidentiality
- •Communication
- •The medical interview
- •1. Building a relationship
- •2. Opening the discussion
- •3. Gathering information
- •4. Understanding the patient
- •5. Sharing information
- •6. Reaching agreement on management
- •7. Providing closing
- •Breaking bad news
- •Communication in difficult circumstances
- •When things go wrong
- •Complaints
- •Culture and communication
- •Patients with impaired faculties for communication
- •Medical record keeping
- •Team communication
- •2 Infectious diseases
- •Common investigations in infectious disease
- •Septicaemia
- •Pyrexia of unknown origin
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Common Viral Infections
- •Clinical features
- •Complications
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Herpes viruses
- •Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Varicella zoster virus
- •Varicella (chickenpox)
- •Herpes zoster (shingles)
- •Epstein–Barr virus infection
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Bacterial Infections
- •Lyme disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Rickettsia
- •Management
- •Treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria
- •Prevention and control
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management and prevention
- •Enterocolitis
- •Dengue fever
- •Schistosomiasis
- •Fever in the Returned Traveller
- •Approach to diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Aetiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Miscellaneous Viral Infections
- •Zika
- •MERS Co-V
- •Clostridium difficile
- •Pathology and clinical features
- •Management
- •Prevention of C. difficile infection
- •Travellers’ diarrhoea
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment and prevention
- •Clinical features
- •Intestinal amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
- •Amoebic liver abscess
- •Investigations
- •Serology
- •Colonic disease
- •Liver disease
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Pathophysiology and clinical features
- •Management
- •Prevention and control
- •Giardiasis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Helminthic Infections
- •Sexually Transmitted Infections
- •Gonorrhoea
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Chlamydia urethritis
- •Genital ulcers
- •Syphilis
- •Early stages
- •Primary infection
- •Secondary infection
- •Late stages
- •Tertiary syphilis
- •Congenital syphilis
- •Treponemal tests.
- •Non-treponemal tests.
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Routes of acquisition
- •Pathogenesis of HIV infection
- •Natural history of HIV infection
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Human Immuodeficiency Virus
- •Monitoring
- •Management
- •Conditions due to immunodeficiency
- •Fungi
- •Protozoal infections
- •Viruses
- •Bacterial infection
- •Neoplasia
- •Prevention and control
- •Prognosis
- •Therapeutics
- •Antibacterials
- •β-Lactam antibacterials
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Cephalosporins
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Aminoglycosides
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Macrolides
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Metronidazole
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Quinolones
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Gastroenterology
- •Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disease
- •Dyspepsia and indigestion
- •Dysphagia
- •Vomiting
- •Flatulence
- •Diarrhoea and constipation
- •Steatorrhoea
- •Abdominal pain
- •Investigation of Gastrointestinal Disease
- •Endoscopy
- •Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD, ‘gastroscopy’)
- •Sigmoidoscopy
- •Colonoscopy
- •Imaging
- •Plain X-rays
- •Ultrasound
- •Computed tomography (CT) scan
- •Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- •Positron emission tomography (PET)
- •Contrast studies
- •Oesophageal physiology testing
- •The Mouth
- •Mouth ulcers
- •Non-infective
- •Infective
- •Oral white patches
- •The tongue
- •Periodontal disorders
- •Salivary gland disorders
- •The Oesophagus
- •Symptoms of oesophageal disorders
- •Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Peptic stricture
- •Barrett’s oesophagus
- •Achalasia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Systemic sclerosis
- •Other oesophageal dysmotility disorders
- •Hiatus hernia
- •Benign oesophageal strictures
- •Oesophageal infection
- •Eosinophilic oesophagitis
- •Oesophageal perforation
- •Malignant oesophageal tumours
- •Pathology
- •Epidemiology and aetiological factors
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Benign oesophageal tumours
- •The Stomach and Duodenum
- •Helicobacter pylori infection
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinicopathological features
- •Diagnosis of infection
- •Management
- •Peptic ulcer disease
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Management of dyspepsia
- •Gastropathy
- •Gastritis
- •Gastric cancer
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Other gastric tumours
- •Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- •Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Aetiology
- •Management
- •Endoscopy
- •Post-endoscopy
- •Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Management
- •Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •The Small Intestine
- •Coeliac disease (gluten-sensitive enteropathy)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Other investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Dermatitis herpetiformis
- •Tropical sprue
- •Bacterial overgrowth
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Intestinal resection
- •Whipple’s disease
- •Miscellaneous Small Intestinal Conditions
- •Tuberculosis
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Protein-losing enteropathy
- •Meckel’s diverticulum
- •Intestinal ischaemia
- •Tumours of the small intestine
- •Malignant tumours
