Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Текст как средство интерактивного общения. Учебное пособие
.pdf
51
7. Two different conditions were tested, resulting in differing brain activity while
watching.
8. Using sophisticated analyses in collaboration with Pascal Fries of the Ernst
Strüngmann Institute (ESI) in Germany, what the team could reveal is that
when participants viewed the reshuffled, unpredictable sequence, the brain
indeed had an information flow going from visual brain regions.
4. Writing part
Writing a report
Writing a report tests your ability to organize and express information and to make
recommendations and suggestions.
When writing a report
- you should give it a title
- you can divide it into sections and give each section a heading (the first and
last sections could be Introduction and Conclusion or Conclusion and
recommendations)
- if required by the task, make suggestions and recommendations
- make sure that you answer all parts of the task
- match your style to the situation and the target reader.
Here is a report writing example
Recently you visited the International Trade Fair held in your city and saw many
pavilions of foreign countries and those of the states in India. Write a report in 100125 words. Describe what you saw there, purchase made if any, and also how these
fairs not only enhance your knowledge but also help in improving relations with other
countries. You are Rakesh/Rachna.
Report writing example
INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR
Report by – ……………
New Delhi: November 30
The Trade Fair Authority of India organises International Trade Fair, from November
14th to 28th every year. This year the focus at the fair remained on the automobile
industry. Numerous International players were on the forefront. They have set their
pavilions. Giants such as General Motors, Tata Motors, an Mercedes were all set with
their new products. The five-seater luxury car Neno by Tata thronged a huge rush.
52
The international stalls had their artifacts including technical wares. The food festival
at the Trade Fair had a remarkable experience. At the international stalls people were
seen purchasing the items in bulk. In the evenings there were fashion shows hosted
by leading fashion houses of the country. The Indian states’ stalls are very
knowledgeable and help us enrich our relations with other countries. These are the
sources of open to business visitors. The afternoon and evenings were for the general
public. The Trade Fair bears a festive look for a fortnight and the streets of Delhi get
choked with people making a beeline to reach the venue.
The task – you have to write the report using one of the topics suggested below:
1. Report on the cultural exchange programme
2. A report on the impact of reality shows on the younger generation
3. How to prevent cruelty towards animals
4. A report on road accident
5. Rising prices create a crisis
6. International trade fair
7. Job fair
8. An educational tour/trip
9. Report on historical tour
53
Unit 9
When we feel things that are not there
Virtual reality (VR) is not only a technology for games and entertainment, but
also has potential in science and medicine. Researchers at Ruhr University Bochum,
Germany, have now gained new insights into human perception with the help of VR.
They used virtual reality scenarios in which subjects touched their own bodies with a
virtual object. To the researchers' surprise, this led to a tingling sensation at the spot
where the avatarized body was touched. This effect occurred even though there was
no real physical contact between the virtual object and the body. The scientists led by
Dr. Artur Pilacinski and Professor Christian Klaes from the Department of
Neurotechnology describe this phenomenon as a phantom touch illusion. They
published their results in the journal Scientific Reports of the Nature Publishing
Group in September 2023.
"People in virtual reality sometimes have the feeling that they are touching
things, although they are actually only encountering virtual objects," says first author
Artur Pilacinski from the Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Langendreer,
University Clinic of Ruhr University Bochum, explaining the origin of the research
question. "We show that the phantom touch illusion is described by most subjects as
a tingling or prickling, electrifying sensation or as if the wind was passing through
their hand."
Body sensation arises from complex combination of different sensory
perceptions
The neuroscientists wanted to understand what is behind this phenomenon and
find out which processes in the brain and body play a role in it. They observed that
the phantom touch illusion also occurred when the subjects touched parts of their
bodies that were not visible in virtual reality. Second author Marita Metzler adds:
"This suggests that human perception and body sensation are not only based on
vision, but on a complex combination of many sensory perceptions and the internal
representation of our body."
