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Файл:Академическое чтение. Учебно-методическое пособие
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Adjective Noun Verb
invention invent
denitive dene
heightened heighten
reliability rely
preventable prevent
evaluation evaluate
decided decide
prediction predict
symbolic symbol
improvable improve
justied justify
contributory contribution
Продолжение
II
Read the article. Find lexical, morphological and syntactic features
thatcharacterize thetext asbelonging toacademiclanguagestyle.Fill in
thetable.
Features Examples
1 Lexicalfeatures
2 Morphologicalfeatures
3 Syntacticfeatures
31
ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА А.В. АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
CAN YOU FEEL THE RHYTHM?
“Routine”isusuallyseenasanegativetermnowadays,largelybecause
wenolongerbelongtoasocietyofnine-to-vers.Weliveinwhatisfast
becoming a 24-hour society, where everything is open all hours. You
canbuy your groceriesat midnight, bookyour holidayonthe Internet
at3 am,and dobusiness onlineat thecrack ofdawn. Before youjoin
the 24-hour revolution, however,take a minute to listen to what your
bodyistrying totell you– thataround-the-clock lifestyleis notwhat
natureintended.
Inanareaofourbrainscalledthehypothalamus,wehavea“bodyclock”
thatcontrolsourbody'snaturalrhythms.Ittellsuswhenitistherighttime
toeat,sleep,workandplay.Itplaysanimportantpartinourphysicaland
psychologicalwell-being.Itis,in fact,whatmakesustick anditcontrols
manythingsincluding ourhormones, temperature,immune functionsand
alertness. It synchronizes all these like a conductor with an orchestra;
itregulatestempoandbringsinallthedifferentinstrumentsontimetomake
musicratherthanrandomnoise.Ifwetrytoignoreourbodyclocks,oreven
toswitchthemoffforawhile,wenotonlydepriveourselvesofmuchneeded
restbutwealsoruntheriskofseriouslydamagingourhealth.
Ignoring your body clock and changing your body‘s natural rhythms
cannotonlymakeyoudepressed,anxiousandaccidentprone,itcanlead
tomuchmoreserioushealthproblems.Forexample,heartdisease,fatigue,
ulcers,muscularpain,andfrequentviralinfectionscanallresultfromtrying
tooutsmartourbodyclocks.Alteringourpatternsofsleepingandwaking
dramaticallyaffectsourimmunesystem.Whilewesleepthebody’srepair
mechanismsareat work;whenweareawakenaturalkiller cellscirculate
aroundourbodiesandcausemoredamage.Ourdigestivesystemisaffected,
too–highlevels ofglucoseand fatremainin ourbloodstreamforlonger
periodsoftimeandthiscanleadtoheartdisease.
Unfortunately,wewerenotdesignedtobemembersofa24-hoursociety.
Wecannotignoremillionsof yearsofevolutionandstay upallnightand
sleepallday.Wefunctionbestwitharegularpatternofsleepandwakefulness
thatisintunewithournaturalenvironment.Nature’scuesarewhatkeepour
bodyclockstickingrhythmicallyandeverythingworkinginharmony.So,
nexttimeyouthinkadailyroutineisboringandpredictable,rememberthat
routinemaywellsaveyourlifeinthelongrun[9].
32
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
* * *
NO MORE SECRETS
Did you know that somebody somewhere knows everything about
you–whatyoubuyatthesupermarket,whoyoucallonthephone,which
videos you rent and even what you like on your pizza? Most of us are
awareofthefactthateverytimeweuseacreditcard,phonecard,cashcard
orsupermarketcard,ourpersonalinformationisbeingrecordedsomewhere.
Thisisthepricewepayfortheconvenienceofusingcardsinsteadofcash.
Wehaveevenacceptedthefactthatnothingwedoonourcomputersisever
completelyprivate.
Youmightthink that youhave neverbeen onTV,butyou are wrong.
CCTV(closed circuitTV)camerasareeverywhere!Theyareinshopping
centers,atATMs,outsidebuildingsandevenonourroadsandmotorways.
They are operated by the police and private security companies, and
they are there to discourage crimes such as muggings, shoplifting, and
carjackings.Theyalsowatchroadsforpeoplespeeding,andmore.Insome
buildingsthereareevencamerasinsmokedetectors,clocksandexitsigns.
