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Файл:Стилистика. Методические рекомендации по организации самостоятельной работы студентов филологического факультета
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12. The words pedestrianize, avigation, translatese belong to the group of____________
a. literary coinages c. barbarisms
b. terms d. dialectal words
13. Antonomasia is a figure of______________
a. quality c. quantity
b. identity d. inequality
14. Expressive renaming on the basis of similarity of two objects is called_____________
a. a metonymy c. an epithet
b. a personification d. a metaphor
15. In metonymy transference of meaning is based on______________
a. contrast c. juxtaposition
b. contiguity d. opposition
16. An expression of abstract ideas through concrete images is called ______________
a. metonymy c. antonomasia
b. allegory d. allusion
17. Repetition of the last word or phrase in one clause at the beginning of the next is
called______________
a. aposiopesis c. alliteration
b. anticlimax d. anadiplosis
18. The marked device in the sentence ―She was really low and vile in her eyes, in the world’s
eyes, basically so in Lester’s eyes‖ is ______________
a. framing c. epiphora
b. chiasmus d. anaphora
19. The marked device in the sentence ―He had a nose for human weakness and a taste for
melodrama‖ is______________
a. zeugma c. oxymoron
b. antithesis d. tautology
20. The marked device in the sentence ―But all this – the mysterious, far-reaching hair-line trail,
the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all
– made no impression on the man‖ is______________
a. break c. detachment
b. suspense d. parenthesis
21. All the devices are phonetic except_______________
a. assonance c. onomatopoeia
b. alliteration d. aposiopesis
22. The marked device in the sentence ―Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak
and weary…‖ is_______________
a. assonance c. rhythm
b. rhyme d. onomatopoeia
23. The marked device in ―…looking like a long line of low beach‖ is______________
a. onomatopoeia c. alliteration
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b. rhythm d. rhyme
1 b 13 a 2 c 14 c 3 a 15 b 4 d 16 b 5 a 17 d 6 a 18 c 7 b 19 a 8 c 20 b 9 c 21 d 10 d 22 a 11 a 23 c 12 a 24
a
24. Recurrence of an initial consonant in two or more words is called_____________
a. alliteration c. onomatopoeia
b. rhythm d. rhyme
КЛЮЧ К ТЕСТУ
Перечень вопросов к зачету
1. The Subject and the Aims of Stylistics
2. Stylistics in the System of Sciences
3. Information Theory by Shannon
4. Individual Style. The Problem of the Norm
5. Stylistic and Linguistic Contexts
6. Levels of the Language
7. Jacobson’s Language Functions
8. Meanings of Linguistic Units: Denotation. Connotation
9. Components of Connotation
10. Classification of Functional Styles of English Language. The Problem of
Colloquial Style
11. The Newspaper Functional Style
12. The Belles-Lettres Functional Style
13. The Scientific Prose Style
14. The Publicistic Functional Style
15. The Style of Official Documents
16. Words of Literary Stylistic Layer
17. Words of Non-Literary Stylistic Layer
18. Figures of Quality. Metaphoric Group: Metaphor. Personification. Simile.
Epithet
19. Figures of Quality. Metonymic Group: Metonymy. Synecdoche.
20. Figures of Quality. Mixed Group: Antonomasia. Allegory
21. Figures of Relations. Relations of Identity: Synonyms. Periphrasis.
Euphemisms
52
22. Figures of Relations. Relations of contrast: Antithesis. Oxymoron. Irony.
Paradox
23. Figures of Relations. Relations of Inequality: Climax. Anticlimax. Hyperbole.
Pun
24. Peculiar Use of Set Expressions – Proverbs and Sayings. The Cliché.
Quotations
25. Phonetic Expressive Means: Rhyme. Rhythm. Alliteration. Onomatopoeia
26. Types of Syntactical Repetition. Syntactical Tautology
27. Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement: Stylistic Inversion.
Parallel construction. Chiasmus. Detachment. Suspense. Subordination and
Coordination
28. Particular Use of Combining Parts of the Utterance: Asyndeton. Polysyndeton
29.Absence of Elements Obligatory in a Neutral Construction: Ellipsis.
