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Файл:Стилистика. Методические рекомендации по организации самостоятельной работы студентов филологического факультета
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Ключевые понятия: Zeugma, the realization of two meanings. The Pun
(Play on words), the interaction of two well-known meanings of a word or phrase,
English jokes and riddles. Homographic puns. Heteronymic puns. Homophonic
puns. The compound pun. Extended puns. Oxymoron. Irony. Tragic (or dramatic)
irony. Socratic irony. Cosmic irony. Situational irony.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1. Zeugma
2. The Pun
3. Oxymoron
4. Irony. Types of Irony.
Tips for Learning:
1. The question of zeugma, the pun, oxymoron and irony can be regarded not
only on the lexical level. Zeugmas and other mentioned figures of speech
can be extended to the level of sentences.
2. You should differentiate between zeugma and the pun. In the pun there is no
reference to a verb, whereas in zeugma both significant lexemes or parts of a
sentence refer to one and the same verb. Use the opportunity to refer to
www.punoftheday.com site in search of current English puns. Your
mentioning of exquisite examples will benefit your answer at the seminar.
3. Mind that irony can be of different types which vary dramatically. Provide
examples of comic irony, tragic irony, situational irony etc.
Practical task:
Ex 1, p. 16
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of
English Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников,
А.В. Селяев. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 8. Lexical stylistic devices. Lexical SDs based
on proximity
Цель: ознакомление с основными лексическими приемами в
английском языке, базирующимися на принципе схожести.
Задачи:
- рассмотрение лексических стилистических приемов, основанных на
третьем принципе классификации - схожести и иносказания;
- выявление их функций в тексте.
Ключевые понятия: 1. Periphrasis (Circumlocution). Euphemism.
Hyperbole. Understatement (Litotes). Meosis. Interaction Of Logical And
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Emotional Meanings. Interjections and exclamatory words. Primary Interjections.
Derivative Interjections.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
A. Periphrasis (Circumlocution)
B. Euphemism
C. Hyperbole
D. Understatement (Litotes)
Tips for Learning:
1. All figures of speech based on nearness have one thing in common:
they have their aim at explaining the same denotate in a roundabout manner. You
should pay attention to the effect they produce in the final end. Euphemism has a
diminutive effect of putting the language points in a milder way not to sound rude.
The social functional style circumstances matter a lot for this SD. The Litotes had a
direct diminutive effect.
2. Hyperbole has the opposite effect of making linguistic items
grotesque. The SD is commonplace in fiction, more often than not having a
humorous consequence.
3. Try to find illustrative examples of periphrasis, euphemism, litotes,
hyperbole, interjections, exclamatory words in the body of the text for your home
reading or reading for pleasure book. Be ready to comment on their types and the
author’s ideas suggested by them.
4. Classify the picked from the text euphemisms. Dwell on the belonging
of those to types of speech. What functional style do they adhere to?
5. Study additional notes to Lecture 10 and find out about some more of
emotional SDs, these being interjections and exclamatory words. Dwell on their
types and stylistic functions in the text.
Practical task:
Ex 2, p.18. Ex 5, p.20
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of
English Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников,
А.В. Селяев. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 9. Peculiar use of set-expressions
Цель: ознакомление с особенностями использования в устном и
письменном предъявлении английского языка устойчивых выражений с
точки зрения стилистики.
Задачи:
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- разграничение терминов «фразеология» и «идиоматика»,
«фразеологизм» и «идиома», применяемых при рассмотрении устойчивых
выражений в языке;
- представить классификацию основных важнейших идиом в
английском языке;
- выявление их функций в тексте на примерах.
Ключевые понятия: Phraseology. Idiomacity. Phrase. Idiom. The cliché.
Proverbs and sayings. Paremiology. Paremiography. Epigrams. Poetic epigrams.
