Текст как средство интерактивного общения. Учебное пособие

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Results of the study indicate that if global temperatures increase by 2 C above pre-industrial levels, the 2.2 billion residents of Pakistan and India's Indus River Valley, the one billion people living in eastern China and the 800 million residents of sub-Saharan Africa will annually experience many hours of heat that surpass human tolerance.

These regions would primarily experience high-humidity heatwaves. Heatwaves with higher humidity can be more dangerous because the air cannot absorb excess moisture, which limits sweat evaporates from human bodies and moisture from some infrastructure, like evaporative coolers. Troublingly, researchers said, these regions are also in lower-to-middle income nations, so many of the affected people may not have access to air conditioning or any effective way to mitigate the negative health effects of the heat.

If warming of the planet continues to 3 C above pre-industrial levels, the researchers concluded, heat and humidity levels that surpass human tolerance would begin to affect the Eastern Seaboard and the middle of the United States -- from Florida to New York and from Houston to Chicago. South America and Australia would also experience extreme heat at that level of warming.

At current levels of heating, the researchers said, the United States will experience more heatwaves, but these heatwaves are not predicted to surpass human limits as often as in other regions of the world. Still, the researchers cautioned that these types of models often do not account for the worst, most unusual weather events.

"Models like these are good at predicting trends, but they do not predict specific events like the 2021 heatwave in Oregon that killed more than 700 people or London reaching 40 C last summer," said lead author Daniel Vecellio, a bioclimatologist who completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Penn State with Kenney. "And remember, heat levels then were all below the limits of human tolerance that we identified. So, even though the United States will escape some of the worst direct effects of this warming, we will see deadly and unbearable heat more often. And -- if temperatures continue to rise -- we will live in a world where crops are failing and millions or billions of people are trying to migrate because their native regions are uninhabitable."

1. Text Comprehesion

1.1 Answer the following questions:

1. What warming will be devastating for human health?

2. When was the Paris Agreement signed?

3. What heat-related health problems can humans suffer?

4. What is the wet-bulb temperature limit for young healthy people?

5. What will happen if global temperatures increase by 2 C above pre-industrial

levels?

6. Why are the heatwaves with higher humidity more dangerous?

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7. When can the Eastern Seaboard and the middle of the USA be affected with

heat consequences?

8. What will be the reason of possible people’s migration?

1.2 Find the information in the text connected with the following numbers:

1. 800 million

2. 196

3. 1.5

4. 87.8

5. 2.2 billion

6. 2021

7. 700

8. 2015

2. Vocabulary Comprehension

2.1 Match the words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents:

Devastating

Испаряться

Humidity

Испытывать, ощущать

Solar radiation

Порог

Ambient

Необитаемый

Wet-bulb temperature

Относящийся к окружающей среде

To evaporate

Смягчать

Uninhabitable

Влажность

To mitigate

Солнечная радиация

To experience

Температура влажного термометра

threshold

Опустошительный, разрушительный

2.2. Make the connected story from the following words:

– climate, human, health, heatwave, temperature – humidity, annually, research, scientist, global warming – human body, heat, to experience, ambient, devastating

3. Grammar Comprehension

3.1Define the part of speech of the underlined words ending – ed

1. Each year billions of people will be exposed to heat.

2. Results from a new article published today (Oct. 9) in Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences indicated that warming of the planet beyond 1.5

C above preindustrial levels.

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3. The researcher team modeled global temperature increases ranging between

1.5 C and 4 C.

4. The ambient wet-bulb temperature limit for young, healthy people is about 31

C, which is equal to 87.8 F at 100% humidity, according to work published last

year by Penn State researchers.

5. In human history, temperatures and humidity that exceed human limits have

been recorded only a limited number of times.

6. The researchers concluded, heat and humidity levels that surpass human

tolerance would begin to affect the Eastern Seaboard and the middle of the

United States.

7. The researchers said, the United States will experience more heatwaves, but

these heatwaves are not predicted to surpass human limits as often as in other

regions of the world.

8. The researchers cautioned that these types of models often do not account for

the worst, most unusual weather events.

3.2 Fill the gaps with the appropriate preposition

To, about, for, to, of, at, in, on, for.

1. The researchers said the United States will experience more heatwaves …….

current levels of heating.

2. Results ……. the study indicate that if global temperatures increase by 2 C

above pre-industrial levels.

3. The specific threshold for any individual at a specific moment also depends

…… their exertion level and other environmental factors.