- •Benign small bowel tumours
- •Carcinoid tumours
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Genetic susceptibility
- •Environment
- •Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- •Host immune response
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Crohn’s disease
- •Ulcerative colitis
- •Radiology and imaging
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Medical
- •Induction of remission
- •Maintenance of remission
- •Surgery
- •Cancer in inflammatory bowel disease
- •Prognosis
- •Microscopic colitis
- •The Colon and Rectum
- •Constipation
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Faecal incontinence
- •Diverticular disease
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Miscellaneous conditions
- •Megacolon
- •Ischaemic colitis
- •Adenomatous polyps
- •Colon polyps and the polyposis syndromes
- •Colorectal cancer
- •Epidemiology
- •Inheritance
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Screening
- •Diarrhoea
- •Mechanisms of diarrhoea
- •Osmotic diarrhoea
- •Secretory diarrhoea
- •Inflammatory diarrhoea (mucosal destruction)
- •Motility related
- •Approach to the patient with diarrhoea
- •Investigation
- •History
- •Examination
- •Investigations
- •Functional Bowel Disorders
- •The Acute Abdomen
- •Acute appendicitis
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Acute peritonitis
- •Intestinal obstruction
- •The Peritoneum
- •Nutrition
- •Dietary requirements
- •Nutritional Support
- •Enteral nutrition
- •Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- •Monitoring of artificial nutrition
- •Refeeding syndrome
- •Disorders of BODY WEIGHT
- •Obesity
- •Anorexia nervosa
- •Therapeutics
- •Drugs for dyspepsia and peptic ulceration
- •Antacids
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •H2-receptor antagonists
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Proton pump inhibitors
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Constipation
- •Bulk-forming laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Stimulant laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Osmotic laxatives
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Bowel-cleansing solutions
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Diarrhoea
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Nausea and vomiting
- •Antihistamines
- •Indications
- •Mechanism of action
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Phenothiazines
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Domperidone and metoclopramide
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •5-HT3-receptor antagonists
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Liver Biochemistry and Liver Function Tests
- •Other Investigations in Liver and Biliary Disease
- •Symptoms and Signs of Liver Disease
- •Jaundice
- •Haemolytic jaundice
- •Congenital hyperbilirubinaemia
- •Cholestatic jaundice
- •Investigations
- •Hepatitis
- •Viral hepatitis
- •Hepatitis A
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Prophylaxis
- •Hepatitis B
- •Epidemiology
- •Viral structure
- •Acute HBV infection
- •Chronic HBV infection
- •Treatment of chronic infection: who to treat
- •Antiviral agents
- •Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection
- •Prophylaxis
- •Hepatitis D (delta or δ agent)
- •Hepatitis C
- •Hepatitis C virus
- •Chronic hepatitis C infection
- •Hepatitis E
- •Acute hepatic failure
- •Alcohol use
- •Screening for problem drinking
- •Consequences of alcohol use and dependence
- •Autoimmune hepatitis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Prognosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- •Cirrhosis
- •Investigations
- •Severity
- •Aetiology
- •Further investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Portal hypertension
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Variceal haemorrhage
- •Management
- •Ascites
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Portosystemic encephalopathy
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hepatorenal syndrome
- •Hepatopulmonary syndrome
- •Liver Transplantation
- •Types of Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis
- •Alcoholic cirrhosis
- •Primary biliary cholangitis
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Secondary biliary cirrhosis
- •Hereditary haemochromatosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Wilson’s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
- •α1-Antitrypsin deficiency
- •Alcohol and the liver
- •Fatty change
- •Alcoholic hepatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Alcoholic cirrhosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- •Budd–Chiari Syndrome
- •Liver Abscess
- •Liver Disease in Pregnancy
- •Liver Tumours
- •Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Benign liver tumours
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Gallstones
- •Biliary pain
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute cholecystitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic cholecystitis
- •Acute cholangitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis)
- •The Pancreas
- •Pancreatitis
- •Acute pancreatitis
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •General supportive care
- •Complications
- •Chronic pancreatitis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Carcinoma of the Pancreas
- •Cancer of the bile ducts
- •Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Pancreas
- •5 Haematological disease
- •Anaemia
- •Microcytic anaemia
- •Iron deficiency
- •Causes of iron deficiency
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Anaemia of chronic disease
- •Sideroblastic anaemia
- •Macrocytic anaemia
- •Megaloblastic anaemia
- •Vitamin B12 deficiency
- •Pernicious anaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation of vitamin B12 deficiency
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Folate deficiency
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid.