Non-poetic epigrams. Quotations. Reasons for using quotations. Allusions.Reevaluation of Idioms. Additions to idioms.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
2. The cliché
3. Proverbs and sayings
4. Epigrams
5. Quotations
6. Allusions
7. Decompositions of Set Phrases
Tips for Learning:
1. You should bear in mind that the term phraseology was adopted by
Soviet scholars, after a Swiss linguist Chales Bally’s introduction of
the term ―phraseologie‖ in the meaning of «a branch of Stylistics
dealing with coherent word-combinations. In Western linguistic
schools the corresponding term idiomacity is used instead.
Nevertheless, the both terms denote the same: a brunch of linguistic
study dealing with set expressions/phasemes/idioms.
2. Overused set expressions lose their stylistic value and become clichés.
For more information look at www.clichésite.com. Examples of
sayings can be drawn out from www.users.tinyonline.co.uk.
3. Stylistics is mostly interested in those set expressions that have been
distorted semantically, grammatically etc for special stylistic purposes
to produce a certain rhetoric effect on the reader/listener.
Practical task:
Ex 6,7, p. 21-22
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of
English Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников,
А.В. Селяев. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
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Лабораторное занятие № 10. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic
devices based on the arrangement of words in a sentence and sentences in a
paragraph
Цель: ознакомление с основными cинтаксическими приемами в
английском языке.
Задачи:
- представить классификацию основных важнейших синтаксических
приемов в английском языке;
- рассмотрение синтаксических стилистических приемов, основанных
на критерии организации слов в предложении;
- выявление их функций в тексте;
- рассмотрение синтаксических стилистических приемов, основанных на
критерии организации предложений в параграфе;
- выявление их функций в тексте.
Ключевые понятия: Criteria for Syntactical EMs and SDs Classification.
Arrangement of words in a sentence & sentences in a paragraph. Abundance of
some language elements. Absence of some language elements. Particular ways of
linking. Transference of structural meaning. Syntactical EMs and SDs Based on
the Arrangement Of Words in a Sentence. Stylistic Inversion. Detached
Constructions.3. SDs and EMs Based on Arrangement of Sentences in a Paragraph.
Chaotic Enumeration. Gradation (Climax). Suspense. Antithesis.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1. Criteria for Syntactical EMs and SDs Classification
2. Syntactical EMs and SDs Based on the Arrangement Of Words in a
Sentence
A) Stylistic Inversion
B) Detached Constructions
3. SDs and EMs Based on Arrangement of Sentences in a Paragraph
A) Chaotic Enumeration
B) Gradation(Climax)
C) Suspense
D) Antithesis
Tips for Learning:
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1. The direct word-order in the English language Subject-Predicate-
Object – the combination which points unmistakably at the subject of the sentence,
can be distorted for various stylistic purposes thus having stylistic value.
2. The figures of speech of Gradation, Climax and Suspence can embrace
linguistic items larger than a sentence or even a paragraph, i.e. supra syntactical
structures and be parts of the text tissue organization. A gradual increase in
significance (the Climax) may be maintained in three ways: logical, emotional and
quantitative.
Practical task:
Ex 1, p. 54
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of English
Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников, А.В. Селяев. –
М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 11. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic
devices based on abundance or absence of language elements
Цель: ознакомление с основными синтаксическими стилистическими
приемами в английском языке.
Задачи:
- рассмотрение синтаксических стилистических приемов, основанных
на излишестве языковых элементов в предложении;
-выявление их функций в тексте;
- рассмотрение синтаксических стилистических приемов, основанных
на отсутствии некоторых языковых элементов в предложении;
- выявление их функций в тексте.
Ключевые понятия: Syntactical SDs based on Abundance of Some
Language Elements. Repetition. Enumeration. Parallelism. Syntactical SDs based
on Absence of Some Language Elements. Ellipsis. Aposeopesis (Break-in-theNarrative). Apokoinu construction.
1. Repetition
2. Enumeration
3. Parallelism
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II. Syntactical SDs Based on Absence of Some Language Elements
1. Ellipsis
2. Aposeopesis (Break-in-the-Narrative)
3. Apokoinu construction
Tips for Learning:
1. Pay attention to versatile range of SDs based on repetition of the
different reoccurring elements in a sentence or in a paragraph. They are all
targeted at reinforcing the author’s or the speaker’s idea, his/her special
attitude to the fact manifested in the language item repetition to make it
clear for the reader/listener that the fact is of a very special importance in
the whole text.