This study involved 36 volunteers wearing VR glasses. First, they got used to
the VR environment by moving around and touching virtual objects. Then they were
given the task of touching their hand in the virtual environment with a virtual stick.
Comparison between virtual and suggested touch sensations
Participants were asked if they felt anything. If not, they were allowed to
continue touching and the question was asked again later. If they felt sensations, they
were asked to describe them and rate their intensity on different hand locations. This
process was repeated for both hands. There was a consistent reporting of the
sensation as "tingling" by a majority of participants.
In a control experiment, it was investigated whether similar sensations could
also be perceived without visual contact with virtual objects purely due to
experimental situation demands. Here, a small laser pointer was used instead of
54
virtual objects to touch the hand. This control experiment did not result in phantom
touch suggesting that phantom touch illusion was unique to virtual touch.
The discovery of the phantom touch illusion opens up new possibilities for
further research into human perception and could also be applied in the fields of
virtual reality and medicine. Christian Klaes, member of the Research Department of
Neuroscience at Ruhr University, says: "It could even help to deepen the
understanding of neurological diseases and disorders that affect the perception of
one's own body."
Further collaboration with the University of Sussex
The Bochum team plans to continue their research on the phantom touch
illusion and the underlying processes. For this reason, a collaboration with the
University of Sussex has been started. "It is important to first distinguish between the
actual sensations of phantom touch and other cognitive processes that may be
involved in reporting such embodied sensations, such as suggestion, or experimental
situation demands," says Artur Pilacinski. "We also want to further explore and
understand the neural basis of the phantom touch illusion in collaboration with other
partners."
The research of Artur Pilacinski and Christian Klaes took place within the
Research Department of Neuroscience (RDN). The RDN further develops and
consolidates a long-established, outstanding research strength of Ruhr University
Bochum in the field of systems neuroscience research.
1. Text Comprehension
1.1 Answer the following questions:
1. Where can VR be used?
2. What is a phantom touch illusion?
3. When does a phantom touch illusion occur?
4. What are human perception and body sensation based on?
5. How many volunteers did the study involve?
6. How did the volunteers get used to the VR environment?
7. What were the volunteers asked during the experiment?
8. What was investigated in a control experiment?
1.2 Decide if the following sentences True/False
1. The results of the research were published in 2022.
2. People in VR have the feeling that they are touching things.
3. Human perception and body sensation are only based on vision.
4. The study involved 30 volunteers.
5. They were given a task of touching their hand in the virtual environment with a
virtual stick.
6. If the participants didn’t feel anything they stopped touching.
55
7. If the participants felt sensations, they were asked to rate their intensity on
different hand locations.
8. In control experiment, a laser pointer was used instead of virtual objects to
touch the hand.
2. Vocabulary Comprehension
2.1 Give the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:
1. Sensory perceptions
2. Phantom touch illusion
3. Virtual environment
4. The origin of the research
5. Consistent reporting of the sensation
6. Underlying processes
7. Long-established, outstanding research
8. Neuroscience systems research
Find the sentences in the text containing these word combinations and translate them
2.2 Finish the following sentences:
1. The RDN further develops and consolidates…….
2. The Bochum team plans……
3. In a control experiment, it was investigated……
4. This control experiment did not result in………
5. Christian Klaes, member of the Research Department of Neuroscience at Ruhr
University, says:…..
6. The neuroscientists wanted to understand…….
7. The discovery of the phantom touch illusion opens up……..
8. People in virtual reality sometimes have the feeling………
9. Virtual reality (VR) is not only a technology for games and entertainment,
but….
10. A small laser pointer was used…….
3. Grammar Comprehension
3.1 Find the predicates and define tense and voice in the following sentences:
1. The research of Artur Pilacinski and Christian Klaes took place within the
Research Department of Neuroscience (RDN).
2. The RDN further develops and consolidates a long-established, outstanding
research.
56
3. Researchers at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, have now gained new
insights into human perception.
4. A collaboration with the University of Sussex has been started.
5. This control experiment did not result in phantom touch suggesting that
phantom touch illusion was unique to virtual touch.
