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Файл:Aircraft Maintenance. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 2. FUEL
potable water – питьевая вода
galleys
lavatories
passenger
отделение
пассажиров, салон пассажиров
water
aft
cargo
грузовой отсек
service
эксплуатационный
щиток
ground
наземная сервисная
тележка
pneumatic
пневмопровод
faucet
transmitter – датчик
valve
adjacent
fill
шту-
цер
overflow
отверстие
control
handle
shroud
drain
wash
drain
electric
электрический
нагреватель воды
7. The checklist … be performed before engine start.
8. Channel 1 …replace Channel 2.
9. You … special tooling for the test.
10. The crack … be stopped immediately.
11. The FAA regulations …be respected.
12. The green hydraulic system …pressurize all the users.
13. The network … a 27 VDC supply.
14. Skydrol … bum or cause corrosion.
15. The circuit breaker …be safetied before beginning work.
16. The engines …provide 52 tonnes of thrust.
17. We … 8,000 liters of fuel.
18. The tank … contain 25,000 liters.
19. It … snow in Chicago in January.
20. If necessary, the aircraft …fly on one engine.
21. The safety pin …be removed before flight.
22. When the APU is inoperative, the crew … the GPU.
23. The unit …be replaced, but it is not mandatory.
24. A failure on a no-go item … be repaired.
25. You …use a mask when you cut composite materials.
TEXT B. WATER & WASTE
Vocabulary
– бортовая кухня
– санузлы
compartment –
tank – бачок для воды
– хвостовая часть, корма
compartment –
panels –
cart –
manifold –
– кран
– клапан
– расположенный рядом
connection – заправочный
outlet – сливное
rod – тяга управления
– ручка управления
– защитный кожух
– вытекание
basin – умывальник
mast – сливной патрубок
water heater –
31
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
The water system supplies potable water to the galleys and lavatories. The waste
system provides a means of storing wastes in toilet tanks and removing the
wastes during servicing . The water and waste facilities include galleys and lavatories which are located in the passenge r compartment. The water tank is located
aft of the aft cargo compartment. The service panels are located on the exterior
skin of the fuselage.
Purpose of the water system is to supply water to the galleys and lavatories for
use by the passengers and crew.
The water system consists of:
- a filling system for the tank through an external service panel,
- a water tank with a quantity indicating system, for storing the water,
32
UNIT 2. FUEL
- an air pressure system to force the water from the tank,
- and distribution lines to deliver the water to the galleys and lavatories.
Tank and Distribution
The tank is filled from a ground cart through an external service panel, and pressurized from the pneumatic manifold. When pressurized, water is forced from
the tank through distribution lines to the galleys and lavatories. In the lavatories,
some water is diverted through an elect ric water heater to the hot water faucet.
The rest of the water goes to the cold water faucet. A fil ter on the cold water lin e
is optional. A tank quantity transmitter signals the quantity to the indicator located in the aft galley area. An external indicator, on the service panel, is optional.
The tank and distribution lines can be drain ed through valv es located adjacen t to
the tank and in the lavatories.
Filling the Tank
Water is supplied to the system from a se rvice car t. A water se rvice pan el on the
left side of the airplane is used for filling the tank. The service panel contains a
fill connection and an overflo w outlet. These units are connected wit h tubing to
the fill and overflow valve, which has a control rod and handle that protrudes
33
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
water system
it forces the water from the tank
tank quantity
transmitter
it has a quantity indicating system and stores
the water
water service panel
it stores wastes in toilet tanks and removes the wastes
air pressure system
it is used for filling the tank
distribution lines
it supplies potable water to the galleys and lavatories
waste system
they deliver the water to the galleys and lavatories
water tank
it signals the quantity to the indicator in the aft galley
area
aluminum shroud
it prevents water from dripping onto the ceiling panel
through the service panel. An ai r line, connected to the top of the tank, terminates in the service panel at a valve that may be used to pressurize the system.
