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2. ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɊȺȻɈɌ
ɇȺ ɉɊɂɊȿɑɇɈɆ ɋɄɅȺȾȿ ʋ 1
2.1. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɉ.4.1, ɉ.4.2, ɉ.4.6, ɉ.4.12…ɉ.4.15 ɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ʋ 1, ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ,
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ, ɬɢɩɟ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ
ɫɤɥɚɞɭ, ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ (ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɫ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ Ɍɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
1) ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɟ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɍɀȾ – 300 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ;
2) ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɦ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ –
300 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ;
3) ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɚɦ – 250–270 ɞɧɟɣ
ɜ ɝɨɞɭ.
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɧɧɚɯ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɭɛɨɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɟ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɧɚ
ɫɤɥɚɞ ʋ 1 Wc1 ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɵɜɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ [14, 17] (ɪɢɫ. 2.1).
ȼɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ:
1. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ W1, ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ W5
ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɹɠɟɜɤɟ W3 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ʋ 1
W
= W3 = W5 = Wc1. (2.1)
1
31
32
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.1. ɉɥɚɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɢɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɦ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɟɦ Ɇ 1:6000:
9 – ɲɬɚɛɟɥɹ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ; 10 – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ; 11 – ɩɭɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ;
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ; 6 – ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪ; 7 – ɤɚɪɦɚɧɵ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɢ; 8 – ɛɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ;
1 – ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɧɚɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ; 2 – ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ; 3 – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɶ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ; 4 – ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞɚ; 5 – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ
12 – ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ; 13 – ɥɟɞɨɨɬɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɛɨɧ; 14 – ɫɜɚɣɧɵɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ; 15 – ɫɟɤɰɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɨɜ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɭɛɤɟ ɫɭɱɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɯ ɫ ɤɪɨɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɞɵ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
W
= 0,3Wc1. (2.2)
2
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɞɨɨɛɪɭɛɤɟ ɫɭɱɶɟɜ ɧɚ ɯɥɵɫɬɚɯ ɪɚɜɟɧ
W
= 0,05Wc1. (2.3)
4
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ [14, 15] ɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɦ.
2. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɭɱɤɢ W6 ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.1, ɩ. 1.8, ɚ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ɍ6 ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞ. 2.2 ɢ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɨɜɨɡɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɶɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɰɵ, ɡɚɬɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɧɬ ɟɝɨ
ɢɥɢɫɬɵɣ, ɬɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɥɶɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɥ. 7) ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɭɬɢɰɵ. ȼ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ, ɚ ɫ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɶɞɭ
ɜɵɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɞ ɡɚɬɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɰɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɥɶɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɥɟɞ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚ, ɚ
ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɟ, ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɶ.
3. ɒɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɤɚ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɤɢ W7 ɪɚɜɟɧ
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ Wc1 ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɱɟɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ
ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ W6 ɢɡ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞ W8:
W
= W
7
– W6 – W8. (2.4)
c1
33
Ɍɢɩ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞ. 2.2 ɢ
ɭ
ɭ
ɭ
ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ʋ 1
3
ɋɪɨɤɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ
ȼɢɞ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɨɬ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɫɦ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɬɵɫ. ɦ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥ-
ɠɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬ
/ɫɦ
3
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɦ
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ
/ɫɦɟɧɭ
ɜ ɫɦɟɧɭ
3
ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɢɡ-
ɦɨɜ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɦ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨ-
ɱɢɯ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Ɋɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ
ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ
ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ
W
Ɍ1
1
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
2. Ɉɛɪɭɛɤɚ ɫɭɱɶɟɜ W2 Ɍ2
3. Ɋɚɫɤɪɹɠɟɜɤɚ
ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ
4. Ⱦɨɨɛɪɭɛɤɚ
ɫ
ɱɶɟɜ
5. ɋɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ W
W
Ɍ3
3
W
Ɍ4
4
Ɍ5
5
6. ɋɩɥɨɬɤɚ ɜ ɩɭɱɤɢ W6 Ɍ6
7. ɒɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɤɚ W
Ɍ7
7
8. ɋɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɥ/ɦ
ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ
ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞ ɧɚ ɜɨɞ
9. ɋɪɵɜɤɚ ɥ/ɦ
ɧɚ ɜɨɞ
10. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɥɨɬɨɜ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ɍ, ɦɟɫ.