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Anaemia caused by marrow failure (aplastic anaemia)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Haemolytic Anaemia
- •Inherited Haemolytic Anaemias
- •Membrane defects
- •Hereditary spherocytosis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Hereditary elliptocytosis
- •Haemoglobin abnormalities
- •Thalassaemia
- •β-Thalassaemia
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •α-Thalassaemia
- •Sickle syndromes
- •Sickle cell anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Vaso-occlusion.
- •Anaemia.
- •Long-term problems.
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Red cell concentrates.
- •Platelet concentrates
- •Sickle cell trait
- •Metabolic red cell disorders
- •Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- •Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia
- •Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •‘Warm’ autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •‘Cold’ autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Drug-induced haemolysis
- •Non-immune haemolytic anaemia
- •Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
- •Mechanical haemolytic anaemia
- •Myeloproliferative Disorders
- •Polycythaemia
- •Polycythaemia vera
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Secondary polycythaemia
- •Essential thrombocythaemia
- •Myelofibrosis (myelosclerosis)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Myelodysplasia
- •The Spleen
- •Splenomegaly
- •Blood Transfusion
- •Fresh frozen plasma
- •Cryoprecipitate
- •Factor VIII and IX concentrates
- •Albumin
- •Immunoglobulins
- •Neutrophil leucocytosis
- •Neutropenia
- •Vascular/platelet bleeding
- •Coagulation disorders
- •Blood groups
- •Procedure for blood transfusion
- •Complications of transfusing red blood cells
- •The White Cell
- •Neutrophils
- •Eosinophils
- •Monocytes
- •Lymphocytes
- •Haemostasis and Thrombosis
- •Haemostasis
- •Investigation of bleeding disorders
- •Platelet disorders
- •Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •First-line therapy.
- •Second-line therapy
- •Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- •Inherited coagulation disorders
- •Haemophilia A
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications
- •Haemophilia B (Christmas disease)
- •von Willebrand’s disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acquired coagulation disorders
- •Vitamin K deficiency
- •Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Liver disease
- •Thrombosis
- •Arterial thrombosis
- •Prevention
- •Treatment
- •Venous thrombosis
- •Prevention
- •Treatment
- •Treatment of established thromboembolism
- •Ferrous sulphate.
- •Folic acid.
- •Hydroxocobalamin.
- •Cyanocobalamin.
- •Phytomenadione.
- •Menadiol sodium phosphate
- •Aspirin.
- •Clopidogrel.
- •Therapeutics
- •Oral iron
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Folic acid
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Vitamin K
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Drugs affecting haemostasis
- •Antiplatelet agents
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Thrombin inhibitors
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Warfarin.
- •Drug interactions.
- •Alteplase.
- •Side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Oral anticoagulants
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
- •Mechanism of action
- •Preparations and indications
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •Fibrinolytic drugs
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Preparations and dose
- •Side effects
- •Contraindications
- •6 Malignant disease
- •Diagnosis of Malignancy
- •Cancer treatment
- •Chemotherapy
- •Radiotherapy
- •Endocrine therapy
- •Biological therapy
- •Myeloablative Therapy and Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT)
- •Oncological emergencies
- •The leukaemias
- •Aetiology
- •Acute leukaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Treatment
- •Acute myeloid leukaemia
- •Acute promyelocytic leukaemia
- •Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
- •Chronic myeloid leukaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •The Lymphomas
- •Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •The Paraproteinaemias
- •Multiple myeloma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
- •Management of pain
- •Palliation of nausea and vomiting
- •Care of the dying patient
- •Palliative Medicine and Symptom Control
- •7 Rheumatology
- •The Normal Joint
- •Musculoskeletal Symptoms
- •Common Investigations in Musculoskeletal Disease
- •Blood tests
- •Imaging
- •Synovial fluid analysis
- •Common Regional Musculoskeletal Problems
- •Back Pain
- •Lumbar back pain
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Intervertebral Disc Disease
- •Acute disc disease
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Chronic disc disease
- •Mechanical problems
- •Spondylolisthesis
- •Spinal stenosis
- •Neck pain
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathology and pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Osteoarthritis
- •Inflammatory Arthritis
- •Rheumatoid arthritis
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology and pathogenesis
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Non-articular manifestations
- •Investigations
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •The Seronegative Spondyloarthritis