Theykeeptrackofwhereyouareandwhatyouaredoingallday,everyday.
Intheverynearfutureyouwillnolongerhavetoworryaboutforgetting
yourcomputerpassword,yourcashcard orevenyourkeys,becauseyour
bodywillbe yourID.Finger scanning,whichis similartongerprinting,
is already being used by large companies to identify employees. Face
recognitionisanothergrowingareaofIDtechnology,asarevoiceandeye
recognition.Somethingquitenew onthemarketis footstepidentication.
Usingspecialoortiles,computersareabletoidentifypeoplefromtheway
theywalk. This technology will let youremployer or your teacher know
exactly where you are and what you are doing while you are at work
oratschool.
Locatingyouwhenyouarenotatworkoratschoolisalsoeasier.GPS
(Global Positioning Systems) technology already exists, and in less than
aminuteitcanndout,viasatellite,exactlywhereyouare.Somecarrental
companiesarealreadyusingthistechnologytokeeptrackoftheirvehicles.
Mobilephonecompaniesusethistechnologyinalltheirphones.Thismeans
that when someone makes a call on their mobile phone, or even if they
simplyhavetheirphoneturnedon,theycaneasilybelocated.
33
ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА А.В. АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
Identity cards are also getting ‘smarter’. Many countries already have
a system which requires their citizens to carry identication cards. These
cards usually includepersonal information such as name, address and birth
dateaswellasapersonalidenticationnumber.However,inthenearfuture,
thesecardswillalsocontainamicrochip,whichwillbeabletostorealotmore
information.Usingthistechnology,onecardwillbeabletoreplaceyourdriving
license,studentcard,medicalcard,librarycard,creditcard,birthcerticateand
mostoftheotherpiecesofIDthatwehavetocarryaroundwithus.
Thebenetsofallthese newIDsystemsareobvious.Imagine walking
into your ofce at work. The oor will know you have arrived and your
computerwillrecognizeyourvoiceandautomaticallylogyouon.Youwill
beabletowalkuptoyourATM,smilesweetlyandsayhello,anditwillgive
youyourmoney.Yourfamilywillknowexactlywhereyouare,andyouwill
alwaysknow where your car is. Criminalsare going to nd it alot more
difculttocommitcrimes,andthepolicewillnditaloteasiertocatchthem.
The question that we have to ask ourselves now is how the rights
oftheindividualwillbepreserved.Wemustaskourselveswhetherincreased
publicsafetyandconveniencewillcomeatthecostofourprivacy,andwhether
or not this is a price we are willing to pay.Is convenience worth the loss
ofprivacyas allour personaldatafrom bankrecords tohealthinformation
andemploymenthistoryisonleandmorereadilyavailableeveryday?Are
wereallyreadytoliveinaworldwhereoureverymoveisbeingwatched?[9].
III
1. Name the type of the paragraph. What features can help to identify
the type of the paragraph.
♦Wecanseethattherearemanydifferentaspectsaffectingtheageing
process,includinglifestyle,attitude,socialcircumstancesanddiet.Studies
carriedoutonmice,forexample,haveshownthatintakeoffewercalories
allowedmicetoliveupto40%longerthanthosewhoateasmuchasthey
wanted.Inhumanyearsthisisequalto30or40moreyearsoflife.Themice
alsostayedenergeticlonger,hadbettermemoriesandlowerlevelsofcancer.
JapanesepeoplelivingontheislandofOkinawa,infact,consume20percent
fewercaloriesthantherestofthepopulationofJapanand,asaresult,have
thehighestpopulationofcentenariansanywhereintheworld[8].
♦The rst step is to listen. As parents, we can impose our thoughts
on our children, and only think of what we feel they should be doing.
34
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
I remember my son Stephen telling me, “You know what your problem
is,Mum.Youcaretoomuch”.Whenevermycaringandsafeguardingand
worryingwasoverthetop,hewouldtellmethatIneededtotakeastepback
andlistentohim.Afterhewasmurdered,when Iwasghtingforjustice,
thereweretimesIwasn’tlistenedtobythepoliceorbythejusticesystem,
butIrefusednottobeheard.Wemustpassonthatconvictiontoourchildren,
andteachthemhowtobeforcefulwithoutbeingrude.Itisbylisteningto
ourchildrenthatweshowthemtheyareworthlisteningto[11].
