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Файл:Технический английский язык для студентов авиационных специальностей. English for Aircraft Engineering. Учебное пособие
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Turbine engines have several advantages over reciprocating engines,
including less vibration, increased aircraft performance and reliability. In
addition, each type of turbine engine has its own advantages and
disadvantages.
www.covingtonaircraft.com.
5.3.2. Find in the text above the types of engines which:
a. …. allow optimum propeller performance to be achieved at much
slower speeds than the operating RPM?
b. …. are designed to merge the best features of the turbojet and
turboprop?
c. …. are the simplest of all jet engines?
d. …. use reduction gearing?
e. …. use two separate streams of air?
f. …. are mostly used by helicopters?
g. …. are often used in small, commuter aircraft and agricultural
applications?
5.3.3. Match the words to make word combinations and translate
them.
axial
fuel
reduction
gases
engines
flow
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reciprocating
expanding
fuel
jet
military
throttle
combustion
aviation
chamber
inlet
applications
gear
efficiency
engines
5.3.4. Scan the text again and make the list of the characteristics of
turbojet, turboprop, turbofan and turboshaft engines.
turbojet turboprop turbofan turboshaft
the designer
type of the
compressor
the path the air
takes through the
engine
how power is
produced
5.3.5. Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs from the box.
shut down, shut off, speak up, switch off, take over, touch down,
turn back, turn up
1. We will touch down on Runway 27R in a minute.
2. With one engine out we will have to … … to our airport of departure.
3. I’ll be handling the radio and the captain will … … the controls.
4. The visibility is poor with the low cloud. Can you … … the runway
lights.
5. After the compressor failure we had to …. … the engine.
6. We … … the fuel supply and eliminated the failure.
7. I can’t hear you very well. Can you …. ….?
8. The ambient lightning makes it difficult to see the instruments. Can
you …. …. the dome light please?
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5.3.6. Put down the names of the turboshaft parts and translate
them into Russian.
5.3.7. Read the text ‘Jet Engine’ and answer the following
questions:
1. When did British inventor and engineer Frank Whittle test the world's
first jet engine?
2. How did Whittle's engine suck air?
3. Who powered the first jet-aircraft flight?
4. Where are turbojet engines primarily used?
5. Which engines are the most efficient?
Jet Engine
In 1937, aviation took a giant leap forward when British inventor and
engineer Frank Whittle tested the world's first jet engine. It didn't work like
the piston-engine prop planes of the day. Instead, Whittle's engine sucked
air through forward-facing compressor blades. This air entered a
combustion chamber, where it mixed with fuel and burned. A superheated
stream of gases then rushed from the tailpipe, pushing the engine and the
aircraft forward.
Hans Pabst van Ohain of Germany took Whittle's basic design and
powered the first jet-aircraft flight in 1939. Two years later, the British
government finally got a plane – the Gloster E.28/39 -- off the ground using
Whittle's innovative engine design. By the end of World War II, Gloster
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Meteor jets, which were successive models flown by Royal Air Force pilots,
were chasing down German V-1 rockets and shooting them from the sky.
Today, turbojet engines are reserved primarily for military planes.
Commercial airliners use turbofan engines, which still ingest air through a
forward-facing compressor. Instead of burning all of the incoming air,
turbofan engines allow some air to flow around the combustion chamber
and mix with the jet of superheated gases exiting the tailpipe. As a result,
turbofan engines are more efficient and produce far less noise.
5.3.8. Read the text ‘Jet Fuel’ and tell what kind of fuel jet engines
use and what advantages this fuel has
Jet Fuel
Early piston-powered aircraft used the same fuels as your car -- gasoline
and diesel. But the development of jet engines necessitated a different kind
of fuel. Although a few wacky wingmen advocated the use of peanut butter
or whiskey, the aviation industry quickly settled on kerosene as the best fuel
for high-powered jets. Kerosene is a component of crude oil, obtained when
petroleum is distilled, or separated, into its constituent elements.
