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Файл:Color Theory. Tutorial
.pdf
The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Kazan National Research Technological University
G. Lutfullina, E. Valeeva
COLOR THEOR Y
Tutorial
Kazan
KNRTU Press
2022
UDC 675:535.6(075)
Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board
G. Lutfullina
Color Theory : Tutorial / G. Lutfullina, E. Valeeva; The Ministry of Education
and Science of the Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological
University. – Kazan : KNRTU Press, 2022. – 80 p.
ISBN 978-5-7882-3274-4
Signed in print 29.12.2022
Sheet size 60×84 1/16
Offset paper
Digital print
4.65 conv. pr. sh.
5.0 publ. sh.
Edition 400 copies
Order 251/22
Kazan National Research Technological University Press
Offset laboratory of Kazan National Research Technological University
420015, Kazan, Karl Marx street, 68
ISBN 978-5-7882-3274-4
©
G. Lutfullina, E. Valeeva, 2022
©
Kazan National Research Technological University, 2022
UDC 675:535.6(075)
of the Kazan National Research Technological University
Reviewers:
PhD in Technology, Associate Professor M. Gorbacheva
PhD in Philology, Associate Professor E. Semushina
The tutorial presents the main principles of color and light theory.
The tutorial is intended for practical classes and lectures for training Bachelor’s and
Master’s students majoring in technologies and materials of the leather and fur industry, also
can be used for Doctoral students conducting their research in the field of fur and leather
processing. In addition, it can be used for English Language classes for training students to use
English language terms effectively.
Prepared by the Department of Plasma Technology and Nanotechnology of High Molecular Weight Materials.
Gulnaz Lutfullina, Elvira Valeeva
C O L O R T H E O R Y
Responsible for the publication D. Romanov
Computer layout by A. Yegorov
Гульназ Гусмановна Лутфуллина, Эльвира Энверовна Валеева
Т Е О Р И Я Ц В Е Т А
C O N T E N T S
Introduction ............................................................. 4
1. Light and color ...................................................... 6
2. Color: physical and chemical phenomenon ....................11
3. Light propagation ..................................................19
4. Theory of color sensation .........................................24
5. Principles of color harmony ......................................30
6. Color characteristic measurements .............................42
7. Contrast: construction principles ...............................50
8. Principles of color selection ......................................55
9. Color symbolism ...................................................64
10. Color palettes of the world .....................................75
References ..............................................................79
3
INTRODUCTION
Colors play a great role in human life. People are so used to see
different colors, they do not think about them. However, colors are
everywhere since our childhood. Traditionally, little girls are surrounded by
pink things, and boys are surrounded by blue ones. Colors are symbols of
certain events. The color can make you happy and it can be annoying. We
love some colors and hate others.
People give colors a certain meaning. There is a branch of
Psychology that studies a person's ability to perceive and designate colors. It
is called the psychology of color perception.
It may seem that all people see and perceive colors in the same way.
But this is not right, as each person perceives color in his own way.
The perception of color depends on many factors: cultural, social,
physiological, psychological, etc. For example, if a person feels unwell, he
can be annoyed by shades that others like. When children see a woman in
a white elegant dress, they guess that she is a bride, but a woman in
a completely black outfit evokes sad thoughts about mourning and funerals.
Most likely that these children are from Western culture, since in some
countries of the East white color is associated with mourning.
Color associations are very important for human life. Since the
ancient times, people have known the language of colors. Warriors in their
military garbs tried to scare the enemy. Priests decorated their clothes with
flowers so that people would revere them. Kings were dressed in gold
clothes decorated with precious stones to evoke a sense of admiration from
their peoples. People decorated their houses with colorful mats and bright
things to switch from work to rest and family joys.
Colors have a certain impact on our entire lives. Typically, we
intuitively look for the color we need. If we feel tired in the morning, we
can choose clothes in warm colors: orange, yellow or red. Colors improve
well-being, cheer up, help us to tune in to the working mood, etc. Some
people can choose colors more correctly than others. These are usually
4
women, as men are more closely bound by social boundaries and often
suppress the desire to wear clothes of the desired color.
The choice of colors is often unconscious. We can learn a lot about
each other from our preference of one color or another. According to this
fact, very effective color personality tests have been developed. One of the
most famous tests is the Luscher test.
It is useful to know the main characteristics of colors. They can help
you to correct your own behavior, as well as to create the desired impression
of yourself. For example, if you want to get a job in a big company, you
have to wear a dull formal suit. A person in a bright red suit has little chance
of getting a job in a company where everyone dresses modestly. However,
at a festive party, a girl in a bright red dress will attract much more attention
than a girl in clothes of a dull color.
Marketers use colors to attract customers. For example, in those
cafes, where they want customers to spend less time for food and more
visitors pass through the cafes, bright colors such as yellow and red are used.
At the same time, soft color tones and subdued lights can be found in
restaurants where they are interested in keeping customers longer.
The meaning of colors and their choice play the greatest role in
design of apartments, offices, restaurants, cafes, etc. Using the certain color,
you can influence the perception of the proportions of a room, making it
narrower, wider, lower, and higher. Colors affect people through their
sensations.
Thus, colors play an extremely important role in our life and work.
We usually perceive color without thinking and pay attention to it only when
it is bright. It is very important to know how colors affect people. This study
guide will present you the main principles of color theory.
1. LIGHT AND COLOR
We see objects because they have different colors. This phenomenon
relates to the ability of an object to reflect radiation with certain
wavelengths. Therefore, color is the result of this ability under certain
lighting conditions. In other words, it is an ability of the visual human organ
to define a color resulting from light reflection.