Ɍ8
W
8
W
Ɍ9
9
W
Ɍ10
10
34
4. ɋɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɨ-
ɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Ɍ1, ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ Ɍ5 ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɹɠɟɜɤɟ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ Ɍ3 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ Ɍɜ:
Ɍ1 = Ɍ3 = Ɍ5 = Ɍɜ. (2.5)
5. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞ Ɍ8 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ʋ 1 [2] (ɪɢɫ. 1.4) Ɍ8 = Ɍ
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ (01.11) ɧɚ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɪɟɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɧɨɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ʋ 1.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ
ɜɨɞɭ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ
ɫɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɫɬɚɤɚɞ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɪɟɤɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
଼ܹൌܹଵή଼ܶ/ܶ
. (2.6)
ଵ
6. ɋɪɨɤɢ ɫɪɵɜɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ Ɍ9 ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨ W9 ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɭ Ʌɋ1 (ɪɢɫ. 1.4)
Ɍ9 = Ɍ7, ɚ W9 = W7 (2.7)
ɢ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1. Ɍɢɩ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɝɪɭɡɤɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞ. 2.1.
7. Ɍɢɩ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ,
ɨɛɪɭɛɤɢ ɫɭɱɶɟɜ, ɪɚɫɤɪɹɠɟɜɤɢ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ Wc ɢ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ [14, 17] ɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɩɨ ɥɟɫɨɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɦ:
W
= W1/T1. (2.8)
c
35
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2. ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.14.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
ɋɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ
ɋɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ,
3
ɬɵɫ. ɦ
ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɬɟɤɭ-
ɳɚɹ
ɪɚɡ-
ɲɬɚɛɟ-
ɢɡ
ɥɹ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ
ɫɨɪɬɢ-
ɦɟɧɬɚ, ɦ
ȼɵɯɨɞ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ,
%
ɋɟɡɨɧ-
ɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ,
ɬɵɫ. ɦ
ɋɭɬɨɱ-
ɨɛɴɟɦ,
3
ɧɵɣ
ɦ3
ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɞɟɥɤɚ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ɉɢɥɨɜɨɱɧɢɤ
ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
Ɍɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɪɹɠ
ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
Ⱦɪɨɜɚ
ɞɨɥɝɨɬɶɟ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɟ
Ɋɭɞɧɢɱɧɨɟ
ɞɨɥɝɨɬɶɟ
ɯɜɨɣɧɨɟ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2 ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɱɤɢ, ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ܹൌܹ
. (2.9)
˔ˈˊ/ʡ
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɨɜɚ, ɬɨɧɤɨɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɟɜɧɚ ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ (ɛɚɥɚɧɫɵ,
ɪɭɞɞɨɥɝɨɬɶɟ) ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɵɜɨɡɤɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬ-
36
ɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɭɸ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɥɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɭɸ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɭ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɟ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɹɠɟɜɤɟ ɯɥɵɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɢ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ [14, 15].
2.2. Ȼɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɚ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɭɱɤɢ
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ
ɩɭɱɤɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɢ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɤɚɬɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ-ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɣɞɚ ɜ ɦɚɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ [1, 3].
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɟ:
˒ˎ
݄
˔˒ˎ
ʡൌ
˒ˎ
݄
െܼ
˔˒ˎ
, (2.10)
ɝɞɟ Z – ɞɨɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ: ɩɪɢ Ɍ < 1,5 ɦ Z = 0,20 ɦ,
ɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍ = 1,5–3,0 ɦ Z = 0,25 ɦ.
ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ H ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ܪൌܶ/ሺߩ
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ: ȡ0 = ȡɞ/ȡ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ȡɞ ɢ ȡ – ɩɥɨɬ-
ɝɞɟ ȡ
0
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬ/ɦ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ ȡ
3
; ȟ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ-
: ɩɪɢ ȡ
0
ήߦሻ, (2.11)
= 0,5, ȟ = 1,0, ɩɪɢ ȡɞ = 0,70–0,80,
ɞ
ȟ = 0,94.
37
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɪ
ɭ
ȼ = ɫǜH, (2.12)
ɝɞɟ c – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɭɱɤɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ
ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ; ɞɥɹ ɨɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ – ɞɨ 1,5; ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɦɚɧɨɜɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ – ɞɨ 2,0; ɞɥɹ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ – ɞɨ 3 (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.12,
ɫɬɪɨɤɚ 5).