Aposiopesis. Nominative Sentences. Zeugma
30. Represented Speech
31. Graphical Expressive Means
32. Morphological Stylistics: Stylistic Use of Verbs. Stylistic Use of Articles.
Stylistic Use of Nouns. Stylistic Use of Adjectives
33. Components of Poetic Structure: Literary Image. Theme. Idea. Plot.
Composition
53
Словарь стилистических терминов
A
acoustic [ə′ku:stik] adj. concerned with sound
adherent [əd′hiərənt] adj. added shades of meaning
affinity [ə′finiti] n. similarity, inherent likeness
allegory [′æligəri] n. a story, poem, painting, etc. in which the characters and
actions represent general truths, good and bad qualities, etc.
alliteration [ə,litə′re∫n] n. repetition of the same consonant or sound group at the
beginning of two or more words that are close to each other E.g. The Posthumous
Papers of Pickwic Club. Sense and Sensibility.
allusion [ə′lu:зn] n. reference to some literary, historical, mythological, biblical,
etc. character or event commonly known
anadiplosis [ənədip′lousis] n. repetition of the last word or phrase in one clause or
poetic line at the beginning of the next
anaphora [ə′næfərə] n. repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of
successive clauses or lines of verse
anastrophe [ə′næstrəfi] n. a term of rhetoric, which means upsetting for effect of
the normal order of a preposition before a noun or of an object after a verb, cf.
inversion
anticlimax [′ænti′klaiməks] n. a sudden drop from the dignified or important in
thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, sometimes for humorous
effect
antique [ən′ti:k] adj. the ancient style, esp. Greek or Roman; classical
antithesis [ən′tiθəsis] n. opposition or contrast of ideas, notions, qualities in the
parts of one sentence or in different sentences
antonomasia [əntənə′mei∫ə] n. the use of a proper name in place of a common one
or vice versa to emphasize some feature or quality
apokoinu [əpə′koinu] n. a construction in which the subject of one sentence is at
the same time the subject of the second, a kind of ellipsis
aposiopesis [ə′pousio′pi:sis] n. a sudden breaking off in the midst of a sentence as
if from inability or unwillingness to proceed
argot [′a:gou] n. the vocabulary peculiar to a particular class of people, esp. that of
an underworld group devised for private communication
assonance [′æsənəns] 1. resemblance of sounds 2. partial rhyme created by the
stressed vowel sounds E.g. I rose and told him of mу woe.
54
astheism [′æsθi:zm] n. deprecation meant as approval
asyndeton [ə′sindətən] n. the omission of conjunctions
B
belles lettres [′bel′letə] n. literature or writing about literary subjects
С
catachresis [′kətə′kri:sis] n. incorrect use of a word, as by misapplication of
terminology or by strained or mixed metaphor
chiasmus [kai′æzməs] n. inversion of the second of two parallel phrases от clauses
cliche [′kli:∫ei] n. an expression or idea that has become trite
climax [′klaiməks] n. a rhetorical series of ideas, images, etc. arranged
progressively so that the most forceful is last
colon [′kolən] n. in Greek prosody a section of a prosodic period, consisting of a
group from two to six feet forming a rhythmic unit with a principal accent
comic relief the use of а comic scene to interrupt а succession of intensely tragic
dramatic moments. E.g. Scenes with the household in "Romeo and Juliet"
connotation [′konətei∫n] n. idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word,
phrase, etc. in addition to its denotation
connotative [kə′noutətiv] [′konə′teitiv] adj. having connotations
convergence [kən′və:dзəns] n. concentration of various devices and oppressive
means in one place to support an important idea and ensure the delivery of the
message
couplet [′kΛplət] n. two successive lines of poetry, esp. of the same length that
rhyme
coupling [′kΛpliη] n. the affinity of elements that occupy a similar position and
contribute to the cohesion of the text
D
dactyl [′dæktil] n. a metrical foot that consists of one accented syllable followed
by two unaccented ones
denotative [di′noutətiv] [dinou′teitiv] adj. indicative of the direct explicit meaning
or reference of a word or term
detachment [di′tæt∫mənt] n. a seemingly independent part of a sentence that
carries some additional information
55
device [di′vais] n. a literary model intended to produce a particular effect in a work
of literature
E
elision the omission of an unstressed vowel/syllable to preserve the meter of а line
of poetry
