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Файл:Our Changing World. Практический курс первого иностранного языка. Учебное пособие для студентов второго курса специальности «Перевод и переводоведение.pdf
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5. Редактирование гена - процесс изменения ДНК в клетке, часто используемый
в генетических исследованиях и медицине для исправления дефектов или
создания новых характеристик.
6. В бизнесе новые горизонты могут открываться с помощью инноваций,
которые могут изменить рыночную ситуацию и создать новые возможности для
роста и развития.
7. Дать импульс чему-то – это интересная задача. Импульс может быть
источником мотивации, энергии и творческих идей, которые могут помочь в
решении проблем и достижении целей.
8. Убедительный довод в пользу - это важный инструмент, который можно
использовать, чтобы дать импульс чему-то. Это означает, что нам необходимо
представить аргументы, которые будут убедительными для наших слушателей
или читателей.
9. Таким образом, подвергать сомнению - это важная часть процесса принятия
решений, которая помогает нам убедиться в правильности нашей позиции и
быть готовыми к изменениям, если это требуется.
10. Поведенческие атрибуты - это характеристики личности, которые влияют на
то, как человек ведет себя в различных ситуациях. Они включают в себя такие
факторы, как навыки, умения, мотивация, ценности и характер.
11. Одним из решающих факторов, которые влияют на поведение, является
воздействие окружающей среды. Это может быть влияние друзей, семьи,
коллег или общества в целом. Люди часто стремятся подчиняться социальным
нормам и ожиданиям, чтобы попасть в соответствующую группу или получить
одобрение.
12. Другим важным фактором, который влияет на поведение, является влияние.
Влияние может быть связано с авторитетом, знанием, умением убеждать или
даже физическим присутствием. Люди с большим влиянием могут оказывать
значительное влияние на поведение других людей.
VIDEO 1
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The video you are going to watch is called “Is cloning ethical?”. The presenter is Dr.
Kenneth Mugnuson, Professor of Christian Ethics. Before watching the video, do
some tasks.
Video 1. Is cloning ethical.mp4
1. Pre-watching tasks.
A. What are pros and cons for human cloning?
B. Look through the words and phrases given. Read their definitions and guess
the meaning of the words and phrases.
mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ an official order given to somebody to perform a particular task
steward - a person whose responsibility it is to take care of something ( a faithful
steward of God's word)
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the process of transplanting nuclei from
adult cells into oocytes or blastocysts and allowing them to grow and differentiate,
producing pluripotent cells. (В терапевтическом клонировании используется
процесс, известный как пересадка ядер соматических клеток, состоящий в
изъятии яйцеклетки из которой было удалено ядро, и замена этого ядра ДНК
другого организма.)
enucleated egg - an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed).
somatic cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells (which are
called germ cells). In humans, somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two
sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
non-reproductive cells mean somatic cells that form the organism's tissue and
organs.
in Vitro Fertilization - a procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman's
ovary and combined with sperm outside the body to form embryos. The embryos are
grown in the laboratory for several days and then either placed in a woman's uterus or
cryopreserved (frozen) for future use. Also called IVF.
womb /wuːm/ - the organ in women and female animals in which babies or young
animals develop before they are born
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harvest (the stem cells) - to take or collect a useful substance, for example water or
a chemical element, from somewhere so that it can be used
prohibit - /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/ - to officially forbid something
procreation /ˌprəʊ.kriˈeɪ.ʃən/ - the process of producing young animals or babies
bone marrow - the soft, spongy tissue that is in the medullary cavities (centers) of
bones. Healthy bone marrow is an essential part of the body, as it contains stem cells
that produce blood cells and the cells that make up the immune system.
hubris - /ˈhjuː.brɪs/ - an extreme and unreasonable feeling of pride and confidence
in yourself
2. While-watching tasks.
A. Watch the video again and complete the sentences taken from the video with
the necessary words and phrases.
sort of remote, significant issue, has much to do with, mandate, somatic cell nuclear
transfer, treatment of genetic diseases, assisted reproductive technology, an
enucleated egg, non-reproductive cell, to fuse, the woman`s womb, procedure,
harvest, prohibit, allow for, perfect, consent, obtained, an exact replica, disrupts,
match for, solely for the purpose
1. A lot of people feel that this question is …..
2. It`s a….. world view ….. .
3. It ….. how we understand our….. given to be stewards of what God has created.
4. When people are asked about human cloning, also referred to as ….. , the
overwhelming answer is no.
5. When people are asked about somatic cell nuclear transfer for……, they will say
yes.
6. Reproductive cloning is another form of ……….
7. You take the woman`s egg and the nuclear is removed. It is called ….
8. You would take a somatic cell, it`s a….. that would be placed with the enucleated
egg, then it`s given either a chemical treatment or an electric charge ….. them
together.
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9. With reproductive cloning, that new embryo would be placed in …… for
implantation.
10. Research cloning is exactly the same ….. .
11. In research cloning you would …. the stem cells from that embryo and the
embryo is destroyed.
12. In the US there`s been a couple of states that have passed laws that allow for
research cloning, but ….. reproductive cloning.