We can see colored objects and cannot see colorless objects which
are invisible to our eyes. For example, the color of snow is white, but
depending on the lighting, snow can have a bluish or yellowish color.
The term “light” refers to electromagnetic radiation or
electromagnetic waves perceived by the human eye. It is also called visible
light. Traditionally, light is related to the wavelengths ranging from
approximately 390 nm to 770 nm. In this wavelength range, the human eye
can distinguish and see different colors.
Light energy
Light waves and other types of waves are distributed during the
energy transfer process. The energy of light waves transferred from light
sources is absorbed by substances. It should be noted that the emission and
absorption of light are not the continuous processes. The light energy is
absorbed by separate portions. They are called quanta. The energy of
a quantas is directly proportional to the oscillation frequency. Therefore, it
is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
Speed of light
Light travels in different transparent media at different speeds.
In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 300,000 km/sec. In the air, light
travels approximately at the same speed. In all other transparent media, the
speed of light is less.
6
A light beam is a stream of photons, i.e. individual portions (quanta)
of electromagnetic energy. The electromagnetic energy E (kJ) is defined by
the Planck equation:
E=η ν, (1)
where η is Planck's constant, ν is the frequency of electromagnetic
oscillations.
Radiant energy
The optical region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
includes:
1) ultraviolet radiation;
2) visible light radiation;
3) infrared radiation.
Ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths from 10 nm to 390 nm is
invisible for the human eye. It is detected mainly by the analysis of its
chemical and physiological effects.
Visible radiation with wavelengths from 390 nm to 770 nm is
perceived by human vision as light.
Invisible infrared radiation with wavelengths from 770 nm to 1 or
2 mm is detected mainly by the study of its photoelectric or thermal effects.
Spectral composition of light
The spectral composition is the distribution of radiation energy over
different wavelengths. The wavelength of the maximum radiation is called
dominant. People can see a certain color according to the spectral
composition of light.
Radiation with a single constant wavelength is called monochromatic
radiation. The color of visible monochromatic radiation is determined by its
7
wavelength. When white light is decomposed into a continuous spectrum by
Color
Wavelengths, nm
Color
Wavelengths, nm
Violet
390–440
Yellow-green
550–575
Blue
440–480
Yellow
575–585
Light-blue
480–510
Orange
585–620
Green
510–550
Red
620–770
a prism, we can see different colors which constantly change one into another.
Table presents the ranges of radiation wavelengths (nm) which
relates to different colors.
Table. Radiation wavelength ranges for different colors
The human eye is the most sensitive to yellow-green radiation with
a wavelength of 555 nm. As the radiation approaches the ends of the visible
spectrum in daylight the eye sensitivity decreases.
Light parameters and their measurement units
sensation of the human eye. The light emitted by an electric lamp in all
directions is the luminous flux. The luminous flux is denoted by the letter F.
The measurement unit of the luminous flux is lumen (lm).
flux. It is determined as the ratio of the luminous flux to the solid angle
within which it emits. The total solid angle at a light source is 4 π
steradians (sr.), i.e. 12.57 sr. The luminous intensity is measured in
candelas (cd). Luminous intensity (Iα) is a value that characterizes the glow
of a source in a certain direction.
the illuminated surface. It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux E to
the surface area S on which it is emitted:
Luminous flux is the power of radiant energy, estimated by the light
The luminous (light) intensity is the spatial density of the luminous
Illumination is the surface area of the luminous flux incident on
8
Е=F/ S. (2)
The unit of illumination is lux (lx). 1 lux is the illumination of
a surface of 1 m2, on which a luminous flux of 1 lm falls evenly.
Surface brightness is the ratio of the light intensity emitted in a given
direction to the projection area of a luminous surface onto a plane
perpendicular to a given direction. For a uniformly bright surface we use
the formula:
В= Iα/S cosα, (3)
where B is the brightness of the surface; Iα is the light intensity in a given
direction; α is the angle between the perpendicular to the surface and the
given direction; S is the area of the luminous surface.
The measurement unit of brightness is candela per square meter
(cd/m2).
Brightness is the only light parameter that the eye perceives directly.
It does not depend on the viewing distance.
LECTURE QUESTIONS
1. What is coloring?
2. What is the color?
3. What is light?
4. What is luminous energy?
5. What is the measurement unit of luminous energy?
6. What is a light beam?
7. What equation do you use to calculate electromagnetic energy?
8. What is monochromatic radiation?
9. How can you determine the color of monochromatic radiation?
10. What emission color is the human eye most sensitive to?
11. What is the luminous flux?
12. What is the measurement unit of luminous flux?
9
13. What is luminous intensity?
electromagnetic oscillation
электромагнитное колебание
electromagnetic radiation
электромагнитное излучение
electromagnetic wave
электромагнитная волна
illumination
яркость, освещение
infrared radiation
инфракрасное излучение
light absorption
поглощение света
light beam
световой луч
light emission
излучение света
light reflection
отражение света
luminous intensity
сила света, интенсивность света
luminous flux
световой поток, сила света
monochromatic radiation
монохромное излучение
oscillation frequency
частота колебаний
quanta
квант
radiation
излучение
spectral composition
спектральный состав
speed of light
скорость света
surface brightness
яркость поверхности
transparent medium
прозрачная среда
ultraviolet radiation
ультрафиолетовое излучение
visible light
видимый диапазон света
wavelength
длина волны
14. What is the measurement unit of luminous intensity?
15. What is illumination?
16. What is surface brightness?
17. What is the measurement unit of surface brightness?
LECTURE VOCABULARY LIST
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