ellipsis [ə′lipsis] n. all sorts of omission in a sentence
emotive [1′moutiv] adj. characterised by, expressing or producing emotion
empathy [′empəθi] n. ability to share in another's emotions, thoughts or feelings
enjambment [in′dзæment] n. in prosody: the running on of a sentence from one
line to the next without a syntactical break
enumeration [I,njume′rei∫n] n. a device by means of which homogeneous parts of
a sentence are made semantically heterogeneous
epenalepsis [epənə′lepsis] n. a term of rhetoric meaning repetitive use of
conjunctions in close succession, (cf. polysyndeton)
epigram [′epigram] n. 1. a short poem with a witty or satirical point 2. any terse,
witty, pointed statement, often with a clever twist in thought
epiphora [ə′pifərə] n. repetition of words or phrases at the end of consecutive
clauses or sentences
epithet [′epiθət] n. an adjective or descriptive phrase used to characterise a person
or object with the aim to give them subjective evaluation
euphonic [ju′fonik] adj. characterised by euphony
euphony [′ju:fəni] n. a harmonious combination of sounds that create a pleasing
effect to the ear
evaluative [i′vælju′eitiv] adj. giving judgment about the value of something
explicit [iks'plisit] adj. clearly stated and leaving nothing implied
F
figure of speech n. a stylistic device of whatever kind, including tropes and
syntactical expressive means
figures of contrast: those based on opposition (incompatibility) of co-occurring
notions
figures of со-occurrence: devices based on interrelations of two or more units of
meaning actually following one another
figures of identity: co-occurrence of synonymous or similar notions
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figures of inequality: those based on differentiation of co-occurring notions
figures of quality: renaming based on radical qualitative difference between
notion named and notion meant
figures of quantity: renaming based on only qualitative difference between
traditional names and those actually used
figures of replacement: tropes, 'renamings’, replacing traditional names by
situational ones
G
gap-sentence link seemingly incoherent connection of two sentences based on an
unexpected semantic leap; the reader is supposed to grasp the implied motivation
for such connection
graphon [grə′fon] n. intentional misspelling to show deviations from received
pronunciation: individual manner, mispronunciation, dialectal features, etc.
H
hierarchical [hai′ra:kikal] adj. arranged in order of rank, grade, class, etc.
hyperbole [hai′pə:boli] n. exaggeration for effect not meant to be taken literally
I
iambus [ai′æmbəs] n. a metrical foot, consisting of one unaccented syllable
followed by one accented
idiolect [′idioləkt] n. a particular person's use of language, individual style of
expression
imagery [′imədзəri] n. ideas presented in a poetical form; figurative descriptions
and figures of speech collectively
implicit [imp′lisit] adj. implied: suggested or to be understood though not plainly
expressed
inherent [in′hiərənt] adj. existing in something or someone as a permanent and
inseparable element, quality or attribute
inversion [in′və: ∫n] n. a reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence
irony [′airəni] n. a stylistic device in which the words express a meaning that is
often the direct opposite of the intended meaning
verbal irony – а contrast between what is said and what is meant. E.g. How clever
of уоu! = It is very stupid of уоu
57
dramatic irony – а character speaks in ignorance of а situation or event known to
the audience or other characters. See Sophocles "Oedipus Rex"
irony of circumstance – а contrast between what happens and what is expected to
happen
irradiation [i,rədi′ei∫n] n. the influence of a specifically coloured word against the
stylistically different tenor of the narration
J
jargon [′dзa:gən] n. the language, esp. the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular
trade, profession or group
juridical [dзu′ridikəl] adj. related to the law
L
litotes [lai′touti:s] n. understatement for effect, esp. that in which an affirmative is
expressed by a negation of the contrary
M
malapropism [′mæləpropizəm] n. ludicrous misuse of words, esp. through
confusion caused by resemblance in sound
meiosis [mi′ousis] n. expressive understatement, litotes
metaphor [′metapho:] n. the application of a word or phrase to an object or
concept it does not literally denote, in order to suggest comparison with another