♦Achildwho comestoschool atfour whohasnever beentold “no”,
isarealnightmare.Youhavetospendalongtimegettingthemtosocialize,
tolearntogiveandshare–allthesethingspeopleassumecomenaturally.
Understanding that no means no makes the biggest difference to young
peopleentering the worldof work,too.It’sthe bestway we cansupport
ourkids when theyget theirrst job andadjust the factthat they areno
thekingpinanymore,theyaredoingthephotocopyandmakingthecoffee.
Schoolscan reinforcesocializing andsharing skills,butitisparents who
mustlaythegroundwork[11].
♦AntshavebeenonPlanetEarthformorethan140millionyears.They
have easily outlived the dinosaurs, and, according to scientists, they can
easilyoutlivehumanity.Therearemorethan12,000differentkindsofants,
andtheyarefoundalmosteverywhereintheworld.Allantsareverymuch
alikeexceptinsize.And allantsliveincolonies. Buttherearesurprising
differencesintheirwayoflifeandtheirhabits.
Oneofthemostinterestingkindsofantsisthe‘armyant’.Iteatsliving
things!
InAfrica,there is a typeof army antcalledthe ‘driver ant’.They go
outinarmiesofmanythousands.Theykillandeatanythingintheirway:
insects,snakes,lizards,birds...[16].
♦ The British are very bad at learning foreign languages. According
toarecentsurvey,onlyonepersoninten cancommunicateinalanguage
otherthanEnglish.Infact,‘oneinten’maybetoooptimistic.Anothersurvey
foundthatonly5%ofBritishpeoplecouldcountto20inanotherlanguage.
WhydotheBritishdislikelearningforeignlanguages?
OnereasonisthatEnglishhasbecomea‘world’language.Alotofpeople
onourplanetspeakEnglish.SotheBritishcantraveltoothercountriesand
speaktopeoplewithouthavingtolearnanotherlanguage[17].
35
ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА А.В. АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
2. Read the following paragraphs. Find the topical sentence and
identify the type of the paragraph.
♦GiventherapidlyexpandingroleofEnglishinthecontemporaryworld,
itishardlysurprisingthatnumerousbooksconcernedwithdifferentaspects
ofEnglish,bothscholarlyandpedagogical,arepublishedeveryyear.And
yetthere isone strikinggap in thisliterature: althoughmany bookshave
beenandarebeingpublishedthatlinktheJapaneselanguagewithJapanese
cultureorChineselanguagewithChineseculture,hardlyanyrecentbooks
explorethelinksbetweentheEnglishlanguageandAngloculture[19].
♦Ithasbeenfashionableinlinguisticsinthelastfewdecadestospeak
of“universalsofpoliteness”andofuniversal“principlesofconversation”
(e.g.,Grice1975;Leech1983;BrownandLevinson1987;fordiscussion,
seeWierzbicka2003a;GoddardandWierzbicka2004;Goddard2004).But
these putative universals (usually stated in a technical English and thus
untranslatableintomost otherlanguages)areunlikely tobeof muchhelp
in cross-culturalencounters, where people of different backgrounds need
tolearn,aboveall,inwhatwaystheirculturalworldsdiffer,notwhatthey
haveincommon.ImmigrantstoBritain,America,orAustralianeedtolearn,
for example, to understand the meaning of unfamiliar conversational
routinesandtograsptheculturalvaluesandassumptionsreectedinthem.
Similarly,itisusefulforAnglospeakersofEnglish–especiallyincountries
with a large inux of immigrants – to become aware of the cultural
underpinningsoftheirownconversationalroutinesandofthekeyconcepts
thattheythemselvesliveby[19].
♦ In a recent book of popular anthropology, the author suggests that
the ancient Greek injunction “know thyself” is no longer apposite; what
weneedto do,rather,isto learnto “knowothers.”But infact, onecan’t
learnto know others without learning to knowoneself at the same time.
As Humboldt put it in a famous passage, “every language draws about
the people that possess it a circle whence it is possible to exit only by
steppingoveratonceintothecircleofanotherone”(Humboldt1988,60).
