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Файл:Основы конструирования. Профессиональный английский язык. Учебное пособие
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Word formation
7.
Form as many parts of speech as you can from the following verbs.
Translate them. Turn to the Appendix III Word Formation.
to choose
to consume
to maintain
to expand
to compare
to reduce
to evaluate
to perfect
to rely
to suit
to inspect
to employ
to apply
to vary
to require
to improve
to adjust
to attend
Speaking
8.
Role-play: telephoning
Student A: You are an expert in designing large transport vehicles
Student B: You are a customer, making an order for a heavy-duty truck of a new
design.
Discuss the stages of composition:
Stating the main problems
Parallel developing of several designs
Choosing the most optimal design
Making rough calculations
Solving problems of manufacturing
In your dialogue you can make use of the words from the exercises of this unit.
31
UNIT
A
PRINCIPLES OF SOLVING
CONFLICTS IN A DESIGN
5
‘We can't solve problems by using the same kind of
thinking we used when we created them.’
lbert Einstein
Lead-in
In small groups or pairs try to work out your explanation of what a
1.
conflict in a design implies. Present your suggestions to the group.
Reading
You are going to read a text about ‘Principles of Solving Conflicts in a
2.
Design’. Find and underline the equivalents for these words and
phrases in the text.
ведущая
ведомая
направляющая
направляемая
охватывающая
деталь
охватываемая
неподвижная
подвижная
наружный
выпуклая
3.
Read the text and say whether the following statements are true (T)
or false (F). Give your reasons.
1. One shouldn’t invert functions of parts in a unit as it is very
dangerous. T/F
2. The designer must take into account only the advantages of previous
developments and shouldn’t concentrate on the drawbacks. T/F
3. It is harmful to start designing with a full description of the main parts. T/F
4. Experienced designers never use the method of inversion. T/F
5. The designer is free to choose any dimensions he likes. T/F
конус
поверхность
внутренний
вогнутая
32
PRINCIPLES OF SOLVING CONFLICTS IN A DESIGN
р
Among the large number of methods devised to facilitate the process of designing there
is the method of inversion. Its essence consists in inverting the functions, shapes and
positions of parts.
In assemblies it is sometimes preferable to invert the functions of parts, e. g., to turn a
driving element into a driven one, a leader into a follower, or to substitute a female
component for a male one, a stationary part for a movable element, etc.
In some cases it is advisable to invert shapes of parts, e. g., to change a female taper
for a male one, a convex spherical surface for a concave one.
In other cases, it can be more convenient to shift some elements from one part to
another, for instance, to move a key from a shaft to a boss, or a striker from a lever to
a pusher.
Each time the design will acquire new characteristic features and qualities. A designer
should evaluate carefully all the advantages and drawbacks of the original component
as well as the inverted alternatives, taking into account the durability, size, suitability
for industrial production and convenience of operation, and then select the most
suitable version.
The method of inversion is an essential instrument for every experienced designer.
This method significantly facilitates the search for a better solution, which in its turn,
will result in rational designing.
4. What are the English equivalents for the following names of
components? Can you explain what these components are used for?
шпонка
боек
вал
ступица
ычаг
толкатель
33
Vocabulary
5.
Read the following words, form word combinations and translate
them:
facilitate inversion essence preferable female convex spherical
concave lever acquire convenience essential confuse occur
approximation feasible tentative key spline thread lubrication adjacent
6. Match the notions with their definitions:
lubrication advantage invert designer adjacent surface
1. To put upside down or in the opposite order, position or arrangement.
2. Next (to), lying near (to) but not necessarily touching.
3. Oil or grease put into machine parts to make them work easily.
4. Something useful or helpful, something likely to bring success, benefit, profit.
5. The outside of any object, any of the sides of an object, top of a liquid,
especially of a body in water.
6. A person who makes general arrangements or designs especially for cloth or
manufactured products).
7. Compose sentences using the information from the text. Match the
verbs in part A with parts B and C.
A B C
Change
Turn
Shift
a a striker from a lever
b a driving element
c a stationary part
d a key from a shaft
e a leader
f a female component
g a convex spherical
surface
1 for a concave one
2 to a boss
3 Into a follower
4 Into a driven one
5 for a male
6 to a pusher
7 for a movable element
34
8. Fill in the correct preposition (if required). Then, choose any
2–3 phrases and use them in sentences of your own.
a in accordance … smth.;
g … addition to;
b depend …;
c to meet … the needs/requirements … smth.;
d to pay attention …;
e be equal …;
f to be aware …;
h to take … account;
i a point … view;
j to draw attention …
k … particular;
l … the one hand, … the other hand.
9. Working in pairs, make up sentences. Choose and discuss
5–6 statements. How far do you agree with these statements?
Support you answer with examples from the text.
to consider production requirements.
to eliminate partial errors during tests.
to eliminate errors in basic parameters.
