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Файл:Технический английский язык для студентов авиационных специальностей. English for Aircraft Engineering. Учебное пособие
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шение ситуации, системные требования, сформировать основу, система оповещения в полете, соответствующие данные, непосредственный потребитель, организация воздушного движения, пилотируемые системы космического корабля.
6.2.3. Answer the following questions to the text ‘Research Testbed
with a conceptual implementation of an AI Flight Advisor’:
a. What is the function of the artificial intelligence flight advisor?
b. What is the intelligence flight advisor based on?
c. What are the longer range applications of this technology?
d. What are the benefits of the devise?
e. Where is the intelligence flight advisor applied?
6.2.4. Which words go together:
1. artificial
2. unforeseen
3. unmanned
4. autonomous
5. expert
6. aircraft
7. mitigating
8. decision-making
9. emergency
10. supporting
a. situations
b. systems
c. support
d. intelligence
e. actions
f. contingencies
g. vehicles
h. advice
i. technologies
j. manuals
6.2.5. Write a summary of the text. Use some of the expressions
from 4.2.8.
6.2.6. Read the text about the first automatic flight control system
and answer the following questions:
a. What was the reason for creating the automatic flight control system?
b. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the first autopilot?
c. Do modern automatic flight control systems differ from the one,
invented by Lawrence Burst Sperry? What is the difference?
Autopilot
In the early days of aviation, flights were short, and a pilot's main
concern was not crashing to the ground after a few exhilarating moments in
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the air. As the technology improved, however, increasingly longer flights
were possible - first across continents, then across oceans, then around the
world. Pilot fatigue became a serious concern on these epic journeys. How
could a lone pilot or a small crew stay awake and alert for hours, especially
during monotonous sessions of high-altitude cruising?
The autopilot, or automatic flight control system, invented by Lawrence
Burst Sperry, linked three gyroscopes to an aircraft's surfaces controlling
pitch, roll and yaw. The device made corrections based on the angle of
deviation between the flight direction and the original gyroscopic settings.
Sperry's revolutionary invention was capable of stabilizing normal cruising
flight, but it could also perform unassisted takeoffs and landings.
The automatic flight control system of modern aircraft differs little from
the first gyroscopic autopilots. Motion sensors – gyroscopes and
accelerometers - collect information on aircraft attitude and motion and
deliver that data to autopilot computers, which output signals to control
surfaces on the wings and tail to maintain a desired course.
Unit 6.3. Automatic Control Systems of Aircrafts
6.3.1. Study the new words:
fixed-wing aircraft самолет с крылом неизменяемой геометрии
flight control система управления полетом
flight control surface поверхность управления полетом
cockpit control механизмы управления кабины
connecting linkage соединительные рычаги
flight dynamics механика полета
primary control главный орган управления
control yoke штурвал управления
center stick ручка управления с центральным расположением
side-stick боковая ручка управления
roll кренение, движение самолета по земле
pitch вращение вокруг поперечной оси
wing warping крутка крыла
yaw движения рыскания
rudder руль
throttle control рычаг управления двигателем
thrust тяга
72
b
y-wire с электродистанционной системой управления
р
flyelectrical actuator электромеханизм
V-tail ruddervator V-образное хвостовое оперение
flaperon элерон-закрылок
elevon элевон (сочетает функции элерона и руля высоты)
linkage
hang glider планер с балансирным управлением
rigid frame жесткая рама
ычажный механизм управления
6.3.2. Read the text and find answers to the following questions:
1. What does a conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control
system consist of?
2. What is the main function of aircraft engine controls?
3. When did the basic system on aircraft appeare?
4. What are the primary cockpit flight controls?
5. What is the function of control yokes in an aircraft?
6. What is the function of rudder pedals?
7. What is the function of throttle controls?
8. Who pioneered the basic pattern for modern flight controls?
A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system consists
of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting
linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's
direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight
controls as they change speed.
The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics.
The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a readily recognizable
form as early as April 1908, on Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII pioneer-era
monoplane design1.
Primary controls
Generally, the primary cockpit flight controls are arranged as follows:
a control yoke (also known as a control column), center stick or side-
stick (the latter two also colloquially known as a control or joystick),
1
The Blériot VIII was a French pioneer era aeroplane built by Louis Blériot,
significant for its adoption of both a configuration and a control system that were to
set a standard for decades to come.
