Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Discourse Strategies in Use. Учебное пособие
.pdf
81
You want to have jobs; you want to have a good education.
- “Calling to national unanimity” technique.
Ex: We are one nation. We are one Britain.
In this technique mostly the pronoun “we” (“our”, “us”) is used as well as the word
“together”.
- “Suggestive” technique. This resembles an implicit suggestion, when the actions
of people are named and sometimes repeated as directives while hypnotizing.
Ex: You will go to polling stations, you will vote.
In this technique mostly the pronoun “you” is used; the utterance is referred to the
future.
- “Implicit identity” technique. In the context of public speeches, the politicians
often implicitly identify themselves and their actions with people’s wishes and needs, with
some “bright future” which will bring good to people; altogether, they identify their
opponents with everything bad that we have in our life (as if through their, that is, their
opponents fault.)
Ex: You will go to polling stations, you will vote, you will vote for freedom (for us)!
- “Symbol manipulation”. Manipulation with symbols is subdivided into two types:
primary symbol manipulation, when symbols of natural human values are
mentioned in some context, causing special associations (mothers – a symbol of
birth, life, being respected and awed; children – weak, being protected, etc.):
secondary symbol manipulation, when symbols of human-made values are
mentioned in some context (flag – a symbol of nation; some memorable place,
etc.).
Ex: Our flag will always fly over us, and our national anthem will always sound.
I pledge that every child will be taught in his / her parents’ language.
Defensive techniques
The first signal of yours being played with by some speech manipulator is the
change of your emotional state and the feeling of embarrassment. You don’t want to say or
to do what you are offered, but you are afraid of being rude, callous, “a bad person”.
82
There are two ways of resisting manipulation: a passive technique and an active one.
If you feel that a person is manipulating and don’t know what to say, just keep
pretending that you “didn’t understand” or “didn’t quite catch” what was said.
Ask about something irrelevant. That’s a passive defense from speech manipulation.
The best way of an active one is stating the primary intention of the speaker (what he or
she wants you to do). In case you guess the primary intention of a manipulator, just name
it straight:
Ex: You try to frighten me in order to get this money!
You just want me to go there with you, and that’s all!
One more way of active manipulation is called “Naming the trick”. Here you define
not the purpose of a manipulator but the verbal way he or she is trying to gain it by.
Ex: Is it a flattery?
Are you trying to frighten me?
Stop harping, please!
I won’t swallow your insult!
“Parroting” technique. Insist on your idea whatever a manipulator says. In a way,
this technique is also manipulative as it resembles a technique of harping. But sometimes a
manipulator tries to lead you away from the main line of your talk (if it is necessary for
him or her).
Ex: - I’d like to talk about the purchase of the house.
- Oh, it’s very difficult to buy a good house nowadays. Nowadays everything is
very difficult! Yesterday I wanted to water my flowers in the garden and […].
- That’s very nice! But let’s talk about the house at last.
And don’t be afraid of seeming annoying and dull! That’s what a manipulator is
counting on – your fear of seeming “bad”.
“Trick for trick” technique. Copy the tricks of a manipulator.
Ex: Oh! Please! Mother! Please! Buy this doll for me! Buy this doll for me!
Oh! Jenny! Please! Don’t ask me to buy this doll for you! Please! Jenny!
If you don’t buy this doll, I will fall ill.
If you don’t stop harping, I’ll get very upset!
83
There are a lot of ways of resisting manipulation, but the most important here is
“We face a historic choice this week. To return to office, does our Party
simply require a makeover or does it require a fresh Conservative agenda?
I think that politics should be about setting out what you believe,
arguing your case and persuading others of its merits. There's no
leadership in just telling people what they want to hear.
I want to talk today about what I believe our agenda should be so that
when people ask you on the doorstep “what do the Conservatives stand
for” you have a clear answer. We have to be bold enough to lead – but we
also have to be big enough to listen.
One thing I learned as a young doctor was that if you don't listen to
what the patients think is wrong with them, they won't listen when you tell
them what is wrong with them. We could learn a lot from that.
But I would like to start with a couple of “thank you”s.
The first is to Michael Howard. Over the past 12 years, I have valued
his guidance and friendship. He has both commanded loyalty and shown
loyalty, the great tests of leadership.
We owe you a great debt of gratitude.
I'm also grateful to all of you who helped me campaign as Chairman. I
can see many familiar faces here today. We worked hard and had a lot of
your quick reaction (as the main feature of any manipulation is its rapidity) and the ability
to perceive the true intention of your interaction partner.