object or concept
metaphor sustained/extended a chain of metaphors containing the central image
and some contributory images
meter [′mi:te] n. rhythm in verse; measured patterned arrangement of syllables
according to stress or length
metonymy [me′tonimi] n. transfer of name of one object onto another to which it
is related or of which it is a part
mythology [mi′θolodзi] n. myths collectively and the beliefs that they contain
N
normative [′no:mətiv] adj. having to do with usage norms
O
58
onomatopoeia [,onəmətou′pi:a] n. the formation of a word by imitating the natural
sound; the use of words whose sounds reinforce their meaning or tone, esp. in
poetry
oratorical [,orə′torikəl] n. characteristic of or given to oratory
oratory [′orətri] n. the art of an orator; skill or eloquence in public speaking
oxymoron [,oksi′mo:rən] n. a figure of speech in which opposite or contradictory
ideas are combined
P
paradiastola [pərədi′æstələ] n. in Greek poetic texts: the lengthening of a syllable
regularly short
parallelism [′рærələlizm] n. the use of identical or similar parallel syntactical
structure in two or more sentences or their parts
paranomasia [,pərənə′mei∫ə] n. using words similar in sound but different in
meaning for euphonic effect
parlance [′pa:ləns] n. a style or manner of speaking or writing
periphrasis [pe′rifrəsis] n. renaming of an object by a phrase that emphasises some
particular feature of the object
personage [′pə:sənədз] n. a character in a play or book, or in history
personification [pə,sonifi′kei∫n] n. the attribution of personal nature or character to
inanimate objects or abstract notions
polysyndeton [poli′sindeton] n. the use of a number of conjunctions in close
succession
prosody [′prosədi] n. 1. the science or art of versification, including the study of
metrical structure, stanza form, etc. 2. the stress patterns of an utterance
proximity [pro′ksimiti] n. nearness in place, time, order, occurrence or relation
publicist [′pΛblisist] n. referring to writing and speaking on current public or
political affairs
R
recur [ri′kə:] v. to happen or occur again, appear at intervals
recurrence [ri′kΛrəns] n. the instance of recurring, return, repetition
rhetoric [′retorik] n. 1. the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language
in prose or verse, including the figures of speech 2. the art of using language
effectively in speaking or writing 3. artificial eloquence
59
rhetorical [ri′torikəl] adj. using or characterised by rhetoric
rhetorical question – а question to which аn answer is not expected. R.q. is used
to trigger а reader's mental response
rhyme [raim] n. a regular recurrence of corresponding sounds at the ends of lines
in verse
rhythm [riðm] n. 1. a regular recurrence of elements in a system of motion: the
rhythm of speech, dancing music, etc. 2. an effect of ordered movement in a work
of art, literature, drama, etc. attained through patterns in the timing, spacing,
repetition, accenting, etc. of the elements 3. in prosody: a metrical (feet) or
rhythmical (iambus, trochee, etc.) form
S
simile [′simili] n. a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly
compared by the use of like, as, resemble, etc.
solemn [′soləm] adj. arousing feelings of awe, very impressive
sophistry [′sofistri] n. in ancient Greece: the methods or practices of the sophists,
any group of teachers of rhetoric, politics, philosophy, some of whom were
notorious for their clever specious arguments. 2. misleading but clever, plausible
and subtle reasoning
stanza [′stænzə] n. a group of lines in a repeating pattern forming a division of a
poem
suspense [səs′pens] n. a compositional device that consists in withholding the most
important information or idea till the end of the sentence, passage or text
syllepsis [si′lepsis] n. a term of rhetoric: the use of a word or expression to perform
two syntactic functions, cf. zeugma
synecdoche [si′nekdoki] n. a figure of speech based on transfer by contiguity in
which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or
the reverse of any of these; a variety of metonymy
T
tautology [to:′tolədзi] n. needless repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase
or sentence; redundancy; pleonasm
terminology [,tə:mi′nolədзi] n. the system of terms used in a specific science, art
or specialised subject
trochee [′trouki:] n. in prosody: a foot of two syllables, a stressed followed by an
unstressed one
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