4. The ambient wet-bulb temperature limit ….. young, healthy people is about 31

C, which is equal to 87.8 F at 100% humidity.

5. …….. understand how complex, real-world problems like climate change will

affect human health, you need expertise both …….. the planet and the human

body.

6. Many nations signed the Paris Agreement ….. 2015.

7. Each year billions of people will be exposed ………. heat and humidity.

8. Excessive warming is harmful ……. human health.

4. Writing Part

Writing an essay

Некоторые типы эссе: Persuasive / argumentative. Makes a claim or takes a position and backs it up with statistics, expert opinions, and other evidence. You may review an opposing review and explain why it is wrong and you are right. Comparison. Demonstrates similarities and differences between two topics.

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Descriptive. Explains the what, why, how, when, and where of a topic. For example, a descriptive essay about a tree would explain what it is made of, why it grows, when it grows, and so on. Evaluation. Describes a thing or event and explains its importance, value, and / or relevance. Did you like this thing? Why? Narrative. Tells a story in a sequence of events. There should be some point, lesson, or idea gleaned from this narrative to make the essay meaningful. Expository. The purpose of an expository essay is to present, completely and fairly,

other people’s views or to report about an event or a situation. Expository writing, or

exposition, presents a subject in detail, apart from criticism, argument, or development; i.e., the writer elucidates a subject by analyzing it. The writer must present the evaluation of the issue and the conclusion based on the findings.

The strategies of writing an essay Стратегии написания эссе (алгоритм)

1. Analyze the title.

2. Collect all the ideas you have (brainstorm your ideas).

3. Draw a diagram to show which ideas and evidence to use.

4. Write your plan.

5. Write your first draft.

6. Ask for feedback on your first draft.

7. Write your final draft

Opinion essays are pieces of writing in which we present our personal opinions on a particular topic. We normally write 5 paragraphs.

Introduction

1. In the 1st paragraph we introduce the topic and state our opinion clearly. Main body 2—3. In the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs, we write our viewpoints supported by examples

or reasons. Each paragraph presents a different viewpoint. In the 4th paragraph, we write the opposing viewpoint supported by examples or

reasons. Conclusion

5. In the last paragraph, we restate our opinion using different words. Useful la

Essay example

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My current school project is aimed at finding out what sports are popular among teenagers in Russian schools. I have found some data on this topic (see the table) that I will discuss below and give my opinion on the subject of the project.

According to the data, the top two sports favoured by the respondents are football (80%) and martial arts (73%). Swimming (50%) and volleyball (41%) are also relatively popular. The category at the bottom is tennis (23%).

It is not surprising that football is the most popular sport among the teenagers because according to official statistics it is the most popular sport in the world. The number for football is 7% higher than that for martial arts and it is 4 times higher than that for tennis.

It is necessary to notice that participating in sports games and other sports events can lead to some problems. For example, professional athletes can have health issues. To solve this problem they will need medical treatment.

In conclusion, I believe that sport as a leisure activity is important for everyone, and it is especially

important for teenagers. Those who do sports become fit and strong and they learn discipline.

https://vk.com/@bennettenglish-primer-napisaniya-esse-2023-ege-po-angliiskomuyazyku

The task – write your own essay choosing the topic close to technological innovations

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Unit 3

Helicopters Go Electric – Electric flight takes on the final frontier

The past six months have seen some remarkable advances in the budding world of electric flight, in a realm where until now internal-combustion engines have held firm: helicopters. Three separate demonstrations—of an electrically assisted helicopter and two tiny but fully electric choppers—suggest that the era of electric whirlybirds can’t be far away.

The first development took place in early July 2011, when pilots at Eurocopter, the world’s largest helicopter manufacturer, based in Marignane, France, test-flew a single-engine chopper that had been fitted with lithium-ion batteries and an auxiliary electric motor intended to help out in case of engine failure. Helicopter pilots deal with such emergencies using a technique called autorotation, which requires some

deft manipulation of the helicopter’s rotor when power first cuts out and again when

the helicopter nears the ground. According to Jean-Michel Billig, executive vicepresident for R&D at Eurocopter, the hybrid electric system his group designed

provides the brief bursts of power needed at those two critical moments. “We’re not

talking about minutes here—we’re talking about seconds,” says Billig. With the new system, engine-off landings were “extraordinarily comfortable” from the pilot’s perspective, he says.

Eurocopter is not the only helicopter manufacturer experimenting with electric power. Since 2008, Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. has been working to remove the normal piston engine from a small helicopter, a Sikorsky S-300C, and replace it with an electric motor, a demonstration project it calls Firefly. Sikorsky, based in Stratford, Conn., has been showing its modified S-300C at aircraft exhibitions but so far has not flown it.