8.2 Practical assignments
1) Read the following speech. Pay attention to the means of building
- promissive strategy
- rhetorical strategy
- manipulative strategy
84
fun. For the first time in years we actually have to squeeze up on our
benches at Westminster. Thank you.
At this conference, we're having a leadership contest but we shouldn't
forget our enemies are Labour and the LibDems. We're all on the same
side.
I play tennis with David Cameron and we're friends even though he
beats me. I like and have worked closely with David Davis for many years. I
was Ken Clarke's whip at the Treasury where his record is hugely
underappreciated and Malcolm Rifkind was a terrific boss when I was a
junior Foreign Office Minister.
This party needs to concentrate all our efforts on setting out a vision
for the country we want to lead.
And we mustn't lose sight of our own achievements. I am proud of how
this party changed the face of Britain.
You don't set an agenda for the future by trashing your past.
The world around us is changing at a phenomenal rate. Old certainties
are dissolving away and new giants are strutting the world stage. China
and India are reshaping the world economy. They are producing goods and
services much cheaper than any western country, including ours.
Britain needs to change to survive. We need to produce a new
prosperity agenda that creates wealth not just redistributes it. We need to
return to basic economic truths. Let me give you one. There is no such
thing as government money – only taxpayers money. Let me give you
another. You cannot go on squeezing wealth creators to finance an ever
hungrier government machine.
We need less regulation, better education and lower taxes. We need
to reward risk and creativity. We need to build Britain that is dynamic,
innovative, entrepreneurial, that invents and reinvents.
And we must not allow an obsession with the European Union to blind
85
us to the challenges and opportunities in an ever more dynamic world.
Europe is becoming economically stagnant, its share of world trade
falling.
That is bad news for Britain because it will damage our prosperity.
That is why we need to have a bold new vision for Europe. The EU is
locked in the past. We need an agenda for the 21st century.
We need to break away from the whole outdated concept of “ever
closer union”. The inevitable destination of 'ever closer union' is union. The
Conservative Party should never accept that Britain's destiny lies in a
United States of Europe. We need to lead a Europe that is decentralised,
outward looking, and competitive. We need fewer regulations and powers
brought back to the nation states. We should be leading New Europe
where the Czechs, the Poles, the Baltic states share our view of the world.
Many have just shaken off one oppressive foreign regime – why would they
want another based in Brussels.
That is why I believe we should end our current relationship with the
European People's Party. We cannot be seen to be saying one thing at
home and another in Brussels. We must have consistency. We should form
a new, forward thinking and outward looking group in the European
Parliament that is pro-market, non-integrationist and Atlanticist. We must
work in tandem with the United States – for seeing America as a rival rather
than a partner is a French view of the world, not a British one. It is not a
question we can duck. It is a test of our sincerity.
But we must look beyond Europe much more than at present. We
must be good global citizens – for today's world and for future generations.
I will put respect for human rights and the rule of law at the heart of our
foreign policy. That is why I set up the new Conservative human rights
group.
Every so often, we hear or see something that touches us. Here's an
86
example:
“It was the rainy season, and we fled for hours to reach the hiding
place in the jungle, because the SPDC and the KNLA were fighting. When
we got there we were so tired, but too scared to light the fire for cooking or
to warm ourselves, so we went to sleep without food, under the trees.
We didn't care, and weren't scared of leeches any more. If our baby
cried, we put a piece of cloth in his mouth to stop him crying”.
This is the testimony of a woman of the Karen people of Burma who
was driven from her home by the Burmese army. This sort of description,
with only marginal differences, could have come from Darfur today, the
Balkans in the 1990s, Nicaragua in the 1980s or Cambodia in the 1970s.
We have to give a voice to those who cannot speak up for themselves.
But we should also do what we can to champion those who are
moving their countries along the sometimes difficult road towards
democracy, to bring to their people the freedoms that we too often take for
granted.
Nowhere is that more true than in Iraq.
Many people have reservations about what is happening there.
I resent the way we were misled, in my view wilfully, over the nonexistent weapons of mass destruction. And I greatly regret some of the post
war mistakes, not least, the premature disbanding of the security forces.
Our government and the American government have certainly made
mistakes.
But I see it like this.
It has to be right to want people to determine for themselves who
governs them. It has to be right to help people to enjoy free speech and a
legal framework that they themselves design. It has to be right to free them
from a vicious and bloody tyrant who used chemical weapons against his
own people.