- •Axial spondylarthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Psoriatic arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Reactive arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Enteropathic arthritis
- •Crystal Arthritis
- •Gout and hyperuricaemia
- •Epidemiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Pseudogout (pyrophosphate arthropathy)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Infection of Bones and Joints
- •Septic arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Specific types of bacterial arthritis
- •Osteomyelitis
- •Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
- •Systemic lupus erythematosus
- •Epidemiology
- •Aetiology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Antiphospholipid syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Limited cutaneous scleroderma (LcSSc, 70% of cases)
- •Diffuse cutaneous scleroderma (DcSSc, 30% of cases)
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Sjögren’s syndrome
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •‘Overlap’ syndrome and undifferentiated autoimmune rheumatic disease
- •Systemic Inflammatory Vasculitis
- •Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Takayasu’s arteritis
- •Polyarteritis nodosa
- •Kawasaki disease
- •Microscopic polyarteritis (polyangiitis)
- •Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- •Henoch–Schönlein purpura
- •Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis
- •Behçet’s disease
- •Diseases of Bone
- •Control of calcium and bone metabolism
- •Vitamin D
- •Parathyroid hormone
- •Osteoporosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Assessment of fracture risk
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Osteomalacia and vitamin D deficiency
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Therapeutics
- •Anti-inflammatories and pain relief
- •Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
- •Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Gastrointestinal toxicity.
- •Other side effects
- •Cautions/contraindications
- •Drugs affecting bone metabolism
- •Bisphosphonates
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Calcium
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Vitamin D
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Examples of preparations and doses
- •Side effects
- •Water and Electrolyte Requirements
- •Body Fluid Compartments
- •Distribution of extracellular fluid
- •Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- •Osteonecrosis
- •Paget’s disease
- •Aetiology
- •Intravenous fluids in clinical practice
- •Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis
- •Regulation of extracellular volume
- •Abnormalities of extracellular volume
- •Increased extracellular volume
- •Clinical features
- •Aetiology
- •Management
- •Decreased extracellular volume
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Plasma Osmolality and Disorders of Sodium Regulation
- •Regulation of body water content
- •Hyponatraemia
- •Hyponatraemia resulting from salt loss (hypovolaemic hyponatraemia)
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hyponatraemia resulting from water excess (dilutional hyponatraemia)
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Central pontine myelinolysis
- •Hypernatraemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Disorders of Potassium Regulation
- •Hypokalaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hyperkalaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Disorders of Magnesium Regulation
- •Hypomagnesaemia
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Hypermagnesaemia
- •Disorders of Acid–Base Balance
- •Respiratory acidosis
- •Respiratory alkalosis
- •Metabolic acidosis
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis (the anion gap)
- •Lactic acidosis
- •Diabetic ketoacidosis
- •Renal tubular acidosis
- •Uraemic acidosis
- •Metabolic alkalosis
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Therapeutics
- •Diuretics
- •Thiazide diuretics
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Loop diuretics
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •Potassium-sparing diuretics and aldosterone antagonists
- •Examples
- •Mechanism of action
- •Indications
- •Side effects
- •9 Renal disease
- •Presenting Features Of Renal Disease
- •Dysuria
- •Polyuria and nocturia
- •Oliguria
- •Haematuria
- •Pain
- •Investigation Of Renal Disease
- •Blood tests
- •Glomerular filtration rate
- •Urine dipstick testing
- •Proteinuria
- •Haematuria
- •Glycosuria
- •Urine microscopy
- •White cells
- •Red cells
- •Casts
- •Bacteria
- •Imaging techniques
- •Transcutaneous renal biopsy
- •Glomerular Diseases
- •Normal glomerular structure
- •Pathogenesis and terms in glomerular disease
- •Classification and presentation of glomerulopathies
- •Aetiology
- •Nephrotic syndrome with ‘bland’ urine sediments
- •Nephrotic syndrome with ‘active’ urine sediments (mixed nephrotic/nephritic)
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnoses
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •General oedema
- •Specific treatment
- •Complications
- •Nephrotic Syndrome
- •Acute glomerulonephritis (acute nephritic syndrome)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- •Urinary Tract Infection
- •Pathogenesis
- •Risk factors for UTI
- •Clinical features
- •Natural history
- •Investigations
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment of single isolated attack
- •Recurrent infection.