So it came as a surprise to some when another group beat the venerable

helicopter company into the air, in the year’s second stunning development in electric

flight. Solution F, a French company that builds race-car engines and associated equipment, underwrote the development of what in August became the first manned electric helicopter to take off and land on its own power. It was the result of an unlikely collaboration.

Pascal Chretien, an independent engineering consultant and commercial helicopter pilot, began working two years ago for Solution F, which was then starting to explore the helicopter-engine market. Chretien floated the idea of designing a hybrid-electric power plant, which he viewed as inherently safer than traditional designs for helicopters. That sparked discussions of building the world’s first allelectric helicopter instead, a notion that captivated the imagination of this unlikely team. Chretien set about designing such a craft in mid-2010. “I pretty much did all

the work as a volunteer,” says Chretien. Solution F paid for everything else.

Chretien’s design uses two counterrotating rotors, one on top of the other,

spinning around the same axis, to avoid the need for a power-sapping tail rotor. Each of the main rotors is driven by a brushed DC motor, with a bank of lithium-ion

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batteries mounted under the pilot’s seat. “The machine has buckets of power,” says

Chretien, although the maximum flight duration demonstrated so far is just 6 minutes.

Sikorsky was in the race, and we thought they would be flying quickly, and we

really wanted to fly before them,” says Chretien. “Solution F didn’t want to be the second one.” He admits that he took some calculated risks with his design to get it

into the air fast and that his prototype is far from anything you could sell. As it turns out, Chretien did have some close competition for the honor of building the first manned electric helicopter to fly untethered—but not from Sikorsky. It came from a German team that accomplished another manned electric-helicopter flight [video] at the end of October, the third milestone in electric rotorcraft technology in the span of just four months.

Work leading up to that flight began in 2009. It was then that Thomas Senkel (a physicist who has worked on various electric vehicles), Stephan Wolf (a software developer), and Alexander Zosel (a businessman) started thinking about building an electric quadrocopter—like the four-rotor designs that many radio-control modelers

fly, only big enough to carry a person. “After discussing it for three months, we said,

‘Okay, let’s do it,’” says Senkel.

The design they ultimately came up with resembles four radio-controlled quadrocopters flanged together—16 rotors in all. “If you have less, there’s not

enough redundancy,” says Senkel. “If you have more, it would be too complex.”

Lithium-ion batteries and motor controllers are strapped to the spidery contraption’s aluminum frame near each motor, eliminating the need for heavy cabling. The

physical design is stunningly simple, although there’s more to it than meets the eye,

Senkel says.

Their first craft is just a proof of concept, but the German trio has formed a company, called E-volo, to explore commercialization of their design for the ultralight-aircraft market. Senkel thinks such a vehicle would cost considerably less than a conventional helicopter—more in line with the cost of a car. “Most helicopters

have a lot of mechanics that have to be maintained and could fail. We don’t have that

much stuff,” he says.

“We congratulate [Solution F and the E-volo group] for moving the needle

forward,” says Jonathan Hartman, who heads Sikorsky’s Firefly project. Given the head start and resources that Hartman’s team had, Chretien remains surprised that he was able to beat Sikorsky into the air. But, he says, “One thing’s for sure: The day

they start flying, it’ll fly a lot better than ours.”

1. Text Comprehension

1.1 Answer the following questions:

1. Why are two counterrotating rotors used one on top of the other?

2. What has Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. been doing since 2008?

3. What is the aim of Solution F?

4. What was the idea of Thomas Senkel, Stephan Wolf and Alexander Zosel?

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5. What is the function of autorotation?

6. Why did Chretien float the idea of designing a hybrid-electric power plant?

7. What are the main characteristics of a single-engine chopper?

8. What was the reason of forming E-volo company?

1.2 Decide if these statement true or false according to the text:

1. The era of flying machines is almost over.

2. A single-engine chopper is equipped with the lithium-ion batteries and an

electric tube.

3. Autorotation demands some deft manipulation of the helicopter’s rotor.

4. Pascal Chretien started working for Solution F two years ago.

5. E-volo was created in order to produce the lithium-ion batteries.

6. The electric quadrocopter has 16 rotors.

7. Sikorsky Aircraft Group has been trying to replace the normal piston engine in

a small helicopter with the lithium-ion batteries.

