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Файл:Discourse Strategies in Use. Учебное пособие
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13) The following words and expressions will help you to describe people’s
appearance. Add 3-5 words of your own to every group given below.
HAIR
Thick, full, lustrous, bushy, coarse, wiry, thin, scraggy, fine, baby-fine, wispy, limp,
flat, balding, wavy, curly, straight, spiky, stiff, buzzed, shaved, parted, neatly-combed,
tamed, long, short, cropped, layered, feathered, chopped, gelled, spiked, slicked down,
bleached, dyed, permed, highlighted, weaved, black, brunette, brown, chestnut-brown,
honey-blond, blond, golden-blond, ash-blond, auburn, red, strawberry-blond, gray, silver,
white.
Braids, ponytail, pigtails, bun, twist, bob, ringlets, flip, bangs, buzz.
FACE
Square, oval, round, triangular, heart-shaped, thin, fleshy, puffy, wrinkled, pasty,
pimpled, freckled, pock-marked, swarthy, gaunt, tanned, browned, clean-shaven, rosy,
ruddy, pale, smooth, glowing.
FEATURES
Chiselled, large, massive, stern, small, delicate, forceful, clean-cut, regular,
irregular.
FOREHEAD
Broad, doomed, high, large, open, low, narrow, retreating.
EYEBROWS
Arched, bushy, penciled, beetling, shaggy.
EYES
Blue, brown, dark, grey, hazel, bulging, close-set, deep-set, sunken, large, small,
almond-shaped, round, slanted, squinty, crinkly, kind, warm, piercing, mesmerizing, sad,
tear-filled, gentle, sympathetic, compassionate, expressive, twinkling, lively, dancing,
laughing.
EYELASHES
Curving, straight, thick, long, short.
CHEEKS
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Chubby, plump, hollow, sunken, pale, pink, rouged, ruddy, stubby, wrinkled, with
dimples, rosy.
NOSE
Aquiline, flat, hooked, snub, fleshy.
LIPS
Thin, full, pouting, pursed, painted, parched, smiling.
CHIN
Double, pointed, protruding, round, massive.
14) Put down your own rows of attributes describing:
- smile
- skin
- mouth
- teeth
- figure
- stature
- hands
- legs
- jaw
- gait
- gestures
- character
15) Describe the appearance of these people (picture 2).
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Picture 2 – Describing the appearance
16) The following words and expressions will help you to describe people’s state
and emotions. Add 3-5 words of your own to every group given below.
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HAPPY
Joyous, merry, blissful, delighted, exhilarated, euphoric, enchanted, elated, pleased,
excited, ecstatic, enthusiastic, joyful, optimistic, cheerful, glad, gleeful, content, relaxed,
tranquil, stress-free, relieved, satisfied, unperturbed, buoyant, peaceful, jovial, jolly, calm,
confident, proud.
SAD
Sorrowful, miserable, empty, mournful, unhappy, despairing, disheartened, dismal,
lonely, dismayed, depressed, hopeless, powerless, distressed.
SCARED
Fearful, anxious, afraid, terrified, apprehensive, frightened, worried, panicky,
horrified, insecure, intimidated, alarmed, shaken.
CONFUSED
Unsure, uncertain, indecisive, perplexed, puzzled, bewildered, baffled, ambivalent,
troubled, unsettled, unfocused, overwhelmed.
GUILTY
Regretful, remorseful, apologetic.
HURT
Disappointed, distrustful, insulted, affronted, offended, slighted, snubbed,
victimized, wounded, disillusioned, disenchanted.
ANGRY
Betrayed, furious, seething, incensed, mad, frustrated, annoyed, irritated, peeved,
exasperated, aggravated, irate, bitter, infuriated, hostile, vindictive, rebellious, upset,
vengeful, hateful, outraged, resentful, agitated, disgusted, perturbed, indignant, spiteful,
surly, defiant, obstinate.
MISCELLANEOUS
Hopeful, tired, exhausted, shameful, embarrassed, worthless, inadequate, idiotic,
discouraged, jealous, vulnerable, tense, uneasy
17) What feelings and emotions can you ascribe to these “faces”? Name at least 3
characteristics for each of them. Try not to repeat the words (picture 3).
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6 5 4 1 3 2 9 8 7
15
14
13
11
12
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Picture 3 – Emotions
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3 Conversational Strategy
3.1 Theory
The art of holding a conversation is a rather difficult art. Our conversations are not
simply the exchange of information. They are the exchange of intentions, emotions,
opinions, arguments and all the like. Generally speaking, our everyday conversations are
interaction, that is to say, the interrelated actions of speakers and listeners. During the
conversation we try to “guess” the intentions of each other and react accordingly to them.
Every one of us doesn’t want to be a dull and boring interlocutor but does want to be an
interesting and charming one. So, there are simple rules of our conversation behaviour.
1) The beginning of any conversation may seem its most difficult stage. When you
know the person to whom you are going to talk, you can simply inform him or her about
your intention to have a talk, say, by the phrases:
Ex: Hello, Kate! Can I talk to you about …?
John, I have something to say to you. It’s about …
There are many variants of such conversation “starts”, which are useful if you know
the interlocutor and have what about to talk.
But there may be such a situation as follows:
“I saw a girl in the bus. I liked her so much that I made up my mind to marry her.
But how should I say to her about it? How should I start talking? “Would you like a
chewing-gum?” That’s too ridiculous. “Hi!” That’s too informal for a conversation with a
future fiancée. “I love you!” Too sincere and straightforward. “I want you to be the
mother of my children!” Too early. That’s why I said nothing. The bus stopped. She left. I
never saw her since.”