The tank drain valve control handle is accessible from the service panel.
Distribution to Galleys and Lavatories
The water supply line is routed from the tank to th e aft passenger cabin ceiling
area. From there, it is routed above the ceiling panels to the forward end of the
passenger cabin through flexible tubing enclosed in an aluminum shroud. The
shroud prevents water from dripping onto the ceiling panel if a leak should occur. The shroud will conduct leaking water to the lower fuselage area where it
can drain out the fuselage drains. Supply lines go from the main distribution line
to the lavatories and the galleys. Galley supply is through disconnect fittings located in the ceiling above each galley. Lavato ry supply is routed inside the lavatory walls to the area under the wash basin counter. It divides to supply:
• Cold water faucet
• Hot water faucet -water passes through a water heater and then to the hot
water faucet.
Cold and hot water can be mixed by a mixing valve and will come to a single
faucet. That is optional. A drain valve is install ed in the lines under the counter.
Waste water from the wash basin drains either into the toil et tank or overboard
through an optional drain mast. An indicator in the aft galley area monitors water
quantity in tank and provide means for checking tank quantity.
Exercise 1. Match the term with its definition. Find the sentences in the text
and translate them into Russian.
34
UNIT 2. FUEL
lavatory compartment muffler vented faucet plumbing mast ceiling
overboard tank
Exercise 2. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. Correct
the false ones.
1. The water and waste facilities include galleys and lavatories which are located in the aft cargo compartment.
2. The water waste system consists of a filling system for the tank, a water
tank, an air pressure system and distribution lines.
3. The tank is filled from a ground cart through an external service panel, and
pressurized from the pneumatic manifold.
4. Water is diverted through an electric water heater to the hot water and cold
water faucets in the lavatories.
5. The tank and distribution lines can be drained through valves located adjacent to the tank and in the lavatories.
6. The service panel contains a fil l connection and an over flow outlet and is
situated on the right side of the airplane.
7. The tank drain valve control handle is accessible from the service panel.
8. The water supply line is routed to the aft passenger cabin ceiling area, then
to the forward end of the passenger cabin.
9. In case of leak the shroud prevents water from dripping onto the ceiling
panel and conducts it to the lower fuselage area.
10. Lavatory supply under the wash basin counter divides to supply cold water
faucet and hot water faucet.
11. Waste water from the wash basin drains overboard through an optional
drain mast.
Exercise 3. Read the texts and match them with the headings. Then complete them with the words from the box. Translate the texts.
WATER TANK DRAIN COMPONENTS
WATER HEATER
WATER TANK QUANTITY INDICATION SYSTEM
WATER TANK AIR PRESSURIZATION
SINK CABINET COMPONENTS
II
The water supply line enters from the (1) and is routed to the (2) under the sink.
The supply divides with one line routed to the cold water (3) and the other line to
the water heater and hot water faucet. Each (4) has a drain valve for draining the
35
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
counter approximately door tank capacity faucet light pressure
fuselage valve self-venting heater line panel overboard lavatory handle
magnets aft level float switches quantity button lights optional indicator
transmitter access
lavatory (5). The drain valve has 3 positions: OFF, DRAIN, ON. In the ON position (normal position), the water is supplied to t he faucets. In the OFF pos ition,
all lines are closed. In the DRAIN position, all lines are open to allow water to
drain (6). The system is (7) through self-venting faucets. Waste water from the
wash basin drains either into the toi let (8) or overboard through a drain (9). The
toilet and lavatory are vented through a (10).
II
It is installed under each lavatory (1) in the supply line to the hot water (2). The
heater is accessible through the (3) under the sink. The heater (4) is one and onehalf quarts. Water is heated by a 400-watt heater consisting of heater elements in
the heater (5). A control switch, an indicator (6) and an overheat switch are
mounted on the outside wall of the heater tank. Normally, the control switch
should be ON and the light illuminated. A (7) reli ef valv e in the side of the water
heater tank relieves at (8) 140 psi.
