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Файл:Color Theory. Tutorial
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purple. Thus, if you arrange the colors so that the closest in color tone are
next to each other, then they form a circle - a color wheel.
All achromatic colors differ only in the amount of reflected light
(brightness). In this wheel, they are placed in a straight line that starts with
pure white and ends with black, i.e. lack of light. All neutral gray colors are
between these. The lighter the gray, the closer it is to white (figure 5).
Fig. 5. Color cone
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The chromatic color of any tone can vary in brightness and
saturation. The more light an object reflects, the brighter its color. When an
object reflects the minimum amount of light, its color, regardless of the
color tone, approaches dark gray. When it does not reflect light, it appears
black. All color tones appear black in total darkness. Thus, all chromatic
colors are to converge at the point of black. The brighter the illumination of
an object, the more light it reflects, the brighter its color. Therefore, on any
straight line that characterizes a certain color tone, as you move away from
black, brighter colors will be located. Chromatic colors of the same color
tone also differ in saturation: the more saturated the color, the further it is
from neutral gray. This approach allows you to arrange the colors in order
to systematize in the form of a color cone (figure 5).
Achromatic colors are located on the axis of the cone. The cone top
is black. As you move away from the top, the ratio of white and black
changes, i.e. gray colors appear. The greater the distance from the top on
the achromatic axis is, the greater the white content is. As a result, the
achromatic axis will end in white, i.e. complete disappearance of black
color. Straight lines emanating from the top and not coinciding with the axis
characterize chromatic colors. Moreover, as you move away, this straight
line will indicate a more saturated color tone. The most saturated colors
(spectral) are located on the surface of the cone. The brightness changes on
these straight lines. The farther any point on this line from black color,
the brighter it is. Finally, any of these lines ends in white color.
If the cone is crossed at a certain distance from the black point by
a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone, a color circle is formed. In the
center of the circle is a point of neutral gray color. The further this circle is
removed from the top of the cone, the brighter this achromatic point. Along
the radii emanating from the center, chromatic colors are located. The color
saturation increases on the outer circle, where highly saturated colors are
located. The brightness of achromatic colors on a circle is determined by
the distance of this circle from a black point. As this circle moves away from
the black point, the brightness increases.
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Shadows of color cone
Artists and designers use the technique of monochrome costume
composition. The monochrome composition of the costume suggests the
presence of one color tone of varying degrees of lightness and saturation.
Monochrome compositions are based on a monochromatic harmony of colors.
This harmony is called, in another way, the harmony of shadows. These
shadows are built on tone values. Color tones are gradated according to
lightness and saturation. Shadows are mainly created by introducing white and
black paints into the color tone. The shadow scale is called the shadow series.
Shadow series are widely used to achieve and a balance specific color
composition of suits. Monochrome compositions are often used in the design
of business clothes, everyday household suits, wardrobes of the elderly.
Goethe's color wheel
The designation of colors and their names in the color wheel
(figure 6) are:
R is red.
O is orange.
Y is yellow.
G is green.
B is blue.
P is purple.
RO is red-orange.
YG is yellow-green.
BG is blue-green.
BV is blue-violet.
RV is red-violet.
BYR are the main triangle, primary colors.
VOG are inverted triangle (secondary colors, mixed colors of the
first order).
BG, BV, RV, etc. are mixed colors of the second order.
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Fig. 6. Goethe's color wheel
Color combinations play an important role in creating harmonious
compositions. However, they are subject to fashion like the color of
clothing.
The arrangement of colors in a circle relative to each other allows us
to distinguish the following types of combinations:
1. Contrasting combinations. Colors are opposite each other (for
example, V and Y). They are considered mutually complementary and
harmonious.
2. Combinations of colors located at the corners of either the main
or inverted triangle (for example, B and Y) are less harmonious.
3. Combinations of colors located in a circle at an angle of 90˚ (for
selection of combinations in two, three or four colors). For example, BV
and G or YO and G.
4. Nuance (monochrome) combinations (for example, light blue and
blue colors).
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5. Combinations of different objects or plants of the same color (for
example, a bouquet of yellow roses, chrysanthemums, daffodils and tulips).
6. Red, orange, yellow and their shades are perceived by the human
eye as warm: blue and purple - as cold tones. Green has cold and warm
shades. White, black and all shades of gray are known to be achromatic.
The gray tone can be endlessly varied and it is widely used in design.
Chromatic color tones with achromatic ones are most harmonious
in the following combinations:
• warm tones with black;
• cold tones with white.
Ostwald's color wheel
Ostwald's color wheel (figure 7) is used to form harmonious
combinations of two, three, four color tones. When combining colors,
people often face the problem: why some colors create a pleasant
combination with each other, while others do not. The color wheel is used
to solve this problem.
Fig. 7. Ostwald's color wheel
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The color circle allows us to make the necessary combinations. For
example, you want to use an object with a saturated color in the
composition. Another object can be added to the composition to enhance
the feeling of color saturation of the first object.
To enhance the color composition, its individual parts or objects,
you can use the color of background. Gray, black and white backgrounds
often form a pleasing combination, but white objects on a light background
may disappear. Beige colors are lost on a gray background.