If you have a kerosene heater or lamp, then you might be familiar with
the straw-colored fuel. Commercial aircraft, however, demand a higher
grade of kerosene than fuel used for domestic purposes. Jet fuels must burn
cleanly, yet they must have a higher flash point than automobile fuels to
reduce the fire risk. Jet fuels must also remain fluid in the cold air of the
upper atmosphere. The refining process eliminates all suspended water,
which could turn into ice particles and block fuel lines. And the freezing
point of the kerosene itself is carefully controlled. Most jet fuels won't
freeze until the thermometer reaches minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 50
degrees Celsius).
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MODULE VI
AUTONOMOUS INFORMATION
AND CONTROL SUSTEMS,
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT
Unit 6.1. Management in technical systems
6.1.1. Study the new words:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles беспилотный летательный аппарат
situation awareness осведомленность (летчика) об
обстановке
application применение
hardware аппаратное обеспечение
software программное обеспечение
transmission передача
debugging отладка
graduate выпускник
run departments and companies управлять отделами и компаниями
engineering of flight management
computers
circuit engineering схемотехника
microwave detectors of near location высокочастотные устройства систем
countermeasures for technology
intelligence
проектирование бортовых систем
управления
ближней локации
методы противодействия техническим
разведкам
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Let me introduce myself. My first name is …. My surname is…. I am a
second year student of NSTU. My future speciality is Management in
technical systems. At school I was interested in physics and mathematics,
that’s why I decided to enter NSTU.
The extraordinary growth of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) leads to
a need for the advanced methods of flight control, planning, situation
awareness, and decision making.
Automation and control is the field of science and technology, which
includes tools, methods and techniques aimed at the creation and application
of algorithmic, hardware and software systems and means of control and
management of mobile objects, autonomous systems, production lines and
processes that free a person partially or completely from direct participation
in obtaining, transformation, transmission and use of energy, materials and
information.
The objects of professional activity of engineers in the direction
“Autonomous information and control systems" are automatic and
automated systems and means of control and management, their
mathematical, information and technical software; methods of their design,
debugging, production and operation in the aircraft industry. Researchers
and developers of integrated control systems of aircraft study the basic set
of necessary disciplines: information theory, programming, computer
systems and networks, radio engineering, electromechanics, circuit
engineering, metrology, digital processing in flight management computers,
engineering of flight management computers, methods of detection of
objects in interference and image recognition, antennas and microwave
detectors of near location, information security, countermeasures for
technology intelligence.
Graduates work for a number of Russian and foreign companies, for
international airlines and airline administration offices abroad, as engineers
at aircraft plants, they carry out scientific research, run departments and
entire companies.
I’ll try to do my best to get a diploma and work according to my
speciality,
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6.1.2 Find the equivalents in the text:
студент второго курса, интересоваться физикой и математикой,
беспилотный летательный аппарат, передовые методы управления
полетом, область науки и технологий, средства контроля и управления
движущимися объектами, применение программного обеспечения,
методы проектирования, отладка, исследователи и разработчики,
антенны и высокочастотные устройства, выпускники, проводить
исследования, авиастроительный завод, получить диплом, работать по
специальности.
6.1.3. Answer the questions:
1. What year student are you?
2. What is your future speciality?
3. What subjects were you interested in at school?
4. Why did you choose this profession?
5. What profession-oriented courses do you have?
6. What is your favourite subject at university?
7. What subjects are you good at?
8. What is aircraft maintenance?
9. Where do graduates of your faculty work?
10. Where would you like to work?
6.1.4. Match the words with their definitions:
1.run
2.intelligence
3. vehicle
4. application
5. debugging
6. circuit
7. software
8. countermeasure
9. а graduate
a) an act of putting something to use
b) to remove bugs (= mistakes) from a computer program
c) a holder of an academic degree or diploma
d) the complete path of an electric current including
usually the source of electric energy
e) a government department or other group that gathers
information about other countries or enemies
f) a machine, usually with wheels and an engine, used for
transporting people or goods on land, especially on roads
g) the programs that you put into a computer to make it do
particular jobs
h) an action taken against an unwanted action or situation
i) to be in control of something
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6.1.5. Put the words in the correct order; use the sentences to speak
about your branch of engineering.
a) in, physics, school, interested, and, was, mathematics, At, I.
b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, leads to, the advanced methods of, a need
for, flight control, The extraordinary growth of.
c) and application of, tools, Automation and control, methods and
techniques, include, algorithmic, hardware and software systems, and,
aimed at the creation.
d) airline administration, for a number of, work, Graduates, for
international airlines, Russian and foreign companies, and, as engineers,
offices abroad, at aircraft plants.