73
governs the aircraft's roll and pitch by moving the ailerons (or activating
wing warping on some very early aircraft designs) when turned or deflected
left and right, and moves the elevators when moved backwards or forwards;
rudder pedals, or the earlier, pre-1919 "rudder bar", to control yaw,
which move the rudder; left foot forward will move the rudder left for
instance;
throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered
aircraft.
The control yokes also vary greatly amongst aircraft. There are yokes
where roll is controlled by rotating the yoke clockwise/counterclockwise
(like steering a car) and pitch is controlled by tilting the control column
towards you or away from you, but in others the pitch is controlled by
sliding the yoke into and out of the instrument panel (like most Cessnas,
such as the 152 and 172)2, and in some the roll is controlled by sliding the
whole yoke to the left and right (like the Cessna 162)3. Centre sticks also
vary between aircraft. Some are directly connected to the control surfaces
using cables, others (fly-by-wire airplanes) have a computer in between
which then controls the electrical actuators.
Blériot VIII at Issy-les-Moulineaux, the first flightworthy aircraft design
to have the initial form of modern flight controls for the pilot.
Even when an aircraft uses variant flight control surfaces such as a Vtail ruddervator, flaperons, or elevons, to avoid pilot confusion the aircraft's
flight control system will still be designed so that the stick or yoke controls
pitch and roll conventionally, as will the rudder pedals for yaw. The basic
pattern for modern flight controls was pioneered by French aviation
figure Robert Esnault-Pelterie, with fellow French aviator Louis Blériot
popularizing Esnault-Pelterie's control format initially on Louis' Blériot
VIII monoplane in April 1908.
2
The Cessna 152 is an American two-seat, fixed tricycle gear, general aviation
airplane, used primarily for flight training and personal use. It was based on the
earlier Cessna 150, including a number of minor design changes and a slightly more
powerful engine running on 100LL aviation gasoline. The Cessna 162 Skycatcher
is an American side-by-side two-seat, high-wing, strut-braced, tricycle gear lightsport aircraft (LSA) that was designed and produced by Cessna between December
2009 and December 2013.
3
The Cessna 172 Skyhawk is an American.
74
In some aircraft, the control surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage.
In ultralight aircraft and motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no
mechanism at all. Instead, the pilot just grabs the lifting surface by hand
(using a rigid frame that hangs from its underside) and moves it.
6.3.3. Find the equivalents of the following Russian phrases in
the text.
Самолет обычной схемы, система управления полетом, кабина
самолета, направление самолета в полете, сверхлегкий самолет,
основы управления полетом, двигатель воздушного судна, изменить
скорость, центральная ручка управления, боковая ручка управления,
отклониться влево, поворачивать руль высоты, педаль руля,
контролировать скорость двигателя, моторный самолет, поворачивать
штурвал по часовой стрелке, переместить штурвал управления на
себя/к себе, несущая аэродинамическая поверхность.
6.3.4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
1. Обычная система управления самолета состоит из поверхности
управления полетом, соответствующих механизмов управления
кабины, соединительных рычагов и необходимых рабочих механизмов
для управления направлением полета.
2. Как правило, основные средства управления полетом в кабине
это штурвал управления, педали руля и рычаги управления двигателя
для управления частотой вращения двигателя.
3. Штурвалы управления также очень различаются в различных
самолётах. Есть штурвалы, где крен регулируется вращением
штурвала по часовой стрелке / против часовой стрелки (как при
управлении автомобилем), а шаг регулируется путем наклона
управляющей колонны к вам или от вас, но в других крен регулируется
путем скольжения штурвала внутрь и наружу.
6.3.5. Which words go together according to the text, make word
combinations and translate them.
control
throttle
flight
rudder
linkage
system
design
dynamics
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connecting
cockpit
hang
lifting
aircraft
operating
glider
surface
mechanism
yoke
pedal
yaw
controls
6.3.6. Translate the following words from English into Russian and
insert them into the text.
elevator trim, wing flaps, attitude, rudder, ailerons, slats,
spoilers, air brakes, variable-sweep wings
Secondary controls
In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there
are often secondary controls available to give the pilot finer control over
flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly available control is a
wheel or other device to control (1)….., so that the pilot does not have to
maintain constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch
(2)…. (other types of trim, for (3) …. and (4) ….. are common on larger
aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones). Many aircraft have (5) .…..,
controlled by a switch or a mechanical lever or in some cases are fully
automatic by computer control, which alter the shape of the wing for
improved control at the slower speeds used for take-off and landing. Other
secondary flight control systems may be available, including (6) …..,
(7)….., (8)….. and (9) …..