Astrologers believe that people are intuitively predisposed to their
color according to the sign of the Zodiac. The colors in the zodiac ring are
arranged in a different order than in the color wheel. Designers are to know
the correspondence of colors and zodiac signs:
• Aries–red;
• Scorpio–purple;
• Taurus–light green;
• Sagittarius–all colors of the rainbow;
• Gemini–all colors of the rainbow;
• Cancer is green;
• Capricorn–white, black, purple;
• Leo–orange, yellow, white;
• Aquarius–purple;
• Virgo–blue;
• Pisces–blue-green;
• Libra–dark green.
It is assumed that people should feel most comfortable in the color
corresponding to their zodiac sign.
Color harmony
Coloration is a system of color combination that creates a harmony
within one composition. Obviously, not any combination of colors provides
a harmonious composition.
The theory of color harmony is usually used to search for a coloristic
solution. This theory is based on the circle of Shugaev.
There are four groups of color harmonic combinations:
• monotone harmony;
• harmony of related colors;
• harmony of related-contrasting colors;
• harmony of contrasting colors.
1) Monotone color combinations
These combinations are also called shadow series harmonies. They
are based on one color tone, which is present in one quantity or another in
each of the combined colors. Colors in such compositions differ only in
lightness and saturation. Achromatic colors are often used in these
combinations.
The overall coloration of monotone harmony has a calm, balanced
character. If you want to create calm composition, you need to distribute
the areas of all colors approximately equally. Such coloration is defined as
nuanced. Here the contrast of dark and light is also possible.
A combination of monotone colors is often used to harmonize the
coloration of a costume composition.
2) Harmonious combinations of related colors
Related colors are colors located in one quarter of the color wheel
between the two primary colors. Such combinations are also not particularly
difficult. There are four groups of related colors in Shugaev color circle:
yellow-red (orange), red-blue (violet), blue-green, and yellow-green.
The harmony of related colors is based on the presence of the same
primary colors. Combinations of related colors represent a calm color range,
created on the principle of nuance.
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The introduction of achromatic colors allows us to avoid some color
monotony, which leads to darkening or lightening of colors. In addition, this
introduces light contrast into the composition, which enhances its emotional
expressiveness.
3) Harmonious combinations of related-contrasting colors
The most common and rich in terms of coloristic possibilities are
the harmonies of related-contrasting colors. Related-contrasting colors are
located in adjacent quarters of the color wheel. Not all combinations of such
colors provide harmony.
Artistic practice has shown that related-contrasting colors, even in
their pure form, without additions of achromatic colors to them, are in
harmony with each other if the amount of the primary color that unites them
and the number of contrasting primary colors in them are the same.
The successful combinations of two, three and four related-
contrasting colors are:
• Two colors which are located at the ends of strictly vertical
or horizontal chords of the color wheel. These colors are
equally distant from both the common main color and the
contrasting main colors (figure 8a).
• Three colors which are located at the vertices of an obtuse
triangle, in which the vertex of the obtuse angle is the main
color, and the opposite side is a strictly vertical or horizontal
chord (figure 8b).
• Three colors which are located at the vertices of a rightangled triangle, in which the hypotenuse is the diameter of
the color wheel, and the legs are vertical and horizontal
chords (figure 8c).
• Three colors which are located at the vertices of an
equilateral triangle, in which one of the vertices is the main
color, and the opposite side is a vertical or horizontal chord.
There are only four such triangles in the color wheel
according to the number of primary colors (figure 8d).
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• Four colors which are located at the vertices of a rectangle
or square, all sides of which are vertical or horizontal chords
(figure 8e).
Harmonious combinations of related-contrasting colors are
significantly enriched when achromatic or colors from their shadow series
are added to them.
a b
c d
e f
Fig. 8. Harmonious combinations of colors: a, b, c, d, e are related-contrasting
colors; f is contrasting colors
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4) Harmonious combinations of contrasting colors
Contrasting colors are colors that are in opposite quarters of
the color wheel. For example, all red-yellow (orange) colors are contrasting
with blue-green ones.
Two colors located at the ends of the diameter, i.e. the most distant
from each other are called high-contrast colors (figure 8e). Such pairs of
colors make up harmonic combinations. They are absolutely different.
Therefore, their combination increases the sound of each other.
The combination of a pair of high-contrast colors can be enriched by
introducing colors from their shadow or achromatic series.
The question of the color harmony cannot be considered inisolation
from the aesthetic views that have developed in a particular historical era.
Over time, human ideas about beauty change. However, the theory of color
harmony is objective and can be adopted by both experienced and novice
artists.
At the same time, in artistic practice, when assessing
the compatibility of colors, the most important criterion is the emotional
expressiveness, which can evoke our sensory experiences.
LECTURE QUESTIONS
1. Who was the first to systematize colors?
2. What color system did Shugaev develop?
3. What is the dependence of the brightness of the color of an object
on its ability to reflect light?
4. How does the light reflection change in a cone from white to black
color?
5. What groups of color harmonic combinations do you know?
6. What are contrasting colors?
7. What are the names of two colors located at the ends of the diameter
of the color wheel?
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