By stepping over the boundaries of one’s rst language, one can look
at that language from outside and then become aware of the thick web
of assumptions and values embedded in it; conversely,one cannot fully
appreciatetheassumptionsandvaluesembeddedina“foreign”orsecond
language withouthaving become aware of those embedded in one’srst
language.ThisappliesalsotoAnglospeakersofEnglish[19].
36
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
♦InthenoveltheReturn of Ansel Gibbs bytheAmericanwriterFrederick.
Buechner(1957,14),theprotagonist’sdaughter,Anne,drivingwithher
fatherandafriendthroughEastHarlem,noticesthesign(inSpanish)“Pronto
VieneJesusCristo,”whichshetakestomean“JesusChristcomequickly,”
and sheis struck by “how rude it sounds.” The friend disagrees: “Pronto
isn’trudein Spanish…Itjustmeansquick.”Butthegirlisnotconvinced:
“‘Comequick,JesusChrist’then,doyoulikethat?”WhatAnneGibbsfails
torealize isnot onlythat “Prontoviene”doesn’t mean“come quick”(but
rather,“iscomingsoon”)butalsothattheliteralequivalentof“comequick”
doesn’tsoundrudeinSpanishand,moregenerally,that“comequick”ismore
likelytosoundrudeinAngloEnglishthanitsliteralequivalentwouldsound
inmostotherlanguages(includingmany“newEnglish's,”suchasSingapore
English; see Wong 2004a) – presumably because of the Anglo cultural
emphasis on “personalautonomy” and on “not telling others what to do”
(seechapter2;seealsoWierzbicka1985,1991,2003a,inpressa).Tolearn
effectivelyabout Spanishwaysof speaking, peoplelikeAnne Gibbs need
tobecomeawareoftheirownunconsciousassumptionsandvaluesandlearn
nottotakethemforgrantedassimply“normal”and“human.”Atthesame
time,immigrantsofnon-AnglobackgroundneedtolearnaboutAnglovalues
andassumptionsandaboutspeechpracticesassociatedwiththem[19].
3. Identify the type of the paragraph and convert it into different
types of the paragraph.
♦InWesternEuropeandtheUSA,familylifehaschangeddramatically
over the last forty years. The number of families that depend on both
parentsgoingouttowork,orwherethereisoneparentraisingthechildren
alone,ismuchgreaterthanitusedtobe.Also,manymorepeoplemove
awayfrom their familiesthan ever before.Despite these changes,most
peoplestillthinkoftheirfamilyasoneofthemostsignicantpartsoftheir
lives[9].
♦ThattheInternetconnectsusersaroundtheworldandprovidesresources
inalllanguagesisnosurprise.UsersinSpain,China,theUnitedStates,and
Egypt canall interface online, the only barrier being language.Yetwhat
ifthiswas nolongerabarrier?WhatifindividualscouldusetheInternet
notonly to research information andconnect with individuals whoshare
a common language, but to also learn a new language? The Internet
as a multilingual learning source is a dream that is slowly becoming
reality. As new repositories of linguistic knowledge are developed and
37
ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА А.В. АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
newstrategiesforindependentlanguagelearningarehoned,thepossibility
of using the resources of the Internet to develop a set of global skills
israpidlyincreasing[26].
♦ Even though he had very little experience, he had a great deal
ofenthusiasmforcooking,andwasverynaturalinfrontofthecamera.His
rstTV-programfeaturedhimzippingaroundLondononhisscooterbuying
ingredientsand cookingfor hisfriends, all toa rockand rollsoundtrack.
Therecipeswerebareandsimpletheydidnotinvolvecomplicatedcooking
techniques and used plenty of fresh ingredients and herbs. It attracted
acompletelynewaudiencethatpreviouslyhadnointerestinfoodprograms.
JamieOliverbecameanovernightsuccess.
Sowhat'shisrecipeforsuccess?‘Alittlebitofluck,alittlebitofpassion,
andalittlebitofknowledge!’hesays[13].
