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ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [16]. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɫɬɭ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ 5- ɢ 2-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦɢ:
ܸ
˔˓.ˉ.˔.ହ%ൌܸ˔˓.ˉ.˔.ଵ%ήܭହ%
; (1.1)
ܸ
˔˓.ˉ.˔.ଶ%ൌܸ˔˓.ˉ.˔.ଵ%ήܭଶ%
, (1.2)
ɝɞɟ Ʉ5% – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 10-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ 5-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ Ʉ5% ɢ Ʉ2% ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ 1,2 ɢ 1,4. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɹɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.1
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
1. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ Fɨɩ, ɤɦ2
2. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q
ɝɨɞ.ɫɪ.,
3. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ Q
ɦ3/ɫ
ɦɚɤ
, ɦ3/ɫ
4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
5. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, Q
6. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, Q
ɫɪ. ɪ%
ɦɚɤ. ɪ%
, ɦ3/ɫ
, ɦ3/ɫ
50 90 10
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ
(ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.2), ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ȼɆɉ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɟ (8 ɤɦ) ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɤɪɢɜɨɣ F = ݂(L). ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ Q
Q
. ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ (ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ4.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
ɦɚɤ.ɫɪ
ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɞ.ɫɪ
11
ܳ
ˆˑˇ.˔˓
ൌ
σ
ொ
ˆˑˇ
, (1.3)
ɝɞɟ Q
– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɆɉ, ɦ3/ɫ; n – ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɝɨɞ
ɫɬɜɨ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, n = 16 ɥɟɬ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɋ
ܥ௩ൌ
ɝɞɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ K
ට
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
v
σ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ
i
మ
ିଵሻ
ሺ
, (1.4)
ିଵ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ொ
ܭ
ˆˑˇ
ൌ
ˆˑˇ
. (1.5)
ொ
ˆˑˇ.˔˓
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.2.
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ 50%-ɧɨɣ ɢ 90%-ɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ܳ
ˆˑˇ.˓%
ൌܭ˓%ήܳ
, (1.6)
ˆˑˇ.˔˓
ɝɞɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ܭ˓%ൌʣ˓%ήܥ௩1 , (1.7)
ɝɞɟ Cv – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ Ɏɪ%, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɩɪɢɥ. 6.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ 10-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (1.7) ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 6 ɋs – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ܥௌൌ2ܥ
. (1.8)
௩
12
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.2
Ʉ
Ʉ Ʉ
Ʉ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ
ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ
Ƚɨɞ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ
Q
, ɦ3/ɫ Ʉ
ɝɨɞ
-1 (Ʉ-1)2 Q
ɦɚɤ
, ɦ3/ɫ
-1 (Ʉ-1)2
1962
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1. ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ
ɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.3).
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ 50- ɢ 90-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ܳ
ൌܳˑ˒ܨ˓˔/ܨ
˓.˔.
, (1.9)
ˑ˒
ɝɞɟ Qɨɩ – ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɦ
ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1), ɦ3/ɫ; Fɪɫ ɢ Fɨɩ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.2), ɤɦ2.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ 50- ɢ 90-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ܳ
ˇˈˍ.˔˓ൌܳ˓˔ܭˇˈˍ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ Ʉ
, (1.10)
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨ
ɞɟɤ
ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.5. ȼɫɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.3, ɩɨ ɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮ – ɤɪɢɜɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ Q = f(Ɍ) (ɪɢɫ. 1.4).
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ 10-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ܳ
ˏ˃ˍ.ˊ˃˒.
ൌܳ
ˏ˃ˍ.ˑ˒.
ήሺܨ
˔.ˊ./ܨˑ˒
,଼ଷ
ሻ
, (1.11)
ɝɞɟ F
ɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɦ
– ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ, ɤɦ2; Q
ɫ.ɡ.
13
ɦɚɤ.ɨɩ.
– ɦɚɤɫɢ-
3
/ɫ.
14
ɈɅ – ɞɚɬɚ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɥɶɞɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.4. Ƚɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ʋ 1:
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.3
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
1. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɨɞɨɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɟɤɢ,
2
ɤɦ
2. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦ
3. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɞɟɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ
3
/ɫ:
ɜɨɞɵ, ɦ
ɚɩɪɟɥɶ III ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɦɚɣ I ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɦɚɣ II ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɦɚɣ III ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɢɸɧɶ I ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɢɸɧɶ II ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
ɢɸɧɶ III ɞɟɤɚɞɚ
3
/ɫ
ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ
ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ
ɩɨɫɬ 90%
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ 90%
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ʋ 1 ʋ 2 10 50
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ
ɨɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.8 ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɪɟɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.5).
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɭ ɞɧɚ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɭɫɥɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ܼ
ɝɞɟ ȈZ
– ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɨɤ ɞɧɚ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 3, 4,
ɞɧ
˔˓.ˇː.
ൌσܼ
/݊, (1.12)
ˇː.
5, 6, ɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5); n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ 4–5 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɭ z
ɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚ 0,4–0,5 ɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɧɚ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ.