III
A two-position drain (1), CLOSED or OPEN, is located below the tank. The
control (2) for the valve is in the water service (3). In the OPEN position, water
in the tank and main distribution (4) will drain through an opening in the lower
(5). The lavatory distribution lines are drained through the three -p osition Potable
Water Supply & Drain Shutoff Valve in the lavatories. These valves function as
follows: ON (Supply). Normal - water from the main distribution line passes
through to the (6) and the cold water faucet. DRAIN - drains water from the
(7) lines and main distribution line in the cabin ceiling area (8). OFF - shuts off
water supply from the main distribution line to the lavatory. The lavatory faucets
are (9).
IV
The tank is installed aft of the (1) cargo compartment. A probe-type quantity (2)
is installed through the top of the tank. An (3) is located in the aft galley area. An
external indicator on the service panel is (4). A door in the end of the tank provides access to the quantity transmitter. (5) to the tank is through the aft cargo
36
UNIT 2. FUEL
manifold service overpressurization gall ey s m ainte na nce pn eum a tic pressurization valve lavatories
subject
verb
object
means
purpose
The hot air
supplies
the slats
through the mani-
fold
for leading edge
de-icing.
subject
verb
agent
means
purpose
The slats
are sup-
plied
with hot
air
through the mani-
fold
for leading edge de-icing.
compartment. The indicator has five (6) which illuminate to indicate water (7)
when a (8) on the indicator is pressed. A (9) installed around the probe will follow the water (10). Inside the float are three (11). Inside the probe are reed (12).
As the float moves, the magnets will close the associated reed switch.
V
The purpose of this system is to force the water from the tank through the distribution lines to the (1) and (2). Its components are located above the water tank.
The (3) connection is opposite the left turbofan valve connection to the APU
duct in the keel beam. The external connection is on the (4) panel. The pneumatic (5) supplies bleed air from engine number one, engine number two, and the
APU. A pressure relief valve prevents (6) of the tank. The valve opens at 50 ±2
psig and will reset at 37 ±2 psig. Normal water tank and system (7) is from en-
gine number one or from the pneumatic manifold. During (8), the tank may be
pressurized by connecting an air pressure source to the air (9) on the water service panel.
Exercise 4. Active – Passive.
Look at basic sentence structures:
But in the Description and Operation sections of many documents the passive is
much used. The object and subject are inverted and the past participle of the verb
is used with the verb to be:
Passive sentences are impersonal. There is no mention of the person who does
the action. Only the acti on or function is indicated:
The mechanic checks the oil level (active). - The oil level is checked (passive).
37
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
word
example
by (the agent, the “doer”)
moved by the servo
with (the substance)
supplied with air
from (the origin)
controlled from the flight deck
to (the objective)
advanced to increase thrust
to (movement, connection)
attached to the bulkhead
The crew sets the cabin altitude (active). - The cabin altitude is set (passive).
The PASSIVE is also used with can, must, shall, may, need, should, could, etc.
The gear doors can be opened from the ground.
The circuit must be connected to the bus.
The flight controls shall be cycled before take-off.
Both wheels need not be changed if the damage to the tire is not serious.
The oil level should be replenished after each flight.
The aircraft could be towed from the main gear.
Here are some more examples of active sentences and the equivalent passive
forms:
Trim Indicators provide indication of stabilizer position.
Indication of stabilizer position is provided by trim indicators.
Stabilizer position is indicated by trim indicators.
You must operate the Aileron Trim switches together.
The Aileron Trim switches must be operated together.
Secure the panel.
The panel must be secured.
A target operates the proximity sensor.
The proximity sensor is operated by a target.
The passive verb can be followed by:
Exercise 5. Active – Passive. Transform the active sentences (marked A) into
passive ones and the passive sentences (marked P) into active ones. Translate the sentences. The words in brackets ( ) are not necessary in the passive.