2. Syntactical SDs Based on Absence of Some Language Elements
in a text make the reader think of obvious conclusions for him/herself that
can be easily drawn from the context.
Practical task:
Ex 1, p. 55 Ex 3, p. 57
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of
English Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников,
А.В. Селяев. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 12. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic
devices based on particular ways of linking
Цель: ознакомление с основными синтаксическими стилистическими
приемами в английском языке, основанными на способах связей между
предложениями.
Задачи:
- рассмотрение основных важнейших синтаксических стилистических
приемов в английском языке, основанных на способах связей между
предложениями;
- выявление их функций в тексте.
Ключевые понятия: Asyndeton. Polysyndeton. Gap-Sentence Link. Supralinear
semantic analysis. Indicators and and but.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1. Asyndeton
2. Polysyndeton
3. The Gap-Sentence Link
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Tips for Learning:
1. Syntactical stylistic devices based on particular ways of linking, are
characterized by different types of connection between words clauses or
sentences. The deliberate omission of conjunctions (Assyndeton) makes
sentences almost entirely independent.
2. In enumeration the omission of conjunction and before the last word
changes the rhythm of the sentence and gives more independence to every
word in line. Asyndeton is used as an expressive means when two parts of
sentence are joined without any conjunction. It gives energetic effect to the
statement; the conjunction is supplied by the reader who is active in
interpreting the massage.
3. Polysyndeton, on the other hand, adds the rhythm to the utterance, slows
down the statement and makes every word stand out more emphatically due
to longer pauses between the words or sentences.
Practical task:
Ex 4, p. 59
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of
English Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников,
А.В. Селяев. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 13. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic
devices based on the transference of structural meaning
Цель: ознакомление с основными синтаксическими стилистическими
приемами в английском языке, основанными на переносе структурного
значения в предложениях.
Задачи:
- рассмотрение основных важнейших синтаксических стилистических
приемов в английском языке, основанных на переносе структурного значения
в предложениях;
- выявление их функций в тексте.
Ключевые понятия: The Transference Of Structural Meaning. The
Definition of Rhetorical Questions. Illustrative examples of Rhetorical Questions.
Question-in-the-narrative instead of Rhetorical Question. The Definition of Litotes.
The Definition of Meiosis. Represented Speech.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
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1. Rhetorical Questions
2. Litotes
Tips for Learning:
1. Every syntactical structure has its definite function, which is called its
structural meaning. When a structure is used in some other function it may be said
to assume a new meaning which is similar to lexical transferred one. Among
syntactical SDs there are two in which this transference of structural meaning is to
be seen: rhetorical questions and litotes.
2. Some syntactical EMs and SDs reflect Stylistic Use of Structural
Meaning. Among these are Question-in-the-Narrative and Represented Speech
(Uttered and Unuttered One).
Practical task:
Ex 5,6, p. 60-61
Source: Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A Manual of English
Stylistics : [учебное пособие] / М.П. Ивашкин, В.В. Сдобников, А.В. Селяев. –
М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. – 101 с.
Лабораторное занятие № 14. Phonetic expressive means
Цель: ознакомиться с основными фонетическими приемами в
английском языке.
Задачи:
- рассмотрение основных фонетических выразительных средств и
стилистических приемов;
- рассмотрение функции фонетических стилистических приемов на ряде
примеров из литературы.
- изучение этимологии фонетических стилистических приемов в
английском языке.
Ключевые понятия: the theory of sound symbolism, onomatopoea,
alliteration, assonance, euphony, paronomasia, rhyme, rhythm, the repetition of
sounds stressed and unstressed syllables variation, variations in pitch, variation in
loudness, variations in speed, pause variations, variations in rhythmicality.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
1. General Notes on Phonetic SDs.
2. Phonetic SDs Proper
A) Onomatopoea
B) Alliteration
C) Assonance
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D) Euphony
E) Paronomasia
Tips for Learning:
1. During the preparation for the seminar it is worthwhile examining the
notion of sound symbolism, which was first described by Socrates, then by Charles
Bailey. The latter tried to combine Stylistics and Psychology in his works.
