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Файл:Учебно-методическое пособие по чтению английской специальной литературы
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forms a crust. The crust easily becomes brown. The starch grains inside the loaf do not get so
hot, they take up the water from mixing and remain soft.
So now we know why there are holes in our bread.
Words
go over – изучать детально
flour – мука
dough – тесто
sticky – липкий, клейкий
next – потом, затем, после
oven – печь
gluten – клейковина
expand – расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся) (в объёме)
crust – корка
gluey – клейкий
glue – склеивать
take up – впитывать влагу
Why Does Milk Boil Over? When any liquid boils, parts of it are changed into a hot gas.
This is much lighter than the liquid in which it is formed. It rises to the top as a bubble, and the
bubble bursts giving off the gas into the air.
the liquid unbroken until it reaches the top
102
When a bubble formed at the bottom rises through
103
and bursts there, we say that the liquid is boiling.
In the case of water, which is all made of one thing, there is nothing to prevent the bubble from
reaching the top of the boiling water
104
there. So, though the surface is raised everywhere for a
moment by bubbles which have half freed themselves, the water does not usually boils over. But
milk is a mixture of many different things, some of which can boil and some cannot. What really
boils in the milk is the water,
105
which makes up the greater part of it.
At least one of the things in the milk turns solid and forms a skin on the top of the heated milk.
This skin is made of one of the valuable proteins of milk, and it is great waste not to eat it.
106
When the bubbles of water-gas reach the surface, they find themselves imprisoned by the skin and
lift it up,
107
as hot air lifts a toy balloon. Then we say the milk boils over. If we stir it carefully, we
may prevent this.
Words
bubble – пузырёк воздуха или газа (в жидкости)
boil – перекипать, уходить через край
raise – поднимать
free – освобождать
make up – составлять, создавать
imprison – заточать
102
Giving off the gas into the air – и газ выходит наружу
103
When a bubble formed at the bottom rises through the liquid unbroken until it reaches the top – Когда пузырек
достигает самой поверхности
104
There is nothing to prevent the bubble from reaching the top of the boiling water – ничто не мешает пузырьку
достичь поверхности
105
What really boils in the milk is the water – В действительности, в молоке кипит вода
106
And it is great waste not to eat it – зд. жаль, если она пропадет
107
They find themselves imprisoned by the skin and lift it up – пенка мешает им, и они поднимают ее
91
How Wool Is Made. Wool manufacturing is a process that takes up much time and work.
After shearing on a sheep-farm the fleeces are sorted out. One and the same fleece has
wools of different qualities, the harsher ones coming from round the neck of the sheep.
At the mill a fleece is cut into smaller pieces, each grade going into a separate bin.
108
109
Next the grease and dirt are washed away. After that the fleeces are dipped in sulphuric acid and then dried at a very high temperature. This is done to rid the fleeces of the burs. Becoming
brittle they break easily and are then shaken out as dust.
Acid and other chemicals are added to the greasy water to separate the grease out. The
grease is used in the production of creams, polishes, soap, etc.
Next the wool is sprayed with oil. This is done to hold it together and to reduce the friction
and static electricity when the wool passes over the machinery.
Then it passes over a series of rollers with fine metal teeth which tangle and straighten the
wool fibres in turn, the finer teethed rollers being used at the end of the process.
110
Thus a soft,
gauzy, sheet of wool is made. This process is called carding the wool.
Then the wool passes between long leather strips, which pull out the fibres and roll them
into a loose rope of wool ready for spinning on a machine called a mule. The mule draws out and
twists the rope several times, before it is wound on a bobbin.
The bobbins are set up on the weaving looms. One set of threads, called the warp, goes
from end to end of the loom. Another set of threads, called the weft, goes in and out of the warp
threads with the help of a special long bar with teeth called a shuttle.
This is how we get the wool for our clothes.
Words
take up – занимать
shear – стричь
fleece – настриг с овцы, ворс, начёс
sort out – распределять по сортам, рассортировывать
mill – фабрика
bin – бункер
grease – жир
dip – окунать
sulphuric – серный
bur – колючка
brittle – хрупкий, ломкий
shake (shook, shaken) – вытряхивать
greasy – жирный
polish – лак, вещество для чистки
spray – обрызгивать, опрыскивать
machinery – машинное оборудование
roll – вал
fine – острый
tangle – запутывать (ся)
straigthen – выпрямлять
108
The harsher ones coming from round the neck of the sheep – более грубые сорта шерсти получают с настрига
вокруг шеи овцы
109
Each grade going into a separate bin – для каждого сорта есть отдельный бункер
110
, the finer teethed rollers being used at the end of the process – самые тонкие зубья используются в конце
этого процесса
92
in turn – по очереди
sheet – широкая полоса
loose – свободный, нетугой, слабый
rope – нитка
Spinning-machine – машина для прядения
mule – мюль–машина
bobbin – бобина, катушка
draw – тянуть, притягивать, вытягивать
twist – крутить, скручивать
wind (wound) – наматывать (ся), обматывать
weaving – ткачество
loom – ткацкий станок
warp [ wɔ:p] – основа ткани
weft – утóк
bar – брусок
shuttle – челнок
Cotton Production. The fruit of the cotton plant is called the boll. When bolls are picked
the seeds are separated from the cotton fibres. Cotton oil made from the seeds is used for salad
cream and in the production of soap. The fuzz round the seeds is used in the production of rayon.