So, it’s not simple to start a conversation with strangers. But still it’s possible. Look
for people who seem to be “open” for talking. They are easy to get into a visual (eye)
contact, they are smiling. Many people say that the first phrases of most conversations are
not really important. It’s better to start the conversation with some question or opinion.
The most trivial examples of these may be:
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Ex: How do you like the weather today?
What a nasty weather we have today!
You can attach your question to the actual situation: while walking in the park, ask
your potential interlocutor, if he or she knows what kinds of trees those are; while being in
the shop, ask for advice about what yogurt to buy for your children, etc.
Another good way to start a conversation is a compliment.
Ex: Excuse me! Your hair is so shiny and smooth! I’m sorry to trouble you, but I
can’t help asking you about what you do to make it so beautiful?
2) The skill of asking questions is one of the most decisive factors in the art of
successful verbal interaction. Here our questions can be of two types:
- Formal questions (they require simple and short answers like Yes or No, Sure,
Right etc);
- Informal questions (they require more extended and detailed answers).
While holding a conversation, try to use informal questions in order to involve the
listener and make him interested in what you’re saying.
If you don’t ask questions at all and give only facts to your listener, the situation
threatens to be as follows:
Wife: I bought a new dress.
Husband: Really? That’ nice!
Wife: Jimmy got a good mark at school.
Husband: Really? That’ nice!
Wife: We have new neihbours. A very good family.
Husband: Really? That’ nice!
Wife: Sally Smith is going to get married.
Husband: Really? That’ nice!
Wife: Jack Brown died of heart attack.
Husband: Really? That’ nice!
Wife: …?!!
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3) Choosing the topic of a future conversation, remember that most people like to
talk about themselves. So, ask some questions about your potential interlocutor’s hobbies,
occupation, likes and dislikes. Don’t forget to be correct in order not to spoil the first
impression! It’s rather unpleasant to look like a policeman during some interrogation!
4) There are many types of conversations, but the most widespread are the
information-conversation, the opinion-conversation and the argument-conversation.
- Information-conversations are short dialogues, in which the main intention of the
initiator (the speaker) is asking for some information.
Ex: Excuse me! Where is the nearest post-office here? (What time is it now? How
can I get to the British museum? How much does this dress cost? What are Dr. Brown’s
surgery hours?)
These conversations don’t require much skill but the rules of politeness.
- Opinion-conversations are the dialogues, in which the members of interaction
exchange their opinions.
In such a kind of dialogues the following techniques may be of use:
1) Asking for opinion technique.
In order to know a person’s opinion about something or somebody, you can ask a
direct question, such as:
Ex: What do you think about / of …?
What’s your opinion on / about …?
You can also ask indirectly, addressing to the listener with the following phrases:
Ex: It’s curious to know your opinion about … .
I wonder what you think of … .
I’m eager to know your opinion…
It would be interesting to know what you think …
You can ask for permission to wonder about the opinion before asking for this
opinion:
Ex: May I ask you what you think …?
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You can make a provocative statement in order to make your potential interlocutor
react by expressing opinion. Make this statement evaluative:
Ex: What a beautiful play! Don’t you think so?
Oh! I’ve never seen such a dull play!
2) Expressing your opinion. There are many ways of expressive your opinion.
Usually we do it using assertive + verdictive strategy, as having some definite opinion we
usually believe in its certainty and assert it without doubts; and expressing some opinion
we behave as if we gave a verdict to a thing, a phenomenon or a person (we approve and
disapprove, support and deny, etc.).
In the inner structure of such speech acts the performative formula “I express (have)
an opinion, that…” is situated. So, we can replace this formula with some synonymic
ones:
I state …
I believe …
I suppose …
I think …
I claim …
I assert …
I declare…
I affirm…, etc.
You can express only the informative component of your intention and give a
comment after that:
Ex: This is a wonderful picture. That’s my opinion.
It’s terrible. This is what I think about it.
It leaves much to be desired, if you want to know my opinion.
You can express your opinion only with the informative component:
Ex: I have never read a book more captivating than this one!
It’s not a very good way out of this situation!
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3) Re-asking for opinion. We ask to repeat the interlocutor’s point of view in case
Agreement
Disagreement
Yes. I agree entirely here.
I couldn’t agree more.
You know, that’s exactly what I think.
Yes, that’s true.
That’s my way of looking at it too.
What you say is perfectly true.
It goes without saying that …
I fully agree.
I am of the same opinion.
It stands to reason.
There may be something in what you say
but …
I see your point but …
You don’t seem to realize that …
… but that’s not the point …
Not in the least!
Nonsense!
Rubbish!
Just the other way round!
I shouldn’t say so.
we don’t know how to interpret it or in case we can’t believe our interlocutor has this very
opinion.
Ex: So, you say THIS IS a beautiful picture?
Sorry, but I don’t quite catch your point of view. You think …, don’t you?
Sorry, but I don’t quite see …
Sorry, but I’m not quite clear on …
Do you really think so?
4) Checking understanding. You should make sure of your interlocutor to
understand your idea correctly.
Ex: Is my point of view clear?
Do you see what I mean?
Got that?
5) Agreeing and disagreeing with the opinion of an interlocutor.
There may be different degrees and styles of such agreements or disagreements.
You can agree and disagree mildly or strongly, fully or partly (table 2).
Table 2 – Agreement and disagreement
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