Human’s sensations while pronouncing diverse sounds and perception of the
articulation are at the basis of this theory. Bailey considered that, for example,
when pronouncing bilabial sounds [p], [b], [f] the speaker blows his/her cheeks
out, which symbolizes expressive, emotional perception of the words uttered.
2. De Laski (a Canadian Stylist), studied Dickens’ literary creativity,
analyzed names and family names of the main characters from the point of view of
the way they are pronounced. Positive characters’ names contained ―light‖ sounds,
negative ones – ―dark‖ sounds.
3. It should be also taken into consideration that in all manifestations of
sound symbolism we have to do with hidden expressiveness, which becomes
obvious in a flow of speech under good circumstances. Thus, it can be either
revealed or remain hidden. It is also worth mentioning potential conditions which
are influenced by a reader’s motivation to understand a piece of a literary work.
Лабораторное занятие № 15. Prosody as the basic formal theory of
English poetry
Цель: ознакомиться с основами английского стихосложения,
прочувствовать английский ритм, научиться определять тип рифмы и слога в
английской поэзии.
Задачи:
- толкование и общее описание английской просодии как теории
поэзии;
- создание представления о темпе, ритме английского предложения в
прозе и в поэзии на основе знаний по фонетике английского языка;
- рассмотрение терминов ―ритм‖ и ‖рифма‖;
- выявление функций английской рифмы .
Ключевые понятия: Prosody, form and its content, rhythm, metre,
number of feet, number of lines, and rhyme, stressed and unstressed syllables, a
stress-timed language, trochee and iambus, trisyllabic, dactyl, amphibrach, anapest,
spondaic syllables, pyrrhic syllables, monometer, dimeter, trimester, tetrameter,
pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, sonnet, a limerick, stanza, monostich, couplet,
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tercet/triplet, quatrain, hexastich, heptastich, octave, complete/exact/full/identical
rhymes, incomplete/slant/half/ approximate/imperfect/near/oblique, single
(masculine), double (feminine), apocopated, triple rhymes, simple (eye-rhyme)compound (mosaic), couplets, triple rhymes, cross rhymes, framing/ring rhymes,
pleasurable, mnemonic, structural, rhetorical functions of rhyme.
Вопросы для обсуждения:
Prosody as a theory of poetry
I. Rhythm and its characteristic features.
1. Metre and its types.
2. Number of feet.
3. The Stanza. Number of verse lines.
II. Rhyme.
1. Types of rhyme.
2. The functions of rhyme.
Tips for Learning:
1. The seminar is a logical continuation of the previous one. In this
connection some terms overlap, but lots of new terms are introduced, too. Two
crucial notions in English prosody should be distinguished, these are rhythm and
rhyme, for English is considered a stress-timed language.
Rhythm is any repeated reoccurrence of elements, for instance, lengthening
or shortening of stressed or non-stressed syllables, repetition of images, thoughts,
etc.
Rhyme is recurrence of identical or similar final sounds or sound
combinations in words.
2.Rhythm is more important for a poetical text. In poetry rhythm is
connected with the metre, that is various poetic patterns of stressed and unstressed
elements. Rhythm is also inherent in prose and has an important function there.
The basis of the prosaic rhythm is repetition of diverse elements as well as
phonetic ones (parallel constructions, images, ideas, etc.) Rhythmic organization of
a text makes the thoughts and emotions of the author clearer to the reader,
intensifies the idea of the whole literary work.
3. A German linguist H. Gross believes that ―rhythm bears a self-burden‖
which helps with a human’s reaction to the contemporary time, creates an illusion
that things which we read about have their own life in their own time. Thus,
Rhythm and metre have an expressive function and reinforce the actions of
language elements.
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