8. Chretien had an idea to design a hybrid-electric power plant.

2. Vocabulary Comprehension

2.1 Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations

containing attributive nouns (аттрибутивные существительные)*1:

1. the world’s largest helicopter manufacturer

2. independent engineering consultant

3. electrically assisted helicopter

4. motor controller

5. electric rotorcraft technology

6. ultralight-aircraft market

7. manned electric-helicopter flight

8. race-car engine

9. helicopter manufacturer

10. inter-combustion engines

Make sentences with any three of them

2.2 Fill in the sentences with an appropriate word.

Manufacturer, helicopter pilot, equipment, quadrocopters, lithium-ion batteries, imagination, mechanics, rotors, axis.

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*Атрибутивное существительное – это существительное, которое в словосочетании или

предложении используется как определение к другому существительному.

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1. The company has built the race-car engines and associated ………….. to

produce the first manned electric helicopter.

2. Pascal Chretien, independent engineering consultant and commercial

…………. , began working two years ago for Solution F, which was then

starting to explore the helicopter-engine market.

3. This idea captivated the ………………. of the whole team.

4. Chretien’s design uses two counterrotating …………, one on top of the other,

spinning around the same ……., to avoid the need for a power-sapping tail

rotor.

5. Eurocopter is not the only helicopter …………… experimenting with electric

power.

6. The design resembles four radio-controlled ………….. flanged together—16

rotors in all.

7. Most helicopters have a lot of ………….. that have to be maintained.

8. Each of the main rotors is driven by a brushed DC motor, with a bank of

…………………….. mounted under the pilot’s seat.

3. Grammar Comprehension

4.1 Define the tense and voice in the underlined predicates:

1. The past six months have seen some remarkable advances in the budding world

of electric flight.

2. The first development took place in early July 2011.

3. “We’re not talking about minutes here—we’re talking about seconds,” says

Billig.

4. Chretien’s design uses two counterrotating rotors.

5. A technique requires some deft manipulation of the helicopter’s rotor.

6. Sikorsky has been showing its modified S-300C at aircraft exhibitions but so

far has not flown it.

7. It was the result of an unlikely collaboration.

8. “We congratulate [Solution F and the E-volo group] for moving the needle

forward,” says Jonathan Hartman, who heads Sikorsky’s Firefly project.

4.2 Comment on the underlined words – define the part

of speech and its function in the sentence:

1. The world’s largest helicopter manufacturer, based in Marignane, France, test-

flew a single-engine chopper that had been fitted with lithium-ion batteries and

an auxiliary electric motor intended to help out in case of engine failure.

2. Helicopter pilots deal with such emergencies using a technique called

autorotation.

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3. With the new system, engine-off landings were “extraordinarily comfortable”

from the pilot’s perspective, he says.

4. Eurocopter is not the only helicopter manufacturer experimenting with electric

power.

5. So it came as a surprise to some when another group beat the venerable

helicopter company into the air, in the year’s second stunning development in

electric flight.

6. That sparked discussions of building the world’s first all-electric helicopter

instead, a notion that captivated the imagination of this unlikely team.

7. Chretien’s design uses two counterrotating rotors.

8. Each of the main rotors is driven by a brushed DC motor, with a bank of

lithium-ion batteries mounted under the pilot’s seat.

9. He admits that he took some calculated risks.

10. Work leading up to that flight began in 2009.

11. Alexander Zosel (a businessman) started thinking about building an electric

quadrocopter.

12. “We congratulate [Solution F and the E-volo group] for moving the needle

forward,” says Jonathan Hartman

5. Discussion Part

Case-study

Study the case described below and fulfill the tasks after the text

Intel

Intel is the world's leading maker of silicon chips. A chip consists of a huge number of transistors of tiny transistors. The chips are vital to computers. Without them computers could not process. The Internet has become a big part of our way of life. Without chips, we would not be able to access it. Intel has been working to make the transistors smaller. The drawback was that this also made them hotter. In 2007, Intel developed cooler chips. The transistors are so small that you could fit 2,000 of them on a full stop. Intel uses 'Moore's law' to focus its plans. This was set out by its founder Gordon Moore. It says the number of transistors on a chip will double roughly every two years.

A business can follow two routes for development:

• Product-orientated. Make the product and then market it.

• Market-orientated. Find out what customers want, and then produce it. Intel

responds to both of these routes.

Research and Development (R&D) leads to better products and better methods of making them. It also brings more market opportunities. Intel conducts research into both manufacturing and materials. It has research laboratories all around the world. It looks into what opportunities technology can offer. It also considers what customers want. The result is products that customers want and that Intel can