6. They published their results in the journal Scientific Reports of the Nature
Publishing Group in September 2023.
7. They used virtual reality scenarios in which subjects touched their own bodies
with a virtual object.
8. This suggests that human perception and body sensation are not only based on
vision.
9. The Bochum team plans to continue their research on the phantom touch
illusion and the underlying processes.
10. We show that the phantom touch illusion is described by most subjects as a
tingling or prickling.
3.2 Ask the questions using the question word given in the brackets:
1. The research of Artur Pilacinski and Christian Klaes took place within the
Research Department of Neuroscience (RDN). (Where)
2. The RDN further develops and consolidates a long-established, outstanding
research. (What)
3. Researchers at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, have now gained new
insights into human perception. (What)
4. A collaboration with the University of Sussex has been started. (What)
5. This control experiment did not result in phantom touch suggesting that
phantom touch illusion was unique to virtual touch. (What)
6. They published their results in the journal Scientific Reports of the Nature
Publishing Group in September 2023. (When)
7. They used virtual reality scenarios in which subjects touched their own bodies
with a virtual object. (How)
8. This suggests that human perception and body sensation are not only based on
vision. (How)
9. The Bochum team plans to continue their research on the phantom touch
illusion and the underlying processes. (What)
10. We show that the phantom touch illusion is described by most subjects as a
tingling or prickling. (Who)
4. Writing Part
Abstract Writing
Аннотация (по-английски abstract или summary) – максимально краткое
изложение сути, научного содержания работы. Основная задача этого
57
небольшого абзаца состоит в том, чтобы читатель мог оценить релевантность
найденной научной статьи. Другими словами, он должен понять, будет ли
полезна попавшаяся статья для его исследований.
Содержание аннотации к научной статье
Прежде чем написать аннотацию на английском языке, важно разобраться
в общих требованиях к этому структурному элементу статьи. В содержание
должны быть включены такие смысловые элементы:
- выделение актуальности, академической значимости исследования
(background);
- предмет, масштаб изучения проблемы, цель (objective);
- методология исследования, принципы экспериментальной части
(methods);
- результаты, теоретическая, практическая, прикладная значимость
работы (results, practical implication);
- заключение, вывод, рекомендации к последующим разработкам
(conclusion).
Строгих требований к содержанию такого текста нет. Однако
перечисленные части должны присутствовать, чтобы у читателя сразу
сформировалось впечатление о содержательности, логичности и ценности
проведенной исследователем работы.
Таким образом, аннотация – это короткий текст, как правило, не больше 150-
300 слов (не менее 3 предложений, не длиннее 10 строк). При этом структура
этой «коротышки» на английском языке имеет ряд особенностей:
1. Тема. Одно-два предложения, в которых автор раскрывает тему своей
научной работы.
2. Цель. Нужно объяснить читателю, какую цель преследовал автор,
проводя исследование.
3. Методы. Автор кратко рассказывает, как именно он проводил
исследование, какие методы использовал.
4. Результаты. Аннотация – это не трейлер к фильму, из которого не
узнать, чем все кончилось. Поэтому важно указать, к каким результатам
привела исследовательская работа.
5. Выводы. В конце нужно описать значение или область применения
полученных результатов.
6. Ключевые слова. Их цель – облегчить поиск для читателя. Это должны
быть слова, отражающие суть вашей работы, то, о чем в ней идет речь.
Старайтесь сделать аннотацию удобочитаемой. Делите текст на абзацы и
старайтесь писать так, чтобы одно предложение содержало одну мысль. Так
58
читателям будет проще сориентироваться и с ходу понять, о чем ваша статья и
нужно ли им изучать ее полностью.
В аннотации, написанной на английском языке, может быть использовано
несколько времен. Как правило, это настоящее и прошедшее время (Present и
Past Tenses). Какое именно использовать, во многом зависит от темы
предложения. Например:
1. Утверждения или общеизвестные факты нужно писать в настоящем
времени (Present Tense): The Earth revolves around the Sun.