- •Management
- •UTI in pregnancy
- •Abacteriuric frequency or dysuria (‘urethral syndrome’)
- •Bacterial prostatitis
- •Tuberculosis of the urinary tract
- •Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
- •Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
- •Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
- •Hypertension and the Kidney
- •Essential hypertension
- •Renal hypertension
- •Bilateral renal disease
- •Renovascular disease
- •Options for renal artery imaging
- •Management
- •Aetiology
- •Calcium stones
- •Uric acid stones
- •Infection-induced stones
- •Cystine stones
- •Clinical features
- •Differential diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Renal Calculi and Nephrocalcinosis
- •Nephrocalcinosis
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical and biochemical features
- •Urinary Tract Obstruction
- •Acute Kidney Injury
- •Investigation of the uraemic emergency
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Aetiology
- •Chronic Kidney Disease
- •Clinical features and investigations
- •Differentiating AKI from CKD
- •Management
- •Renoprotection
- •Reduce cardiovascular risk
- •Correction of complications
- •Referral to a nephrologist
- •Renal Replacement Therapy
- •Dialysis
- •Haemodialysis
- •Peritoneal dialysis
- •Haemofiltration
- •Complications of all long-term dialysis
- •Transplantation
- •Cystic Renal Disease
- •Solitary and multiple renal cysts
- •Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Medullary sponge kidney
- •Tumours of the Kidney and Genitourinary Tract
- •Renal cell carcinoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prognosis
- •Urothelial tumours
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Diseases Of The Prostate Gland
- •Benign enlargement of the prostate gland
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prostatic carcinoma
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Screening
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Testicular Tumour
- •Urinary Incontinence
- •Normal bladder physiology
- •Stress incontinence
- •Urge incontinence
- •Overflow incontinence
- •Neurological causes
- •Chest pain
- •Dyspnoea
- •Palpitations
- •Syncope
- •Other symptoms
- •Investigations in Cardiac Disease
- •The chest X-ray
- •ECG waveform and definitions (Fig. 10.5)
- •The Electrocardiogram
- •Exercise electrocardiography
- •24-hour ambulatory taped electrocardiography
- •Tilt testing
- •Echocardiography
- •Cardiac nuclear imaging
- •Cardiac computed tomography
- •Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
- •Positron emission tomography
- •Cardiac catheterization
- •Cardiac Arrhythmias
- •General principles of management of arrhythmias
- •Sinus rhythms
- •Sinus arrhythmia
- •Bradycardias and heart block
- •Sinus bradycardia
- •Neurally mediated syndromes
- •Heart block
- •Atrioventricular block
- •Bundle branch block
- •Supraventricular tachycardias
- •Sinus tachycardia
- •Atrioventricular junctional tachycardias
- •Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT)
- •Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT)
- •Symptoms
- •Acute management
- •Long-term management
- •Atrial tachyarrhythmias
- •Atrial fibrillation
- •Management
- •Assessment for anticoagulation
- •Atrial flutter
- •Ventricular tachyarrhythmias
- •Ventricular ectopic premature beats (extrasystoles)
- •Sustained ventricular tachycardia
- •Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
- •Ventricular fibrillation
- •Long QT syndrome
- •Cardiac arrest
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Venous return (preload)
- •Outflow resistance (afterload)
- •Myocardial contractility
- •Neurohormonal and sympathetic system activation: salt and water retention
- •Natriuretic peptides
- •Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
- •Clinical features
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Treatment of chronic heart failure
- •Heart Failure
- •Drug treatment
- •Non-pharmacological treatment
- •Acute heart failure
- •Clinical features
- •Management
- •Irreversible risk factors for coronary artery disease
- •Potentially changeable risk factors
- •Estimation of cardiovascular risk
- •Ischaemic Heart Disease
- •Angina
- •Clinical features
- •Diagnosis
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Acute coronary syndromes
- •Clinical features
- •Treatment of NSTEMI and unstable angina
- •Risk stratification
- •ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Complications (Table 10.10)
- •Disturbances of rate, rhythm and conduction (p. 411)
- •Post-ACS drug therapy and assessment
- •Epidemiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Treatment
- •Rheumatic Fever
- •Chronic rheumatic heart disease
- •Valvular Heart Disease
- •Prosthetic heart valves
- •Mitral stenosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Mitral regurgitation
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Prolapsing (‘floppy’) mitral valve
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigation
- •Management
- •Aortic stenosis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Aortic regurgitation
- •Aetiology
- •Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Signs
- •Investigations
