Age endocrinology. Study aid for students of medical universities

federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education

“Samara State Medical University” Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Department of Endocrinology and Geriatrics

Moscow

IPR Media

S.V. Bulgakova, E.V. Treneva, D.P. Kurmaev [et al.] ; Samara State Medical University. — Moscow : IPR Media, 2025. — 136 p. — Text : electronic.

The study aid is intended for students of medical universities and has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the current Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education of a specialist in the specialty “General Medicine” and the work program of the discipline “Gerontology and Geriatrics”, approved by the Central Committee of the Samara State Medical University.

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Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 6

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 7

5.1. Clinical manifestations of adrenal aging .......................................................... 41

5.2. Adrenal aging, brain function, stress response................................................. 42

6. Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: change with age ............................................ 45

6.1 Sex hormones and cognition: is there an impact? ............................................. 47

6.2 Changes in sex hormones and cognitive functions throughout life:

prenatal period, puberty, reproductive age .............................................................. 48

6.3. Changes in sex hormones and cognition throughout life:

postmenopause, aging ............................................................................................. 51

6.4 Sex hormones and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease .......................... 53

6.5. Sex hormones in the treatment of cognitive impairment: is it possible? ......... 54

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10.5. Insulin resistance, cerebral vasculopathy and neuroinflammation ................ 83

10.6. The polypatent role of GLP-1 ........................................................................ 85

10.7. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents

in T2DM-associated cognitive impairment ............................................................. 85

11.1. Sleep duration ................................................................................................. 98

11.2. Age-related changes in circadian rhythms ................................................... 102

11.3. Hormones, aging, epigenetic factors and sleep ............................................ 103

11.4. Risk Factors for sleep disorders in the elderly ............................................. 106

12. Vitamin D hypovitaminosis ................................................................................ 108

12.1. Vitamin D and muscle tissue ........................................................................ 108

12.2. Vitamin D and cognitive functions .............................................................. 111

13. Betacoronaviruses and the human endocrine system: new data ......................... 113

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ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone AD — Alzheimer's disease AV — arginine vasopressin BMD — bone density CAH — congenital adrenal hyperplasia cAMP — Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CRH — corticotropin-releasing hormone DHEA — dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA-S — dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHT — dihydrotestosterone EDS — Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ERT — estrogen therapy FSH — follicle stimulating hormone GRH — gonadotropin releasing hormone HPA — hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal glands HPG — hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads IGF-1 — insulin-like growth factor-1 LH — luteinizing hormone LPS — lipopolysaccharide MHT — Menopausal Hormone Therapy PCOS — polycystic ovary syndrome PD — Parkinson's disease PNH — paraventricular t nuclei of the hypothalamus PRL — prolactin PTH — parathyroid hormone ROS — reactive oxygen species SCN — suprachiasmatic nucleus SHBG — sex hormone binding globulin STH — somatotropic hormone T2DM — type 2 diabetes mellitus TST — total sleep time TTH — thyroid stimulating hormone

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Human aging is a multifactorial and multicomponent process, characterized by

structural and functional changes in almost all organs and systems. Age-related restructuring also applies to the endocrine system. The endocrine theory of aging, which has worried the minds of scientists for a long time, is still relevant and not fully understood. With an increase in chronological age, structural and functional changes occur both in the endocrine organs (thyroid gland, adrenal glands) and in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral hormonal organ axis with a violation of negative feedback. In addition, the composition of the body changes (the amount of muscle mass decreases, an increase in fat with a predominance of visceral fat is noted), bone density decreases, the quality of bone tissue is impaired, and calcium-phosphorus metabolism changes. The effects of aging are difficult to separate from the influence of internal and external factors on the endocrine system, which also cause changes in it. Traditionally, during the aging process, a decrease in hormonal activity was considered harmful due to the associated decline in bodily functions. The concept of hormone replacement therapy has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention to stop and reverse this decline. However, it is clear that some of these changes are a favorable adaptation to aging, while hormonal intervention often causes various side effects. This work is devoted to the analysis of changes in the aging process of the axes of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral hormonal organ, calcium-phosphorus, carbohydrate metabolism, assessment of the pros and cons of hormone replacement therapy to correct various deficiencies.

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