87
And it has to be a good thing to see the end of a regime that had
started two wars, a regime that was almost certainly sanctions busting and
attempting to gain nuclear technology.
Those who take a contrary view need to explain why Iraq, the Middle
East and the rest of the world would be better off with Saddam still in
control.
Like everyone else here I want to see our troops come home as soon
as possible but I want them to do so with honour and pride, with their heads
held high, knowing that their sacrifices have given hope to those who could
not help themselves. I am proud of what they have done.
There are growing voices in this country, even in this Party, who
believe this should be nothing to do with Britain – that we should only focus
on issues closer to home. I believe they are profoundly wrong.
I don't want to live in a country that looks the other way.
I want a confident outward looking Britain that plays its part in global
security that is proud to promote ideas of democracy, free markets and
human rights. I want Britain to shape the world not just be shaped by it.
But we also have to shape Britain itself. I suppose it's natural that
people constantly try to draw comparisons with the 1970s when we were
last preparing to return to government. Yet there are many profound
changes in our country that we need to understand. We are psychologically
a very different nation. For example, back then people worried more about
their disposable income whereas today they worry about their pensions, the
value of their property and their long term security. Back then people had to
think mainly about what would happen to their children. Now they have to
worry about what will happen to their children and their parents. It has
changed the way we view our society.
And, under this Labour government, we can all see what I call a
broken society. I'm sure you know what I mean.
88
More marriages breaking down.
Rising levels of violent crime.
Record truancy rates from schools.
More domestic violence.
Increasing numbers of suicides.
Too many young people, especially young men, with no role models,
running wild in our communities.
And we need to deal with a whole range of other social problems
facing us.
Take the example of mental illness – an issue that I feel passionately
about. One in four of us will suffer from it at some point in our lives. From
bullied children who self-harm to young mums with post natal depression to
grandpa with Alzheimer's. Yet our mental health services are shamefully
inadequate.
How many of you are aware that every year over 1000 patients with
mental illness kill themselves. Can you imagine the outcry and the acres of
press coverage there would be if that number died in train crashes? Yet it is
met with indifference and silence.
Too many people with mental health problems end up in our prisons.
For a society like ours that's just not good enough.
That's why I launched my leadership campaign at one of the few
centres that do offer to help. For me it is a priority. It should also be a
priority for our party.
Another similar scandal is domestic violence. We've just been through
an election where law and order was supposedly a major issue. So how
many of you are aware that 40% of all murders in this country are women
who are murdered by their partners? Yet in London there are more places
of refuge for pets than there are for women escaping violent partners. What
does that tell us about our values.
89
We cannot go on like this. We must turn the tide and start to build a
more cohesive society where people of all ages and backgrounds can feel
secure in their lives.
And there's one final thing we need to do. We need to re-establish
pride in what it means to be British. Pride in our National identity. We have
spent so long focussing on diversity that we have forgotten to focus on
what we have in common. Free speech. A fair rule of law. Our history and
heritage. Economic liberty. And democratic government based at
Westminster.
There are two things I want to see put back into our politics –
proportion and reality.
It’s time to put reality back in our politics too.
When I suggested recently that all schools in Britain should fly the
Union flag as a symbol of what unites us I was told it was racist. By what
possible stretch of the meaning of the word could even the most crazed
member of the politically correct brigade regard flying your own flag outside
your own schools as racist.
Let us send them a message: this conference will never be ashamed
of the Union Flag.
So much about today's politics is about personality these days. So, let
me tell you a few things about myself.
My father was a teacher. My mother was a housewife.
My grandfathers were both miners.
I went to the local comprehensive.
I trained in medicine and worked in the NHS as a hospital doctor and a
GP.
None of these are reasons for me to become the next leader of the
Conservative Party.
We should elect leaders because of where they are going to – not
90
where they have come from.
And where we are going to should be an optimistic picture of Britain
we want to see.
Where those who fail do not feel abandoned.
Where it is safe to walk down the street after dark.
Where children get an education to suit their individual talents.
Where hardworking people get to keep more of their own money.
Britain where people can look forward to their later years without fear.
Britain that cares about people with mental illness.
Britain that will speak up for oppressed peoples of the world.
But above all Britain that values each individual for what they try to
contribute to our country and does not judge them by where they come
from, who their parents were, their creed or their colour.
We can repair our broken society, create a prosperity agenda and
stand proud in the world.
We can shape the future. We can make it happen. And together we
will win.”
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]