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Answers to the exercises
1.1.5. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4.True 5. False 6. False 7. True
1.3.5. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False
2.1.4. 1 c) 2 e) 3 a) 4 b) 5 b)
2.2.4. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False
2.3.5. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. False
2.3.6. 1) e 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) a 7) c 8) d
3.1.4. 1. occupation 2. dropped 3. powdered 4. casualties 5. threat
6. governments 7 victims. 8. liquid 9 destruction 10 synthesize
3.1.5. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False
3.3.4. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False
3.3.6. 1. f 2. d 3. a 4. g 5. b 6. e 7. c
4.1.6 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. N
4.1.8. 1. purify 2. produces 3. developed 4.be used 5 obtained,
6. converts 7. increases 8.be transported
4.2.6. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. N
4.3.4. 1. disintegrated 2. handles 3. canopy 4. antenna 5. gravity
6. air-to-surface missile 7. stealth technology 8. Maintaining
4.3.8. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4.F 5. F 6. N
5.1.6. 1-g, 2-j, 3-h, 4-b, 5-c, 6-i. 7-d, 8-i, 9-f, 10-a
5.2.4. 1. levels 2. aircraft 3. routine maintenance 4. employees 5. goal 6
airworthiness regulations. 7. efficient 8. scheduler 9. to audit 10. tasks 11. to
check 12. difficulty
5.2.6. 1. for, 2. about, 3. about, 4. for, 5. by, 6. for, 7. in, 8. of, 9. at,
10. in
5.3.5. 1. touch down 2. turn back 3. take over 4. turn up 5. shut down 6.
shut off 7. speak up 8. switch off
77
6.1.5.
a) At school I was interested in physics and mathematics.
b) The extraordinary growth of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) leads
to a need for the advanced methods of flight control.
c) Automation and control include tools, methods and techniques aimed
at the creation and application of algorithmic, hardware and software
systems.
d) Graduates work for a number of Russian and foreign companies, for
international airlines and airline administration offices abroad, as engineers
at aircraft plants.
6.3.6.
1. elevator trim, 2. attitude 3. rudder 4. ailerons 5. wing flaps, 6. slats
7. spoilers, 8. air brakes, 9. variable-sweep wing.
78
References
1. Eric H. Glendenning, Norman Glendenning Oxford English for electrical and
mechanical engineering: Oxford University Press, 1995.
2. Henry Amery, Endy Roberts Aviation English for ICAO compliance:
Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2012.
3. Macmillan English Dictionary. – United Kingdom: [s. n.], 2003. – 1692 p
4. https://www.native-english.ru/topics/protection-of-environment-in-the-uk
5. https://www.interactive-english.ru/topiki/91-ecological-problems-/
6. https://s-english.ru/topics/environmental-problems
7. https://s-english.ru/topics/global-warming
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon
9. https://www.e-ir.info/2013/05/27/autonomous-weapons-systems-and-the-fu-
ture-of-war/
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_robot
11. https://partners.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/30767
12. https://partners.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/30767
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail
15. https://alleng.org/engl-top/108.htm
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower
17. http://blog.covingtonaircraft.com/2011/04/25/turbine-engines-education-se-
ries-types-of-turbine-engines/
18. PI: John Ryan | 661-276-2558 | John.J.Ryan@nasa.gov
19. www.covingtonaircraft.com.
79
Чеснокова Рената Анатольевна
Друкаров Михаил Евгеньевич
Золотилина Анастасия Сергеевна
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ АВИАЦИОННЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
ENGLISH FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING
Учебное пособие
В авторской редакции
Выпускающий редактор И.П. Брованова
Дизайн обложки А.В. Ладыжская
Компьютерная верстка Н.В. Гаврилова
Налоговая льгота – Общероссийский классификатор продукции
Издание соответствует коду 95 3000 ОК 005-93 (ОКП)
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