- •Management
- •Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease
- •Infective endocarditis
- •Aetiology
- •Pathology
- •Clinical features
- •Investigations
- •Diagnostic criteria
- •Management
- •Surgery
- •Pulmonary Heart Disease
- •Pulmonary hypertension
- •Aetiology


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2020_ME

Essentials of
Kumar & Clark’s
Clinical
Medicine

ESSENTIALS
Series Editors
PROFESSOR DAME PARVEEN J
KUMAR
CBE, BSC, MD, DM(HC), FRCP (L&E), FRCPATH,
Professor of Medicine and Education, Barts and The London School
of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL;
Honorary Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist, Barts Health
NHS Trust and Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
London, UK
and
DR MICHAEL L CLARK
MD, FRCP,
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Barts and The London School of Medicine
and Dentistry, QMUL, and
Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
Content Strategist: Alex Mortimer
Content Development Specialist: Laurie Gower
Project Manager: Andrew Riley
Designer: Amy Buxton
Illustration Manager: Teresa McBryan

ESSENTIALS OF
Kumar & Clark’s
Clinical
Medicine
Seventh Edition
EDITED BY
NICOLA ZAMMITT
MBCHB, BSC(MED SCI), MD, FRCP(EDIN)
Consultant Physician and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer,
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
EUAN A SANDILANDS
MBCHB, BSC(HONS), MD, FRCP(EDIN)
Consultant Physician and Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer,
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Edinburgh London New York Oxford
Philadelphia St Louis Sydney 2021

Elsevier
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
First edition 1995
Second edition 2000
Third edition 2003
Fourth edition 2007
Fifth edition 2012
Sixth edition 2018
Seventh edition 2022
ISBN 9780702082795
Int’l ISBN 9780702082801
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration
of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions,
or ideas contained in the material herein.
Printed in Scotland
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents
Preface vii
Medical emergencies ix
Abbreviations xiii
Significant websites xxvii
1 Ethics and communication 1
2 Infectious diseases 12
3 Gastroenterology and nutrition 66
4 Liver, biliary tract and pancreatic disease 135
5 Haematological disease 193
6 Malignant disease 247
7 Rheumatology 267
8 Water, electrolytes and acid–base balance 320
9 Renal disease 345
10 Cardiovascular disease 398
11 Respiratory disease 491
12 Critical care medicine 553
13 Clinical pharmacology and toxicology 571
14 Endocrine disease 584
15 Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism 644
16 The special senses 677
17 Neurology 690
18 Dermatology 777
19 Elderly medicine and frailty 794
Normal values 817
Dictionary of terms 820
Index 831

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Preface
Nicola Zammitt and Euan Sandilands
This is the seventh edition of Essentials of Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine.
This small medical textbook includes pathophysiology as the basis to understanding the clinical features and treatment for a range of disease processes.
The book is based on its parent textbook, Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine,
from which we have taken these core principles. A key feature of the book is
that its size makes it a convenient portable reference.
The sixth edition won the internal medicine category in the 2019 British
Medical Association book awards. To build on that success, this seventh
edition has been updated, in line with changes in clinical medicine and with
its parent text. Both textbooks now include chapters on Medicine for the
Elderly, to reflect the importance of an understanding of multi-disciplinary
working, multi-morbidity and anticipatory care planning in modern medicine.
The therapeutics sections at the end of each chapter have been updated to
focus primarily on information relating to drug classes rather than individual
drugs and their doses. It is beyond the scope of this book to provide an
exhaustive drug list to cover prescribing in all patient groups. Finally, the
evolving COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly changed the practice of medicine
and our knowledge and understanding of this disease process is continually
evolving. We have therefore chosen to focus on the principles of management
and on sources of up to date information while avoiding describing fine
details of management which may change in the coming months.
The current edition would never have evolved into the form you see today
without Anne Ballinger, who edited the first five editions. Mike Clark and
Parveen Kumar, the editors of Clinical Medicine, have offered support and
assistance throughout all previous editions. However, Clinical Medicine is
now under new editorial leadership and for this seventh edition, Essentials of
Clinical Medicine also has a new editor; Dr Euan Sandilands. We believe that
these changes have allowed us to produce an invigorated textbook and hope
you find it a useful, user-friendly and enjoyable resource.

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