(It is rich in cellulose, which is the basis of rayon.)
The cotton is taken to cotton mills, where several machines pull at the tangles in the fibres.
Strong currents of air pull away dirt and pieces of seed until the cotton looks like a filmy fleece.
The fibres are next separated on the rollers of a carding machine and then they pass through
thin tubes to form flat ribbons or slivers. The slivers go into a drawing frame, where they are put
evenly side by side with several hundred of them made into one fat sliver. This fat sliver is drawn out
through rollers to make a fine strong thread. The thread is then wound on a bobbin. Two threads are
twisted together on a spinning-machine and wound into spools ready for weaving.
Weaving cotton is more difficult than weaving wool, for the threads are much thinner. But
the principle is the same. The warp threads are threaded up through bobbins on a special frame
while the weft threads are woven through at right angles to the warp threads.
111
The cloth is then passed on to be bleached, dyed or painted. Before bleaching it passes
through red-hot copper plates to single the fluffy fibres off the surface.
112
Then the cloth is
placed in a chlorine bath which makes it white. After that it is washed thoroughly. Next it may
be placed in a bath of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) to get a sheen. Finally it goes to be dyed
or printed with ink dyes between very big rollers.
113
That is how cotton is made.
Words
fruit – плод
boll – семенная коробочка
fuzz – пух
111
At right angles to the warp threads – под прямым углом к основе
112
To single the fluffy fibres off the surface – зд. Чтобы сделать ткань гладкой
113
Finally it goes to be dyed or printed with ink dyes between very big rollers – Наконец, он поступает на
большие ролики, где его делают однотонным или набивным.
93
rayon – искусственный шёлк, вискоза
cellulose – целлюлоза
mill – фабрика, мельница
tangle – узел, спутанный клубок
current – тон, течение
filmy – тонкий, как паутина
roller – вращающийся цилиндр, ролик, вал
carding–machine – чесальная машина
tube – трубка
ribbon – лента, узкая полоска
sliver – прядь (шерсть)
drawing frame – натяжная рама
fine – тонкий
twist – крутить, скручивать
spinning–machine – машина для прядения
spool – шпулька, катушка
weaving – ткачество
warp – основа (ткани)
thread – продевать нитку
frame – рама
weave (wove, woven) – ткать
right – правый,прямой (угол)
cloth – ткань
pass on – проходить дальше
bleach – обесцвечивать
dye – окрашивать, краситель
paint – набивать рисунок, рисовать, красить
fluffy – пушистый
single – выбирать, отбирать
chlorine – хлор
hydroxide – водная окись
sheen – блеск
Do You Know What You Was With? Soap has a very long history dating back to the
Babilonian Empire.
114
The chief ingredients of soap are: coconut oil, palm oil and tallow, a by-product of the fro-
zen and canned meat trade.
115
Sometimes oil from cotton seeds and soya beans is used. Resin
from certain sorts of pine–trees goes into household soaps.
The oils are mixed together in the right proportion according to the type of soap to be
made. Caustic acids are added to separate the fat from the glycerine in the oil. (Sodium hydroxide is used for household soaps. Potassium hydroxide is added for soft toilet soaps.)
The mixture is pumped into a large tank, through which pass steam pipes with holes in
them. The steam pours out of the holes into the soap mixture. At the end of the process all the
114
Dating back to the Babilonian Empire – которая восходит к временам Вавилонской империи
115
A by-product of the frozen and canned meat trade – побочный продукт (отходы) мясоконсервной
промышленности
94
caustic substances get mixed with the fatty acids to make the soap, and the glycerine floats off
free. Salt is added to the mixture to remove the glycerine.
Then the pumping of steam stops and the whole mixture is left to cool and settle, while the
glycerine in the salty water is drawn through the tap at the bottom of the tank.
116
After this it is
washed and purified and used as medical glycerine. As the glycerine does not come off from the
soap mixture at once, the soap mixture is washed several times in strong and weak salty water,
with the pure soap coming to the top, and salt, and dirt running off from the bottom.
117
After standing for two or three days the soap, still warm, goes to another machine. There
perfume is added while the soap cools. The soap goes into a large frame where it gets solid. Next
it is cut into blocks, stamped and placed to get hard before it goes to the shop.