13. By law you … the creation of a human being through cloning, but that human
being must be destroyed.
14. Are we ready to allow for the death of so many human embryos before we ….
this technique?
15. We are not risking something on ourselves, we are risking something for someone
else who has no….. in the matter because consent can`t be ….. because they haven`t
been created yet.
16. In reproductive cloning the child who is born is …. of the donor.
17. It …. the order of relationships in family and marriage.
18. Some of the prospects of reproductive cloning would be to create a child who is
the …. someone who needs a bone marrow transplant.
19. The child would be created ….. of serving somebody`s needs.
B. While watching the video, answer the questions.
1. Why is the issue of human cloning important?
2. What is another name of human cloning?
3. What types of human cloning are there?
4. Is research cloning the same as therapeutical cloning?
5. What is the purpose of reproductive cloning?
6. What is the purpose of research cloning? What is it done for?
7. Why do many people say “Yes” to research cloning? Why is it tragic?
8. What is the first concern about reproductive cloning?
9. Why should the attempt of reproductive cloning be halted?
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10. What is the second concern about reproductive cloning?
11. What is the third concern about it?
12. What is concern number 4?
3. After watching task.
Do you agree with the speaker from the video that human cloning must be banned?
Find some more reasons for banning human cloning.
UNIT 4. GMO
VIDEO 2,3 “GMO Technology”
Video 2. GMO technology.mp4
Video 3 GMO technology.mp4
Watch the two pieces of the video about GMO technology and answer the
questions.
1. What questions is the video going to answer?
2. What is GMO food?
3. What does the notion “Desired characteristics” mean?
4. How are the desired characteristics introduced into a plant?
5. What are the examples of GMO foods?
6. What are the two opposite opinions on GMO food?
7. Why do we need GMO foods?
8. What is a shelf life?
9. Why are GM foods allergic?
10. Why do GM foods cause antibiotic resistance?
11. Why was the research of 2013 proved wrong?
12. Are foods labeled G-Modified in every country?
13. How can you avoid buying GM foods?
READING
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Evaluating Perspectives about GMOs
Task 1. Look through the definitions of the words, guess their meaning. Read out the sentences from the article in which they are used. Translate the sentences.
Vocabulary
acrylamide [ˌækri'læmaid] - a chemical substance which forms in starchy foods after
high-temperature cooking processes such as frying, roasting, and baking
crossbreeding: selectively breeding two plants or animals of different breeds or
cultivars to produce a superior offspring sometimes called a hybrid
gene: a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to
determine some characteristic of the offspring
genetic engineering: the process of directly modifying an organism's genes using
biotechnology to produce desired traits
genetically modified organism (GMO): any organism whose genetic material has
been altered using genetic engineering techniques
hybrid: the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties
inbreeding: selectively breeding closely related plants or animals in an effort to
isolate and perpetuate a desired trait
mutagenesis - ['mju:tə'ʤenɪsɪs] - a method of selective breeding in plants where seeds
are exposed to chemicals or radiation to promote DNA mutations that could result in
developing new traits in offspring plants
selective breeding: process by which humans control the breeding of plants or
animals in order to exhibit or eliminate a particular characteristic
transgenic: containing a gene that has been transferred from one organism to another
and acts as a synonym for genetically modified
insecticide - [ɪn'sektɪsaɪd] - a chemical substance made and used
for killing insects, especially those that eat plants
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inbreeding [ˌɪnˈbriːdɪŋ] - a situation in which plants, animals, or people are produced
by breeding between closely related plants, animals, or people
pest - an insect or small animal that is harmful or damages crops
fungus [ˈfʌŋ.ɡəs] - (pl. fungi [ˈfʌŋ.ɡaɪ]) - any of various types of organisms that get
their food from decaying material or other living things
Did You Know?
89% of the corn grown in the United States in 2015 was produced from seed
varieties developed through genetic modification technologies.
As the use of genetically engineered crops has risen, the use of insecticides has
decreased.
As the use of genetically engineered crops has risen, the use of herbicides has
increased.
Many science organizations throughout the world, including the World Health
Organization, find genetically modified crops to be safe for consumption.
Although significant science supports the safety of GM foods, many
consumers are skeptical and perceive that non-GM foods are healthier.
Background Agricultural Connections
Plant Breeding Methods
Traditional plant breeding has been used since humans began domesticating plants
for food production. Early crop domestication was accomplished by using basic plant
selection techniques to identify and promote ideal food plants. This is known
as selective breeding. Crossbreeding, inbreeding, and hybridization are specific
plant breeding methods that fall under the umbrella of selective breeding. These
methods have allowed farmers to isolate genes for specific characteristics and
progressively create more plants well suited to provide an abundant supply of
nutritious food (e.g., fruits, vegetables and grains). For example, tomatoes come in
many varieties, including large slicing tomatoes and smaller roma, cherry, and grape
tomatoes. Tomatoes also come in a variety of colors, including from bright red,
orange, yellow, and even a dark burgundy color. In addition to color and size,
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these plants also vary in taste, shelf life, and the amount of time they take to grow
from seed to fruit. All of these characteristics were brought about by selective
breeding; identifying desirable traits and continually cross-pollinating plants with
those traits to eventually create a variety with desirable characteristics. Often in
traditional plant breeding processes plants will gain either a resistance or a propensity
toward disease. All of these characteristics vary from variety to variety due to the
plants changing genetics from generation to generation. While these traditional plant
breeding methods have been successful, they can take a significant amount of time
(years or decades) to achieve the desired result, and it can be difficult to isolate
individual traits such as disease or pest tolerance, color, flavor, or any number of
other traits. In addition, the desired gene or characteristic must already be available in
the plant's gene pool.