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
W = ʌÂaÂbÂLÂȘ = (ʌ/4) ÂBÂHÂLÂ Ș, (2.13)
ɝɞɟ a, b – ɩɨɥɭɨɫɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɱɤɚ, ɦ; Ș – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɱɤɚ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɱɤɚ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ
, ɫɦ 16 20 26 30
d
ɛ
Ș 0,56 0,60 0,66 0,70
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.4
Ʉ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧ-
ɬɨɜ
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ
d
, ɦ
ɫɪ
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ
ɛɪɟɜɧɚ
L, ɦ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɩ
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ
H, ɦ
ɨɫɚɞɤɚ
Ɍ, ɦ
ɱɤɚ
ɲɢɪɢ-
ɧɚ ȼ, ɦ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ
ɩɭɱɤɚ
W, ɦ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɩɭɱɤɨɜ i
3
ɫɬɜɨ
ɲɬ.
,
ɩ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ
ɬɚɛɥ. 2.4.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
i
– ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.2), ɬɵɫ.
ɝɞɟ W
ɫ
3
.
ɦ
= Wɫ/Wɩ, (2.14)
ɩ
38
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ: ɫɪɨɤɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɫɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɭ, ɬɢɩɚ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɨɜ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɨɜ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɋɪɨɤɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ʋ 1. ɉɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɸ (ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.2) ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɟ
ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɨɧɚɯ, ɫɬɚɪɢɰɚɯ, ɡɚɬɨɩɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɛɟɪɟɝɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɯɚɬɶ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦ ɫ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɟɦɚɯ ɧɚɦɟɪɡɧɟɬ ɥɟɞ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 50–60 ɫɦ.
ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 5.4),
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɥ. 5.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ (ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɛɟɫɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ) ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɫ ɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɰɟɩɨɦ (ɌȺɁ-1,
ȼ-51) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ (ɍɇɋȺ-20, ȼ-43, ȼ-53).
Ȼɟɪɟɝɨɜɭɸ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɭ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ (ȼ-49, ɅɊ-117, Ɍ-84),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɤɟ ɢ ɫɪɵɜɤɟ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
݊ൌܹ
ɝɞɟ W
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɟ, ɬɵɫ. ɦ3 (ɫɦ.
ɫɩ
ɩ.1.8, ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.1); D – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɉ
ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɦ
3
/ሺʞ˔ˏήܦή݉ήሻ, (2.15)
˔˒
– ɫɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
ɫɦ
; m – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɲɬɚɛɟɥɟɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ʞ
ൌሺሺʡെݐ˒ˊሻ/ݐሻήܭ˅ήܹ
˔ˏ
ɝɞɟ T – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ, ɦɢɧ; t
ɧɨ-ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɧɵ, t
39
, (2.16)
– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɩɡ
= 30–40 ɦɢɧ;
ɩɡ
Kɜ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ, Kɜ =
= 0,75–0,85; t – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɦɢɧ; W
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɭɱɤɚ, ɦ3.
ɩ
ɇɚ ɫɩɥɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ:
T = t1+t2+t3+t4+t5+t6+t7, (2.17)
ɝɞɟ t1 – ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɤ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɭ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɸ; t2 – ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɚ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ; t
’
– ɩɨɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ ɢɡ
2
ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ; t3 – ɨɛɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ; t4 – ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɭ; t5 – ɭɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɜ
ɩɥɨɬ; t6 – ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ; t7 – ɬɨɪɰɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɚ-ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ
ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
ݐସൌܮସ/߭
ɝɞɟ ܮ
– ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ସ
ɨɬ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɛɢɳɚ, ɤɦ; ߭
, (2.18)
ସ
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ସ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.5), ɤɦ/ɱ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟ-
ɝɚɬɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ݐൌܮସ/߭
ɝɞɟ ߭
– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɫɩɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
, (2.19)
(ɬɚɛɥ. 2.5), ɤɦ/ɱ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.5
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ
ʋ
ɩ/ɩ
1
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
ȼ-43, ȼ-51, ɍɆɋȺ-20,
ȽȺɁɋ-1
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɦ/ɱ
ɝɪɭɡɨɜɨɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ
3,7 4,7
2 ȼ-49, ɅɊ-117, ɅɌ-84 9,8 11,8
40
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