It is necessary
It is important
to study carefully the experience gained in the
operation of such machines.
It is (im)possible
It is preferable
It is essential
It is difficult
It is easy
It is advisable
to approach any technical assignment critically.
to analyze disadvantages.
to find a compromise solution.
to consider actual working conditions.
to convert a stationary part into a movable element.
to invert the functions of parts.
to begin the composition with the solution of the main
design problems.
to shift some elements from one part to another.
35
Writing
10. Read the text again and write out the words and phrases which are
the most important for conveying the information about the principles
of solving conflicts in a design. Make notes.
11. The editor of a prominent mechanical magazine has asked you to
submit a short review (maximum 90 words) of Principles of Solving
Conflicts in a Design Base your article on the information given in the
text.
Speaking
Brainstorming
12. Using the notes get ready to discuss the ways of OVERCOMING AND
COPING WITH THE PROBLEMS IN DESIGNING in your group. Take
the advantage of the vocabulary of this unit.
36
Appendix I
Brush up your presentation skills
Lead-in
Make sure you know answers to the following questions:
What is a presentation?
What makes a presentation effective?
Can you enumerate the main parts of a presentation?
Remember:
First impressions count.
So let the audience see your best qualities.
In particular try to be:
Organized – make your plan ‘transparent’
Human – make some reference to the immediate situation
Fluent – learn your talk perfectly
Greeting
Introduce yourself
Introduce your talk
Outline your talk
Present the
main part
divided into
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Brief – the audience have come for the information
Words which mark the way the presentation
develops are called ‘signpost words’.
firstly, first of all, secondly, next,
lastly, finally, then, for instance,
in other words, namely to put it differently,
don’t forget that …, as I mentioned earlier,
let’s move on to …, you will see that …,
as you can see from the graph…,
I’m going to continue …
Summarise the main
points
Conclude your talk
Invite questions
Turn to the
next page
37
Talk organization
The first part of my talk will concern/ will deal with...
Firstly
Secondly
Thirdly
After this
Next
Then
Finally
I'd like to
I want to
I'm going to
I shall
talk about
go over
look at
review
present
analyse
consider
discuss
I shall be talking about/going over/looking at/reviewing/analyzing etc.
Closing a point or changing the subject
Well, I think that's all I want to say on ...
I think that concludes what I have to say about...
Moving on now to...
Let me turn now to...
If we can now look at...
Having
considered…
discussed...
gone over...
looked at…
examined...
reviewed…
analysed...
let's now turn to ...
Linking subjects in your talk/Referring back
As I said earlier, ...
As I mentioned earlier, …
As we saw earlier, …
I will be coming back to this later.
I will return to this point later.
Later, I will be talking about…
38
Involving your audience Checking that your listeners
understand
As you all know...
As I'm sure you are all aware (of)...
Giving examples
For example...
For instance...
Such as...
X can be shown/illustrated by...
Analysing
The main explanation for this is ...
A particular reason is...
A key problem...
There are two reasons/explanations for this. First, ...Second,...
This is/can be explained by two factors. First,... Second,...
Are you with me so far?
Is that clear?
This is due to... and also to...
One reason for this is... Another reason is...
Giving your opinion
My (own) (personal) view (on this matter) is that... Personally. I think that...
The way I look at it is this:... As far as I can see,...
Signaling the end
Summarising
Thanking the
audience
So, we have looked at... and we've seen that...
To put it in a nutshell,...
To put it briefly,
To summarise, I'd like to...
I would like to thank you for your interest and
attention.
Thank you (very much) for your attention.
39
MINI PRESENTATION
Introduction
Can everyone see? Well, good morning ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for coming.
Before we start I'd like to introduce myself. My name is... and I am the ... (position)
of ... (company)
I m here today to talk about...
I'm going to look at three main areas.
First, I'll talk about... After that I will ...
And finally ...
My presentation will take around 10 minutes, if you have
any questions, I'll be happy to answer them at the end
of my talk.
Main presentation
First of all, I'd like to look at...
Secondly, ...
I must emphasize that ...
The question is ...
I'd like you to look at... You will see that...
As you can see from the graph, ...
The figures show that...
If I can just side-track for a moment, ...
As I mentioned earlier, ...
I'll come back to that in a moment.
Now let's move on to the question of ...
This brings me to my last point, which is ...
As you know, ... On the other hand ..., Finally, ...
Conclusion
In conclusion, let me briefly go through the main points again. First I talked about ...,
then I described ... and finally I ... .
Right, I think that's everything. Let me finish by thanking you very much for your
attention. And now, if you have any questions, I'll be happy to try to answer them.
Dealing with questions
Could you be a little more specific? / Can I just check what you're asking?
You've raised an important point there. Could I ask what your own view is?
Anyone like to comment on that?
Jane, this is your area. Would you like to make a comment?
40
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