Look at the examples:
The fuel flow controls the acceleration of the turbine rotor. (A) - The acceleration of the turbine rotor is controlled by the fuel flow.
38
UNIT 2. FUEL
The elevator control quadrant is connected to the elevator power control by a linkage. (P) - A linkage connects the elevator control quadrant to the elevator power control.
1. Fan air flow is controlled by the Fan Air Valve. (P)
2. (A wire) connects the unit to the ground. (A)
3. (The engineer) must inspect the air intakes for any damage. (A)
4. The control cables are activated by the outboard control valve quadrant.
(P)
5. (The pilot) may display the weather image on the ND. (A)
6. The panel is maintained in place with t hree screws. (P)
7. (You) must set the master switch to OFF (A)
8. (A device) monitors voltage and frequency. (A)
9. The servos are powered by three hydraulic systems. (P)
10. A stop limits drum travel. (A)
11. The EPR activates the take-off warning horn. (A)
12. The light is illuminated by an overtemperature. (P)
13. (You) can adjust the rudder pedals with a screw. (A)
14. The system is re-aligned by the RESET push-button. (P)
15. (The pilot) can rotate the trim wheel 3 turns in either direction. (A)
16. (The system) provides air leak detection on the hot air ducts. (A)
17. Smoke is detected by an optical sensor. (P)
18. (You) must safety and placard the thrust levers. (A)
19. Static electricity is transmitted by bonding jumpers. (P)
20. The C/B must be safetied. (P)
Exercise 6. Read how to skim a text and try to do the task.
Skimming a text is a fast reading technique to look for main ideas in a text.
Skimming is used to obtain the gist (the overall sense) of a text.
Do the following tasks:
- read the title, subtitles and subheading to find out what the text is about;
- look at the illustrations to give you further information about the topic;
- read the first and last sentence of each paragraph;
- don't read every word or every sentence; let your eyes skim ov er the text,
taking in key words;
- continue to think ab out the meaning of the text.
39
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
FLYING A MANUAL GO-AROUND
Flying a Go-Around places special demands on the pilots, especial ly wh en
the Go-Around is unexpected. This article deals with the underlying technique
for flying a manual Go-Around.
Airmanship Overview
The following general points are aimed at Multi Crew operation but they
also serve as good reminders of the self-discipline req uired if operating single
pilot.
Briefing – The key building block for flying a successful Go-Around is a
good briefing. This should cover normal Go-Around and how a Go-Around
above Decision Altitude and/ or Acceleration Altitude might be handled. This
could usefully be revised at a quiet moment during the approach so that actions
are clear in everyone’s mind, should they be needed.
Complacency – It is tempting in goo d weather, particularly on last sector
into home base not to bother with detailed thinking about a Go-Around. There
have been several potentially serious incidents caused by such complacency. A
Go-Around can be triggered at any time. The more unexpected and more unprepared crew members are, the more likely that serious error will occur. Research
indicates that those who make use of mental rehearsals of possible actions make
fewer errors than those who don’t.
Priorities – It is important in a Go -Around that crew members deal with
the primary flight task first and secondary tasks afterwards. The priority is to get
the aircraft climbing away from the ground at an appropriate attitude, in the right
configuration, at the right speed with appropriate power set. It is always surprising to watch crews carrying out a Go-Around make an R/T call during the manoeuvre and arrive at Acceleration Altitude with the wrong configuration/ speed/
power.
Standard Procedures – using Standard Operating Procedures and Call-Outs
can help trigger all the appropriate actions. It is easy to use non-standard calls
and discover later that some i mportant triggers for flap and gear retraction have
been missed. It al so needs car eful thought when carrying out a Go -Around from
an unfamiliar position such as above D. Alt or Acceleration Altitude that Standard Calls such as 'Go-Around - Flap xx' do not trigger an inappropriate flap
movement if the flaps are not in the landing setting.
Missed Approach Altitude - It is important to consider the Missed Approach Altitude when discussing how to handle a Go-Around. A low Missed
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