Another method of plant breeding is called mutation breeding,
or mutagenesis. This is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in
order to promote DNA mutations to maximize genetic diversity in an effort to create
new traits in plants.5 In biology, a mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA
sequence. Some mutations cause little affect on an organism and others cause
dramatic change. Mutations occur randomly, but are accelerated by exposure to UV
rays, radiation, and some chemicals. Through the years, mutagenesis has helped
create genetic variability and produce desired characteristics in crops such as wheat,
barley, rice, cotton, sunflowers, and grapefruit. Mutagenesis can elicit results much
faster than cross breeding or inbreeding. However, the changes are random and
unpredictable.
Crossbreeding, inbreeding, hybridization, and mutagenesis are all traditional plant
breeding techniques and do not use biotechnology. The resulting plants are not
considered bioengeneered (GMO), although many people hold the common
misconception that they are.
The Development of GM Crops
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is defined by the United Nations Food
and Agriculture Organization as “any living organism that possesses a novel
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combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern
biotechnology.” Common and synonymous terminology for genetically modified
organisms include GMO (genetically modified organism), GM (genetically
modified), GE (genetically engineered), and bioengineered.
The first genetically engineered plant was created in 1983 when an antibiotic resistant
gene was inserted into a tobacco plant. The first genetically modified food was the
Flavr Savr tomato, created in 1994. This tomato had an extended shelf life, allowing
it to be vine ripened and then shipped to grocery stores without rotting. However,
production of the Flavr Savr tomato stopped three years later. Although the fruit had
the desired extended shelf life without rotting, it still softened, making it little better
than its traditional counterparts. Since that time, novel genes have been inserted into
many crop plants. Genetically engineered crops have specific traits such as the
following:
Herbicide tolerance: This trait allows farmers to spray their crop with an
herbicide which will kill the weeds, but not the crop. (Transgenic)
Pest tolerance: These GM plants have a natural resistance to pests. For
example, the European corn borer is a destructive pest that bores into corn stalks.
When the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is present in the corn, it produces a
protein called Cry, which is toxic to the European corn borer. (Transgenic)
Disease resistance: Just like people, plants are susceptible to diseases caused
by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Some GM crops are developed to be resistant to
specific diseases. Examples include the papaya and some varieties of squash. (GE,
Nontransgenic)
Drought tolerance: Some crop varieties can be genetically engineered to be
more hardy in drought conditions and use less water. (GE, Nontransgenic)
Shelf life extended/Spoilage resistance: Crops must travel from the farm to
the consumer without spoiling or being damaged. Some crops must even be harvested
before they are ripe to increase their shelf life, tomatoes are an example. (GE,
Nontransgenic)
The Safety of Bioengineered Crops
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While many view bioengineered crops as a promising innovation, there is still much
controversy surrounding their use. This debate is taking place worldwide. There are
many questions being raised in the minds of consumers. How do bioengineered crop
varieties impact the environment? Is food from a bioengineered plant safe for
consumption? How does the production of bioengineered crops impact communities
and economics from various points of view?
It takes many years for a GM crop to be developed, tested, and finally approved for
commercial release. Prior to their release, bioengineered crop varieties are monitored
and regulated by three primary agencies in the United States:
Food and Drug Administration: "FDA regulates the safety of food for
humans and animals, including foods produced from genetically engineered (GE)
plants. Foods from GE plants must meet the same food safety requirements as foods
derived from traditionally bred plants."
United States Department of Agriculture: "The USDA, EPA, and FDA work
to ensure that crops produced through genetic engineering for commercial use are
properly tested and studied to make sure they pose no significant risk to consumers or
the environment."
Environmental Protection Agency: The EPA focuses on reviewing the
environmental impacts of a GE crop prior to field-testing and the commercial release
of the seed. They ensure there are no unintended consequences to honeybees, other
beneficial insects, earthworms, fish, or the environment in general. They also look for
any possible impact on other crops.
After careful consideration by these three agencies, a bioengineered crop may be
approved. After approval, seeds are made available for purchase and farmers can
choose to grow the bioengineered variety or not. It's important to understand that not
all farmers choose to grow bioengineered crop varieties even when they are available.
Some choose to use conventional crop varieties and control pests, weeds, and disease
using other methods. A small percentage of farmers choose to grow and market food
that can be certified and labeled as organic. Organic label foods cannot be grown
from genetically modified seeds and have specific regulations for how weeds and