2. Для результатов или данных исследований, которые предшествовали
настоящему, используют прошедшее время (Past Tense): Lincoln and
Cole’s research showed that…
3. Если в предложении идет речь о вашем настоящем исследовании, нужно
использовать Present Tense: Our research proves\showes\demonstrates…
4. В выводах и пояснениях используют Present
Tense: We conclude that\we come to conclusion that…
5. Если в предложении идет речь об опытах или результатах, которые вы
наблюдали во время исследования, нужно использовать Past Tense: Mice
in the second group developed…
Как можно заметить, приоритет при написании аннотации на английском языке
у Present Tense. Большинство изданий не хотят, чтобы Abstract выглядел
простым изложением полученных результатов, а давал представление о ходе
научной работы. Вероятно, этим и объясняется выбор времени глаголов.
Клише и шаблонные фразы для составления аннотации на английском
языке
1. Введение:
• The paper/article discusses/deals
with/analyses/considers/explains/describes/establishes/introduces…
• develops/presents/provides/studies/represents/features/contains/concentrates
on…
• demonstrates the feasibility of…
• opens up a new field/issue gives/aims to give a comprehensive account of…
• offers a solution to…
• serves as an introduction to…
2. Цель:
• The main objective/goal/purpose of the paper/article is…
• Our aim with this paper was…
59
• The aim of the article is…
• Much attention is given to…
3. Результаты:
• It has been found that …
• The results show that …
• The results thus obtained are compatible with …
4. Выводы:
• In conclusion…
• The following conclusions are drawn…
• Summing up the results, it can be concluded that…
• In conclusion, it is evident that this study has shown…
• This paper has clearly shown that…
• It has been demonstrated/shown/found that…
• The findings suggest that this approach could also be useful for…
• The findings are of direct practical relevance.
Abstract Example 1
Tracing Systematic Errors to Personalize Recommendations in Single Digit
Multiplication and Beyond
Alexander O. Savi
University of Amsterdam
Benjamin E. Deonovic
ACT, Inc.
Maria Bolsinova
ACT, Inc.
Han L. J. van der Maas
University of Amsterdam
Gunter K. J. Maris
University of Amsterdam; ACT, Inc.
Abstract
In learning, errors are ubiquitous and inevitable. As these errors may signal
otherwise latent cognitive processes, tutors—and students alike—can greatly
benefit from the information they provide. In this paper we introduce and
evaluate the Systematic Error Tracing (SET) model that identifies the possible
causes of systematically observed errors, in domains where items are susceptible
to most or all causes and errors can be explained by multiple ones. We apply the
model to single digit multiplication; a domain that is very suitable for the model,
60
is well-studied, and allowed us to analyze over 25 000 error responses from 335
actual learners. The model, derived from the Ising model popular in physics,
makes use of a bigraph that links errors to causes. The error responses were
taken from Math Garden, a computerized adaptive practice environment for
arithmetic that is widely used in the Netherlands. We discuss and evaluate
various model configurations with respect to the ranking of recommendations
and calibration of probability estimates. The results show that the SET model
outranks a majority vote baseline model when more than a single
recommendation is considered. Finally, we contrast the SET model to similar
approaches and discuss limitations and implications.
Keywords:
multiplication, systematic errors, misconceptions, error analysis, learning
diagnosis, Systematic Error Tracing, recommendation system, computerized
adaptive practice, Ising model, ranking evaluation, calibration evaluation
Abstract Example 2
The task – you have to write the abstract to the following article
Sports: Men and women react differently to a missing audience
Without an audience, men run slower and women faster: The lack of spectators
during the coronavirus pandemic appears to have had a noticeable effect on the
performance of athletes at the 2020 Biathlon World Cup, a new study by Martin
Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) in Psychology of Sport and
Exercise shows. According to the new analysis, women also performed better in
complex tasks, such as shooting, when an audience was present while men did not.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]