6.1.6. Read the text ‘Flight Controls’ and answer the following
questions:
1. What are the main control surfaces of an airplane?
2. What are ailerons, elevators and the rudder used for?
3. What are digital fly-by-wire systems? What are their advantages?
Flight Controls (Fly-by-wire)
It's one thing to get an airplane into the air. It's another thing to control it
effectively without crashing back to earth. In a simple light airplane, the
pilot transmits steering commands via mechanical linkages to control
surfaces on the wings, fin and tail. Those surfaces are, respectively, the
ailerons, the elevators and the rudder. A pilot uses ailerons to roll from side
to side, elevators to pitch upward or downward, and the rudder to yaw port
or starboard. Turning and banking, for example, requires simultaneous
action on both the ailerons and the rudder, which causes the wing to dip into
the turn.
Modern military and commercial airliners have the same control
surfaces and take advantage of the same principles, but they do away with
mechanical linkages. Early innovations included hydraulic-mechanical
flight control systems, but these were vulnerable to battle damage and took
up a great deal of room. Today, almost all large aircraft rely on digital flyby-wire systems, which make adjustments to control surfaces based on an
onboard computer's calculations. Such sophisticated technology allows a
complex commercial airliner to be flown by just two pilots.
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Unit 6.2. Artificial Intelligence. Flight Advisor
6.2.1. Study the new words:
Research Testbed исследовательская летательная
лаборатория
artificial intelligence искусственный интеллект
unforeseen contingencies чрезвычайные обстоятельства
training подготовка
lay the groundwork заложить основу
leverage выгодно использовать
flight advisor system система оповещения в полете
computing system вычислительная система
unforeseen contingency чрезвычайные обстоятельства
aircraft manual инструкция по эксплуатации летательных
аппаратов
close-call report сообщение об опасных ситуациях
accident report донесение об авиационном происшествии
execute mitigating actions осуществлять действия по устранению
apply применять
feasible возможный
decision-making support помощь в принятии решений
safety безопасность
emergency situations чрезвычайные обстоятельств
air traffic management организация воздушного движения
Research Testbed with a Conceptual Implementation of an AI
Flight Advisor
Credits: NASA
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) promise the ability to
manage unforeseen contingencies in manned and unmanned vehicles. Such
systems may be able to provide real-time expert advice to pilots in situations
where they have not had training, have forgotten their training, or training
does not exist. This research is laying the groundwork to determine whether
recent advances in AI can be leveraged to provide contingency management
to autonomous systems.
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Work to date
TM
The flight advisor system is based on the IBM Watson
cognitive
computing system, which is already being used to help physicians develop
treatments for cancer patients. In an unforeseen contingency management
application, the cognitive system draws on aircraft manuals, close-call
reports, accident reports, airport information, and other sources of relevant
data to advise a pilot how best to execute mitigating actions with a high
probability of improving the situation. Working with IBM, the Armstrong
team developed an outline of system requirements for unforeseen
contingency management applications. The team identified data sources to
form the body of information, interviewed multiple potential end-users to
understand the useful role the system would play, and developed multiple
use cases in which the system can be applied.
Looking ahead
Longer range applications of this technology will be to autonomous
systems. Cognitive computing systems will form a basis upon which
autonomous systems will decide on a correct course of action in unforeseen
contingencies. Multiple supporting technologies are required before such an
application will be fully feasible.
Benefits
Improves safety: provides real-time decision-making support for pilots
in emergency situations
Expands knowledge base: provides a building block upon which
autonomous systems can be developed
Applications
Manned and unmanned aircraft systems
Air traffic management
Manned spacecraft systems
Autonomous systems
6.2.2. Find the equivalents of the following Russian phrases in the
text:
Внедрение системы оповещения, управлять чрезвычайными обстоятельствами, пилотируемые и беспилотные летательные аппараты,
иметь подготовку, непрерывное управление автономных систем, улуч-
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