♦Meanwhile,inNewYork,HowardSchultz,abusinessmanspecializing
inkitchenequipment,noticedthatasmallcompanyinSeattlewasordering
alargenumberofaspecialtypeofcoffeemaker.Outofcuriosity,hemade
the cross-country trip to Seattle to nd out more. Immediately he saw
the Starbucks store, he knew that he wanted to be part of it. The three
foundermemberswerenotinitiallyverykeen,butapersistentSchultzwas
eventuallyhired tobe headof Starbucksmarketingin 1982.He modeled
theStarbucksstores onItalianespresso bars,andmade themcomfortable
placestorelax.Withinthenexttenyears,Schultzhadalreadyopened150
new stores and had bought the company! There are now stores all over
Europe,Asia,and theMiddleEast.TodayStarbucksisoneof theworld's
mostrecognizedbrands.
IV
Before-reading activities
1. Read the following abstracts. They are dedicated to one subject.
What you think the text might be about. Think over the title of the article
you are going to read.
♦Englishhas beenthe dominantlanguage ofthe Internetforusers
andinfrastructuredevelopment.Thisischangingdueto theincreasing
number of non-English speaking Internet users. While the Internet
38
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
community will eventually become a multilingual environment;
thedevelopmentoftheInternetinfrastructuresourcewillstillbeEnglish.
Thiswillhaveanimpactonglobalbusinessesandgovernment’seducation
systems in non-English speaking countries. Eventually, English will
bethegloballanguageforInternetdevelopersandprofessionalsofglobal
businesses[23].
♦TheInternethascreatedoneglobalmarket.Thosewhounderstand
the technical and cultural issues have a head start on capturing new
audiencesandhelpingtheirbusinessesforgeaworldwidemarket.There
isaneedforamultilingualWeb.ByhavingWebsitesinlocallanguages,
morebusinessesandopportunitiescanbeestablished.Peoplearemore
comfortable with e-commerce when the product is in their native
language, even if English is their second language. Those companies
that only have English version of their Web sites or just their local
languageversionsstandtolosetheir existingorpotentialinternational
clients to their competitors who communicate in the native language
ofthecustomer[23].
♦ Companies have awakened to that trend of the Internet becoming
multilingual and are developing country-specic and language-specic
Web sites for individual markets. Some examples of these corporations
areIBM,Gap,McDonald,VISA,andCoca-Cola.Internationalrmssuch
as Sony, Mercedes Benz, Kodak are very international focused as well.
Forglobalbusinesses tobesuccessful,theyhavetobecome multilingual.
ThelocalizationoftheWebculturally,geographically,andlinguisticallyis
atrendthatwillcontinue.Theresultwillbenon-Englishspeakersoccupying
morethanhalfofallWebtrafcintheirrespectivenativelanguages.English
willNOTbetheonlinelinguafrancaforlong[23].
2. Before reading the text paraphrase the quotations below. Do you
agree or disagree with them? Express your point of view.
“The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village
oftomorrow”(BillGates).
“Onelanguagesetsyouinacorridorforlife.Twolanguagesopenevery
dooralongtheway”(FrankSmith).
39
ЗВЯГИНЦЕВА А.В. АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ
While-reading activities
Readthefollowingarticle.Whilereadinggureoutthemainideasand
thesupportingdetails.
Main idea Supporting details
1
2
3
4
5
6
A MULTILINGUAL INTERNET
AsbothAsian and Europeanmarkets use the Internetmore and more
to conduct business, there will be an increasing need for more language
choicesforthedifferentmarkets.
Whatdoyou thinkisthe world'smostwidely spokenlanguage?Most
peopleare under the impression that itis English as this is thelanguage
that is used most frequently on the Internet. If this were true, it would,
ofcourse,bringenormousbenetsforbothworldwidecommunicationsand
understanding,althoughitcouldalsobecomeathreattoculturaldiversity.
AndEnglishcertainlydoesseemtobeeverywhere,fromlmstopopmusic
andTV,andfrombusinesstoscienceandotherelds.
It comes as quite a surprise then that even though around 75%
ofthepagesontheWebareinEnglish,thisisthemothertongueofonly5%
oftheworld'spopulation.Whatismore,thenumberofprocientspeakers
ofthelanguage isonly slightlyhigher.This meansthat arelatively small
numberoftheworld'spopulationcancommunicate wellinEnglish.Also,
the numbers of people who can speak English is nowhere near as high
asitisforotherlanguagessuchasChineseorSpanish.
SowithmoreandmorepeopleaccessingtheInternetnowadays,including
many businesses wanting to conduct e-business, the position of English
isbeginningtochange.OnereasonforthisisthatbothEuropeandAsiahave
40
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