Toilet soaps take purer oils. They get more perfume and colouring. Their technology is
more complicated.
Words
coco-nut – кокосовый орех
tallow – жир
resin – смола
household – домашнее хозяйство
caustic – каустический, едкий
soft – мягкий
pump – насос, работать насосом, качать
pipe – труба
pour – наливать
pour out – выливать
settle – осаждаться
tap – кран
come off – сходить, облезать, отмирать
perfume – запах, аромат, ароматические вещества
frame – рама
stamp – штамповать
116
Is drawn through the tap at the bottom of the tank – вытекает через отверстие в дне бака
117
The pure soap coming to the top, and salt, and dirt running off from the bottom – зд. При этом чистое мыло
всплывает, а соль и грязь вытекают через отверстие в дне (бака)
95
Примерные тестовые задания
Задание 1.
Заполните пропуск:
There are some fundamental facts in human nutrition and one of them is the need of _______.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Milk
Sugar
Medicine
Pills
Задание 2.
Заполните пропуск:
There are several possibilities of ______ the population with milk.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Feeding
Breeding
Selling
Promoting
Задание 3.
Заполните пропуск:
There are manifold milk conservation projects for the establishment of a _______ industry.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Dairy
Milk
Meat
Butter
Задание 4.
Заполните пропуск:
The Brasilian has the habit of _______ milk in the form of very hot coffee and milk.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Consuming
Making
Purchasing
Selling
Задание 5.
Заполните пропуск:
Subsidiary to the ______ of butter is casein.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Production
Selling
Purchasing
Promotion
96
Задание 6.
Заполните пропуск:
Production of _______ milk is connected with powdered milk production.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Fatty
Boiled
Cheap
Condensed
Задание 7.
Заполните пропуск:
The ______ industries represent a growing market for casein usually in the form of sodium casein.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Food
Breed
Milk
Corn
Задание 8.
Заполните пропуск:
The higher recovery of the milk ______is desirable for nutritional and economic reasons.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Salts
Proteins
Particles
Molecules
Задание 9.
Заполните пропуск:
In the course of the production of milk ______ it is essential to control moisture content in the
finished product.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Content
Bacteria
Powder
Proteins
Задание 10.
Заполните пропуск:
Milk _____ started in the limited amount on a national scale early in 1920.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Promotion
Merchandising
Production
Selling
97
Задание 11.
Заполните пропуск:
The soft unripened ______ is made from skim milk using lactic acid bacteria.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Cheese
Bread
Butter
Cream
Задание 12.
Заполните пропуск:
Flavor, aroma, body, texture and appearance of cheese vary widely among market ______.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Samples
Things
Consumers
Plans
Задание 13.
Заполните пропуск:
______ cheese is the most perishable of all common cheeses.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Cottage
Milk
Yogurt
Butter
Задание 14.
Заполните пропуск:
The cheese is usually labeled «rasterized» because ______ treatment (65 to 71ºC) is sufficient to
kill pathogens.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Salt
Water
Hot
Heat
Задание 15.
Заполните пропуск:
The ______, or holes, typical of Swiss-types cheeses result from a secondary fermentation.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Eyes
Ears
Hoses
Mouths
98
Задание 16.
Заполните пропуск:
The chesse-making ______ consists of removing the major part of the water contained in fresh
fluid milk.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Process
Purchase
Target
Share
Задание 17.
Заполните пропуск:
Marketing ______ can be either short-term (one year) or long–term (three to five years).
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Plan
Object
Target
Customer
Задание 18.
Заполните пропуск:
Possible marketing ______ include increasing the sales force, changing the product and increasing advertising.
ВАРИНАТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Strategies
Plan
Advertising
Product
Задание 19.
Заполните пропуск:
Advertising objectives are expressed as _______ goals .
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Easy
Planned
Difficult
Communication
Задание 20.
Заполните пропуск:
Traditionally,_______ have been the only measurement of advertising effectiveness.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Plans
Goals
Sales
Objective
99
Задание 21.
Заполните пропуск:
Advertiser agree on the nature of the message and of the ______ audience before they agree on
how to deliver the message.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Target
Mission
Customer
Purchaser
Задание 22.
Заполните пропуск:
The final goal of all advertising is to have _______ of the goods or the service.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Consumers
Audience
People
Students
Задание 23.
Заполните пропуск:
The consumer decides whether to buy a _______ .
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Product
Thing
Service
Students
Задание 24.
Заполните пропуск:
The advertising objective is to turn potential consumers into actual _______.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Purchasers
Passengers
Service
Toothpaste
Задание 25.
Заполнитепропуск:
Effective advertising depends on thorough ________.
ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:
Plan
Research
Movie
Campaign
100
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