15
ɩɪɢ-
1
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 0,5–0,8 ɦ ɧɚ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ 1,0–1,2 ɦ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɪɟɤɢ B
ɩɨ ɭɪɟɡɭ ɜɨɞɵ.
i
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
– ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ
߱
ଵൌܤଵ
ήሺܼଵെܼ
ሻ; (1.13)
˔˓.ˇː
– ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ሻ
߱
ൌ߱ଵ0,5 ήሺܤଵܤ
ଶ
ήሺܼ
ଶ
ሻ; (1.14)
ଶെܼଵ
– ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ሻ
߱
ൌ߱
ିଵ
0,5 ήሺܤ
ିଵܤ
ήሺܼ
െܼିଵ
). (1.15)
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɟɤɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
݄
ൌ߱/ܤ. (1.16)
˔˓
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɒɟɡɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ
,ଶହ
˔ൌሺ1 ݊ሻή݄
, (1.17)
ɝɞɟ n – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ݒൌܿήඥ݄
݅ , (1.18)
˔˓
ɝɞɟ i – ɭɤɥɨɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ.
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ܳൌݒή߱. (1.19)
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ i ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ n ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.10 ɢ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.11.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.4).
16
17
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1.5. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ʋ 1
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.4
ɭ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɪɭɫɥɚ
ɨɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ
2
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ
ʋ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ Z, ɦ
ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ
Ɉɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɩɨ ɭɪɟɡɭ ɜɨɞɵ B, ɦ
ɪɟɤɢ Ȧ, ɦ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɥɚ
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ
, ɦ
ɫɪ
/ɫ
0,5
ɦ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ v, ɦ/ɫ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɟɤɢ h
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
3
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ Q,
/ɫ
ɦ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɒɟɡɢ ɋ,
Ʌɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɜɨɪ 1–1
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɧɚ ɦɟɠɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɪ
ɫɥɚ
1
2
3
4
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.3) ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ:
ܳ
ଵ
ଽ%
ൌ݂
ଵ
ሺܶሻ
; ܳ
ଶ
ଽ%
ൌ݂
ଶ
ሺܶሻ
; ܳ
ଵ%
ൌ ݂
ଷ
ሺܶሻ
; ܳ
ହ%
ൌ ݂
ସ
ሺܶሻ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5) ɟɳɟ ɤɪɢɜɭɸ h
= f(Z). ȼɫɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱ-
ɫɪ
ɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɦɢ ɪɟɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.5.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɥɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɪɢɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ʋ 1 ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10–12 ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɹ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɩ. 1.4 (ɬɚɛɥ
. ɉ.4.1). ɋɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɚɬɭ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɥɶɞɚ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ
ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ) ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.4) ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟ-
18
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ Q = f(T) ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ Ɍ
Ɍ
> 12 ɞɧɟɣ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ ʋ 1
ɫɩɥ.ɩɥ.
(ɪɢɫ. 1.4) ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ Ɍ
. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ Q = f(z) (ɪɢɫ. 1.5) ɢ
Q
ɫɩɥ.ɩɥ.
= 10 ɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ
ɫɩɥ.ɩɥ.
ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ Z
ɫɩɥ.ɩɥ
. ȿɫɥɢ
ɫɩɥ.ɩɥ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ
.
݄
˔˒ˎ.˒ˎ.
ൌܼ
˔˒ˎ.˒ˎ.
െ ܼ
(1.20)
˔˓.ˇː.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
݄
ɝɞɟ d
ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.1); Ȗ
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɛɪɟɜɟɧ (ɫɦ. ɩ.1.10,
max
– ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, Ȗ
ɞ
˔˒ˎ.ˏˑˎൌ݀௫ήߛௗ
οܼ, (1.21)
/ Ȗ; οܼ – ɞɨɧ-
ɞ
ɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɥɵɜɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ 0,1÷0,15 ɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5) ɧɚɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɧɚ
ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ h
ɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ Z
ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ Z
ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ Q = f(z) (ɪɢɫ. 1.5) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ Q
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ-
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
. ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚ
(ɪɢɫ. 1.4) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ Q
ɫɩɥ.ɦɨɥ.
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ. Ɍɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫ
ɝɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɬɵ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.4). Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ
ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɫɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.5.
19
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.5
ɭ
ɭ
ɭ
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ʋ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɩ/ɩ
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɚɹ
1
ɝɥ
ɛɢɧɚ, ɦ
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ
2
ɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɦ
1 ɫɬɜɨɪ 2 ɫɬɜɨɪ
ɩɥɨɬɨɜɨɣ
ɫɩɥɚɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱ.
ɫɩɥɚɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱ.
ɫɩɥɚɜ
3 Ⱦɚɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ
4 Ⱦɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ
5
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɫ
ɬ
6 ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɪɟɤɢ, ɦ:
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨ ɠɢɜɨɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ
7
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɫ:
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
1.4. Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɢ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɟ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɢ ɧɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ʋ 1 ɢ 2, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 1.6 (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.4.1). ɇɚɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɥɢɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɦɢ-
20
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